36{2), 175 183 Tap Chi CAC KHOA HOC V£ TRAI DAT ^CO SO DIA LY PHUC VU QUAN LY, SU* DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN vA BAO VE MOI TRUING Vi/CJN QUOC GIA KON KA KINH, TINH GIA LAI HA QUY QUYNH Email haquyquynh@g[.]
Trang 1^CO SO DIA LY PHUC VU QUAN LY, SU* DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN vA BAO VE MOI TRUING Vi/CJN QUOC GIA KON KA KINH, TINH GIA LAI
HA QUY QUYNH Email: haquyquynh@gmail.com
Ban ifng dung vd Triin khai Cong nghe, Vien Hdn lam Khoa hoc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam
Ngdy nhdn bai: 28 - 10 - 2013
1 M d ddu
Nghien cuu dia ly tdng hgp, ap dung tigp can
sinh thai cdnh quan trong gidi quyet cac van de ve
qudn ly, bao vfi vd khai thae hgp ly tdi nguyen vd
bao vS mdi trudng la mgt hudng nghien ciiu dia ly
ung dung dang dugc phdt trien kha manh me d
Viet Nam, Nghien cuu tdng hgp mdi lien quan va
tdc dpng tuong hd giila cac yeu td Dia chat, Dja ly,
Khi hgu, Thiiy van, Thd nhudng d mgt Vudn qudc
gia (VQG) nhdm xac dinh dac diem ciia tung don
d l xudt gidl phap qudn ly vd su dung hgp ly tai
nguyen, mdi trudng VQG
Bai bdo " C o sd dia ly phuc vu quan ly, sir dung
hgp ly tai nguyen va bdo ve mdi trudng VQG Kon
Ka Kinh" vdi muc dich, (1) lam ro nhan td dja ly
phdt sinh cdc dan vi sinh thai canh quan; (2) chirc
ndng ciia tirng don vj canh quan; (3) dinh hudng
tdng thi phyc vu cdng tac quan ly va su dung hgp
1^ tdi nguyen, bdo ve mdi trudng VQG
2 P h u o n g phdp, t u lieu sir dung
Cdc phuang phap chinh dugc su dung gdm
(1) Phuang phap dilu tra, thu thgp, phan tich, ddnh
gid vd xu ly thdng tin tdng hgp gdm dia chat, dja
hinh, khi hau, thuy van, thd nhuong va sinh vat;
(2) Phuong phap thdng ke sd lieu tir: a) tdi lieu, bao
cdo iim trir; b) do dac, tinh todn chgn lgc tir ban do;
c) cdc bdo cdo khoa hge; (3) Dilu tra bd sung ve
sinh thdi dugc tbuc hien trong 2 dgt, tir nam
2011-2012 d l khdo sat, thu mdu theo tung kieu rung va
dai cao Tai mdi dilm dilu tra tbuc hien cac ndi
dung, do tga dp; dp cao; quan sdt; xac dinh thdnh phdn loai sinh vat; thu mdu; ghi phieu dieu tra vd dung de xay dung bdn dd sinh thai canh quan va phdn tich cdu tnic, chirc nang cdnh quan; (5) Phuang phap chuyen gia thyc hien thdng qua thap thdng tin, xem xet cdc don vj sinh thdi canh quan
Co sd dia ly de dinh hudng tong the phuc vu cdng tac qudn ly va su dung hgp ly tai nguyen, bao
ve mdi trudng VQG Id xac dinh vd phdn tich cau tnic chuc nang sinh thai cdnh quan cua VQG thdng qua ket qua nghien cuu tiem nang tdi nguyen thien nhien, kinh t l xa hgi, kit cdu ha tdng va khai thdc lanh thd d VQG Kon Ka Kinh
Quan dilm dmh hudng phdt tnen VQG tren co
sd phdn tich sinh thai canh quan gdm: (I) phdt trien kinh t l phii hgp vdi he sinh thdi, khai thdc lgi thi dac thii; (2) tdng hgp cac moi lien he ve phat trien, ddm bao hdi hoa, khai thdc va bao tdn, (3) md rdng cdc loai hinh phat trien kinh te tren co sd chirc nang ciia rtmg don vi sinh thdi cdnh quan, phii hgp vdi trinh do VQG,
Nguyen tdc dugc sir dung trong djnh hudng phat triln VQG tren co sd sinh thai canh quan gdm: (I) ddm bdo kha nang cung cdp tai nguyen vd nhu cau xd hpi, dam bdo loi ich cho cdng ddng va
dp ngudn nhdn luc va co sd ha tang ciia VQG; (3) dam bdo mdi chuc nang cua dan vj smh thai canh
Trang 2thae va mdi dan vj sinh thai canh quan cd the thiet
ke nhieu logi hinh khai thae
Bdi bdo su dung tu lieu cua cdc cdng trinh sau:
Bdn dd dia hinh gdm cac Idp thdng tin: dia hinh,
thdnh phdn nhu dja chdt, khi hdu; He thdng phdn
logi sinh thai cdnh quan cua Pham Hoang Hai [1];
Anh vetinh Landsat ETMcdcnam 2010, 2011 [6],
vd sd lieu dieu tra thyc dia cua tac gia
3 Kit qua vd thao lu|n
3.1 Nhdn to thdnh tgo sinh thdi cdnh quan VQG
Kon Ka Kinh
Cdc nhdn td dia ly thdnh tao cdnh quan phdn
dnh su da dang va tinh dac thii cua tung don vj sinh
thai cdnh quan; phdn ndy phdn tich nhdn td dja ly
thanh tao sinh thai canh quan va he thdng cdu true
sinh thdi canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh
Sinh thdi cdnh quan VQG hinh thdnh tren ca sd
tdc ddng tuong hd cua cdc hgp phdn tg nhien gdm:
vi tri dja ly, dia chat, dia hinh, ddt; khi hdu, thuy
van va Sinh vat
Vudn qudc gia Kon Ka Kinh ndm d phia ddng
bdc tinh Gia Lai, tpa dp dia ly: tu 14°09' din 14°30'
vT dp Bdc; 108° 16' din 108°28' kinh dp Ddng Dien
tich cua VQG Id 41780 ha VQG bao phii ddy niii
Kon Ka Kinh, cao trung binh 1200- 1500m, dinh
cao 1748m, chia cdt cao nguyen PleiKu vd cao
nguyen Kon Ha Nung
Nam tren nen dia chdt dugc thdnh tgo tu 2
nhdm da me la dd magma (magma axit vd magma
kiem) bien chdt, trong dd da magma axit phan bd d
dp cao >I300 m Da bien chat phan bd d do cao
<700 m; cdc dai 700-1000 va 1000-1300 m la sy
phan bd dan xen ciia magma axh, magma kilm vd
bien chdt
Dia hinh thdp dan tu bac xudng nam dugc chia
thanh cac dang: Be mdt dinh san bdng bdc mdn
(D-SB); Sudn bao mdn riia trdi (SI); Sudn rua trdi
tich tu (S2) va B I mat thung lung (S3) Do ddc dia
hinh dugc chia thanh 4 cdp; Cdp I: 0-8"; Cdp II:
8-15°; Cdp III: 15-25°: Cdp IV: >25° [2, 4]
Do su tuong tac ciia dieu kien khi hdu, vdi nIn
dja chat va cac dang dja hinh da hinh thdnh 6 nhdm
dat chinh (I) Ddt Feralit miin vdng dd phat triln
tdm va sudn phia tdy; (2) Ddt Feralit mun ndu vdng tren da magma kilm (FHk), didn tich 5200 ha, chiem 12,4%; phan bd chu ylu d phia ddng bdc; (3) Ddt Feralit vang dd tren da bien chat (FHs), phia tay bac VQG; (4) Ddt Feralit dd vang trdn da magma axit (Fa), dien tich 5500 ha, chiem 13,2% phdn bd chit yeu tren sudn ddng bdc, thudc Cao nguyen Kon Ha Nimg; (5) Dat Feralit nau do tren
dd magma kiem (Fk), dien tich 6690 ha, chiem 16,0%; phan bd chti yeu d sudn ddng; (6) DSt ddc
tu ven sdng sudi (P) dien tich 600 ha, chiem 1,4%, phan bd dgc theo cac thung lung ven sdng sudi Logi dat 1-5 cd thdnh phdn ca gidi thit trung binh, ddt dugc chia thanh 3 cap: Cap l>100cm; cdp 2 tir
50 den 100cm va cap 3 <50cm Tiiy tirng loai dat
vd dai cao ma timg loai dat cd tdng day khac nhau Khi hdu khu vyc nghien ciru dgc tnmg bdi nhiet
do trung binh nam 21-25°C; thang lanh nhat la 16°C, thdng ndng nhat 24"C; lugng mua trung binh nam 2000-2500 mm; sd ngay mua binh qudn nam
127 ngay; dp am tuang ddi tmng binh nam 80% Miia mua keo dai tu thdng 5 den thang 11 hang nam Miia khd bdt ddu tu thdng 12 din thang 4 nam sau Lugng mua nam dac trung cho dd dm cua STCQ dugc ra 2 cap: Cdp A: mua rdt nhilu: >2000
Can cd cac yeu td thanh tao xdy dyng bang ma tran nhdn td phat sinh VQG Kon Ka Kinh Day la
CO sd khoa bgc dja ly dl xdc dinh chuc ndng cua
cdc kieu sinh thdi cdnh quan (hinh 1)
Nhiet dp tmng binh nam Id chi sd phdn anh ddc trung quy luat phan hda nhiet do, dugc phan chia thanh 4 cdp: Cdp I: hai ndng: >20°C, dai cao
<700m, Cdp !!• mat: 15-20°C, dai 700-1500 mva cdp III lanh 10-I5°C dai >1500m Dd ddi miia lanh dugc phdn chia dua vao sd thang lanh trong nam Thdng lanh la thdng cd nhiet dp tmng binh <18°C
d vimg nhiet ddi Cdp 1: mua Ignh tmng binh: 34 thang ; Cdp 2: miia Ignh ddi: 5-7 thang; Cdp 3: mua lanh rdt dai: 8-11 thdng [2, 4]
Tdng hgp dilu kien khi hgu d VQG Kon Ka Kinh hinh thanh 5 kieu sinh khi hgu Kilu Kl Ignh, rdt dm; K2 Ignh dm; K3 mdt, rdt dm, K4 mdt dm va
Trang 31) Klin sinh khi h$u(M Cl
K l Lanh, rSl Sm
K2 Lanh Sm
K3 Mat rSl Sm
KS Hai n6ng Sm
2) Lupng mua (rung bmh nim (mm)
A mua iS\ nNiu, rSl Sm (>2DIK))
B: mua n h l ^ , Sm (1500-2000)
3) mi$t tM nam (ap C)
1: hai nAng (>20|
II mdi (1S-Z0)
III lanh (10-15)
4) 06 asi mua Ifnh fOiing Ignh)
C S p 1 miia Ignh tiling binh (3-4 t h i n g )
CSp 2- mCiB Ignh dai (5-7 thflng)
c a p 3' mCiB Ignh rSl dai (6-11 lhang)
a) Dia hmh D-SB Dinh bi mat din
S1 S j o n bao mbn r i a
3 2 Suan lia Irft tich tu
S3 Be mat Ihung lOng
b) Loai aSt
FHa-Ferallt mCin vSng FHk-Feialit miin nSu va FHs-FeialitvSngilo Fa-Feralit do vdng
p - D f i c t u van sang BJ
c) Thanh phan ca giOi
II thil trung binh
Kl^u STCQ
V Rung NDTXia kim
2 : R u n g N D T X i a r a n g 3: R u n g l h u ' s i n h N D T X I a r e n g
4 Rung Ir6ng
5 Sdng su6i
6 Tham CO, cay bui
7 Dan cu, eS\ nAng nghiSp
Trang 4sdng Ba va sdng Kon Pne Song Ba bdt ngudn tu
cac sudi d phia bdc, chay qua Vudn qudc gia theo
hudng bdc nam Sdng Ddk Pne bat ngudn tu sudn
tay Kon Ka Kinh, chdy theo hudng bdc, nhap vdi
sdng Ddk Bia tai huyen Kon PIdng He thdng sdng
- sudi d VQG Kon Ka Kinh ngan, hep, tdc do ddng
chay ldn, nhieu thdc ghSnh [2, 4]
Vd dac didm kinh tl - xa hdi: trong VQG cd 70
hd vdi 301 ngudi Dan tdc Ba Na chiem 71,3%
dan tdc Kinh chidm 26,9%, dan tdc it ngudi khac
(Tdy, Niing, Hmdng, Dao,, ) chi chiem 1,8%,
Cdu true he thdng sinh thai canh quan duoc xdc
dinh thdng qua dac diem cua nhan td thdnh tao va
dugc md ta trong bdng 1
Bang 1 He thong phan vj vd chi tieu phan loai
sinh thai canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh [1]
TT C4p Chi lieu phar loai
, | , Vl tri aia ly quyet dinh ch4 do nhiet va hoan luu khi
^ quyin tCf do hinh thanh khi hau trong vanh dai
Bp cao dia hinh lam bien tinh hoSn iLfu khi quyen
2 Phu h i hinh fhanh vCing khi hau quy djnh viing smh thai
cua h# thi/c vai
Hmh thai dia hinh qui dinh tinh d6ng nh4t cCia 2
qu^ frinh Ifrn trong chu trmh vat chat boc mon
-3 Lffp tich tu va SU' inh hu'ong cua do cao dia hinh
Du'oc phin ra trong pham vi mot phu he canh
quan cao nguyen
Dac tryng hinh thSi cQa dai dia hinh, th4 hi6n tinh
, p phi dja dm, cac dac trii'ng djnh Itrong CLfcng do
hp'p giu'a yeu to dja hinh va khi hau
Ou'oc xac dinh tju-a vao die tru'ng ^nh lu-^rng smh
5 Kilu khi hau quyet dinh su- hinh thanh cac kieu tham
thi^c vgt
3.2 Dgc diem canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh
3 2.1 He thong sinh thdi cdnh quan
Ket hop he thdng phdn vi canh quan va su phan
chia nhdn td sinh thai quyet dinh cdu tnic thanh
phan loai sinh vat, muc dp da dang sinh hpc cua
timg don vi smh thai canh quan Dua vao dac di6m
nhan to thanh tao gdm nen tang ran va nen nhiet
am d VQG Kon Ka Kinh, he thdng sinh thai canh
thai la kieu smh thdi canh quan He -> phu he ->
Idp -> phu ldp -> kieu, Bdn do sinh thai canh quan
VQG duac xdy dung d ty le 1:50000 (hinh 1, 2)
[1-3]
He va phu he: VQG ndm trong He sinh thai
cdnh quan nhiet ddi gid mua Viet Nam, anh hudng
tinh do tac dung dia hinh nui Kon Ka Kinh tren cao
nguyen Kon Ha Nimg, Phu he sinh thdi canh quan
lanh [1-3]
Ldp vd phu ldp: VQG thudc Idp cdnh quan niii thap cao nguydn, dac tnmg bdi ddy Kon Ka Kinh cao gdn 1800 m Ldp smh thdi canh quan niii dugc chia thdnh 2 phu ldp: Phy Idp canh quan mil thip cao nguyen dai 700-1700m va Phu ldp cdnh quan ddi dai <700m
(1) Phu Idp sinh thai cdnh quan mil thdp cao nguyen: khi hau nhiet ddi gid mua dai nui thap cao nguyen, nhiet dp tmng binh la 17°C Lugnginua tmng hinh nam 2.000-2.500mm; sd ngay mua bmh quan nam, 127 ngay; dp dm tuang ddi tmng bmh nam 80% Phu ldp ndy cd 5 kieu sinh thai canh quan la Rdng nhidt ddi thudng xanh la rdng; Rung thudng xanh la kim; Thdm cd, cay bui va Sdng sudi, mat nudc [5]
Kieu rCrng nhiet ddi thtpdng xanh ia kim
Kidu nay cd chilu cao tdn rung khoang 25-30m
d sudn va 10-12m d dinh Thanh phdn thyrc v$.t uu the gdm Thdng nang Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Hoang dan gid Dacrydium elatum, Pa mu Foldenia hodginsii, Thdng Da Lat Pinus dalatensis, Cac loai khac thudc hp De Fagaceae, hp Long nao Latuaceae, hp Sau sau Hamamelidaceae, hp Nhdn sam Araliaceae, hp Trdm Myrtaceae, ,
Kieu rCrng nhidt ddi thifdng xanh la rong
Phan bd tdi 1500m, trong dd 700-lOOOm dien tich 493,48 ha; 1000-1300m, 5521,98 ha vd
1300-1500m, 2642,96 ha (bdng 2) Chidm uu thd d tdng
sinh thai la cac loai trong ho Dau Dipterocarpaceae, ho Xoan Meliaceae, ho Bd hdn Sapindaceae, ho Ddu Fabaceae, ho Thdu ddu Euphorbiaceae, hp Dau tdm Moraceae, hp De Lythraceae, hp Bang Combretaceae, ho Na Annonaceae, hp Tram Myrtaceae, hp Tram Burseraceae, ho Thi Eberaceae, hp Bua Clusiaceae
Dp che phu khoang 0,7-0,8 Mat dp cay tai sinh dudi tan rimg dat 5000-6000 cay/ha, chiSu cao tren 1,5m la >2000 cay/ha, Rirng cd 4 ting,
Rdng thd smh thiFdng xanh ia rpng
Tbuc vdt chiem im the la cac loai cdy Id rdng thupc cdc ho De Fagaceae, Long nao Lauraceae, Ngpc lan Magnoliaceae, Sau sau Hamamelidaceae, Che Theaceae va hp Tram Myrtaceae Dp che phii 0,7-0,8, Tru lucmg dao ddng 150-200m^/ha, trung binh 180 m^/ha, Kieu nay phat tridn tu kilu rung
Trang 5thdc ciia con ngudi Mat dd cdy tai sinh Cdc loai Le Pseudoxytenanthera spp Moi ha
vjfc tdc dpng m^nh phat trien loai tre nua nhu: Ld d kinh binh qudn 4-6cm, chieu cao binh quan 9-lOm
108''20' 108°24' 108'2e' Hinh 2 Bdn dfi sinh thai canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh 2013 (Ngt/oi thanh l§p- Ha Quy Quynh)
Trang 6TT
1
3
5
7
Kilu smh thai canh quan
Rif ng NOTX la kim
Rifng NDTX ia rong
Rilfng IhLr smh NDTX la rong
ROng Irong
Song suoi
Tham co, cSy bui
DSn cu*, dit n6ng nghiep
Tong s6
<700
0 65,14 11,2 18.19 743,81 73,78 912,12
700-1000
0 493,48 2487,14 96,15 27,64 8079.32 854,40 12038,13
Dai cao 1000-1300
0 5521,96 11603,21 22,1
0 1133,13 297,28 18577,7
1300-1500
0 2642,96
0 27,82
0 7034,31
>1500 2974,49
0 718,86
0
0
D 3693,35 Sdng suoi, mat nu'dc
Hinh thanh tren nen ddt trung ngap nudc dai
trong miia mua Tbuc vat chu yeu la Lieu bdn hat
Saiix tetrasperma, Dong dai Donax cannaeformis
phan bd thdnh timg manh nhd hay dai hep dpc theo
sudi Hang nam ldp mim mdi duoc bdi tu tao nen
Idp ddt cat pha set phdt trien cdc lodi nhu Cd sd
Cymbopogon goeringii, Cd bdng Idng mep
Eragrostis cilianensis, Cd rdc ldng mep
Microstegium ciliatum Do dac diem tu nhien, kieu
sinh thai cdnh quan ndy la noi phat trien nhieu loai
thue vdt thdn thao, ua am, ua bdng, cdc loai thuy
ngudn thdc an ua thich ciia cac lodi mdng gudc an
cd nhu Hoang, Cheo cheo va cac lodi cay, cdc loai
rdi ca Cdc loai chim nudc, kiem an d nudc ua
thich sdng d kien sinh thai canh quan ndy
Tham cd, cay bui
Kieu ndy cd dp che phu dao ddng tu 10 den
40%, va hinh thdnh chii yeu do dot nuong lam rdy
Nhung noi mdi phuc hdi thudng la cdc loai ua sang
mpc nhanh nhu Ba soi Macaranga kurzii, La ndn
M denticulata, Biim hup Mallotus apelta, Sdi
Sapium sp., Mang tang Litsea ciibeba, Hu day
Trema oriental is
(2) Phu Idp canh quan ddi dai <700m: khi hau
nhiet ddi gid miia cao nguyen, nhiet dp trung binh
la 19°C Luong mua U-ung binh nam 2000-2500
mm; sd ngay mua binh qudn nam 127 ngay; dm dp
tuong ddi trung binh nam 80% Phu ldp ndy 3 kilu
sinh thai canh quan la Rimg thu sinh NDTX Id
rdng; Sdng sudi; vd Tham cd, cay bui
Rirng thu sinh thudng xanh Id rdng dien tich
65,14 ha (bdng 2) Kieu nay d dai ddi xuat hien cdc
trd luong dao ddng td 100 den 150 m^/ha Muc do tac dpng cua con ngudi tang
Sdng sudi, mat nudc, didn tich 18,19 ha CJ dai ndy sudi rad rdng, nudc chay quanh nam Id noi hop luu cua cdc sudi ddu ngudn
Thdm cd, cay bui, dien tich 743,81 ha, thudng xuyen bi tac ddng bdi con ngudi, gidng nhu dai
>700m kieu Sinh thdi canh quan Thdm cd d dai nay phd bien cac loai nhu Ba soi Macaranga kurzii Bum bup Mallotus apelta, cac lodi thudc hp cd Ben canh cac cdnh quan tu nhien con cd 2 kieu sinh thai cdnh quan phat triSn do tac ddng nhdn tac gdm Rung trdng vd Khu dan cu, Ddt ndng nghiep
RtKng trdng
Dac trung bdi rimg thdng 3 la va ca phe Rimg thdng 7 tudi, chieu cao binh qudn 4-5m Cd phe c6 dien tich 1146 ha, chii yeu dup'c trdng d cac xa
Hd Ra 600 ha, AJun 200 ha, Kroong 170 ha, Ddk Roong 150 ha va La Ku 26 ha
Khu dan cu-, d^t ndng nghiep
Hinh thdnh tren nhdng viing dinh cu va canh tac cua ddng bdo dan tpc Ba Na, vdi nha gd tmySn thdng Cay trdng ngdn ngdy nhu sdn va liia nudc
3.2.2 Da dang sinh hoc a cdc kieu sinh thdi cdnh quan
Da dang sinh hpc phan dnh tinh thich nghi ciia cdc loai sinh vat vdi kit qua tac dpng tuong hd ciia cac yeu td dja ly, 6 VQG Kon Ka Kinh la nai sinh sdng cua 1022 lodi, 568 chi, 158 hp thue vdt, 79
hp, 17 bd; 43 lodi Bd sal thugc 12 hp va 2 bp vd 39
loai Ech nhai thupc 6 ho va 1 bd {bang 3) Mdi
kieu sinh thai canh quan cd sd loai sinh v^it khac nhau, phu thudc vao dieu kipn tu nhien vd tinh
Trang 7(so lieu tac gia tinh todn ti> l)dn d6)
Kilu sinh thai cdnh quan TTiii % Chim % Bo sat % Ed Rl>ng nhi^ a(A t h v ^ g xanh iA r$ng
RCrng nhi§t din Ihirfrng xanh \A kim
ROrig thl> smh ttiu*ng xanh ]A rjng
Rirng Irong
SOng sudi
Thdim CO cSy bui
Ddt nong nghl$p, khu ddn CLF
97,47 98,73 5,06 26,58 5,06
168
186
95
220
91
71.49 79,15 40,43 38,72
42
42
4
41
2
97,67 97.67 9,03 11,63 95,35 4,65
38
38
3
38
3
97,44 97,44 7.69 97.44 7,69
Rdng nhiet ddi thudng xanh la rdng: cd dien
tich ldn, tinh nguyen trang cao, ngudn tbuc an
gidu, kilu tham tbuc v^t dup'c bao tdn kha tdt Kieu
chim (71,49%), 42 loai bo sat (97,76%) va 38 loai
Ich nhdi (97,44%) phdn bd
Rdng nhi&t ddi thu-dng xanh Id kim: phdn bd d
dp cao trfin i300m Dien tich nhd (4230 ha), dp
ddc ldn, tinh nguyen trang cao Kieu nay la noi
sinh song cua cac loai: Cha Vd, Sdc, Khi Cac loai
dgng vdt d dp cao nay la bd an sau bo, bd nhieu
rdng, mpt sd loai Sdc bay, ddc biet la lodi khudu
thii (77,22%), 168 loai chim (71,49%), 37 loai bd
sdt (86,05%) va 38 loai Ich nhdi (97,44%)
phan bd
Rdng thd sinh thudng xanh id rdng thdm thyc
v|t bj tdc ddng, phdn bd d do cao dudi 1000m
Phdn ldn cdc lodi ddng v | t cd xuong sdng deu phdn
bd d kilu sinh thdi cdnh quan nay Cd 78 loai thii
(98,73%); 186 loai chim (79,15%); 42 loai bd sat
(97,67%) vd 38 loai Ich nhdi (97,44%) phan bd
- Thdm cay bui: phan bd nhilu d dai tu 700 din
1000m Tinh nguyen trgng thdp Thue vat thdn thao
phdt triln chu ylu la Cd tranh Imperata cylindrica,
Ldch Sacchamm spontaneum, Cac lodi tbuc vat
neu tran ngudn thdc an cho cdc loai Bd Tdt, Bd
ciia: 68 lodi thu (86,08%); 220 lodi chim (93,62%);
41 loai bd sat (95,35%); 15 lodi Ich nhai (38,46%)
Bkt ndng nghidp, khu dan cu: kieu sinh thai
canh quan ndy cd dien tich phan bd nhd, ngudn
thdc dn tv nhien it, Tinh nguyen trang rdt thdp, Cd
4 lodi Ihii (5,06%); 91 loai chim (38,72%); 2 lodi
bd sdt (4,65%) vd 3 lodi Ich nhai (7,69% sd lodi
cua VQG) phdn bd d kilu sinh thdi canh quan nay,
Rdng tr6ng: tinh nguyen trgng thdp Cd 4 lodi
thu (5.06%) chii y l u Id cdc loai Sdc va Chupt; 105
lodi chim (44,68%); 4 lodi bd sdt (9,03%) va 3 loai
Sdng sudi: kieu sinh thai cdnh quan Sdng sudi
Id noi phdn bd cua 21 loai thii (26,58%.); 95 loai chim (40,43%); 5 loai bd sat (11,63%); 38 loai Ich nhai (97,44%) Kilu sinh thai canh quan nay la noi sinh sdng quan trong ciia cdc lodi ech nhdi
3.3 Co s& dia ly phuc vu qudn ly vd bdo ve tdi nguyen mdi tru&ng VQG Kon Ka Kinh
Tren co sd tdng hap cac dieu kien dia ly qua phdn tich cdu true, chuc ndng sinh thai cdnh quan ciia tung don vi lanh thd de xdc dinh cdc chuc ndng quan ly, phdt triln ciia VQG bai bdo de xudt cdc ndi dung thue hien tren cdc kieu sinh thdi cdnh quan nhu sau:
Chuc nang bao tdn, phdng hp va bao ve mdi trudng duoc thue hien d khu vyc rdng 387! ha, trong dd viing cd dp cao dja hinh >1000 m Id
27825 ha chilm 65,8% dien tich toan VQG Khu vuc nay dupc trien khai quan ly de bdo tdn tai chd cac lodi thue vdt, ddng vat ddc hiiu, quy hiem, bao V? mdi tmdng
Chuc nang phat triln rung dugc thue hien cdc cdng viec khoanh nudi tai sinh phuc hdi rung, cdi tao tham thue vat vd dp dung cdc bien phap kJ thudt lam sinh khac de tang dp che phu rung, ndng cao gia tri da dang sinh hpc, khd nang phdng hp thue hien d kilu sinh thai cdnh quan IV (<700m)
vd VI dai <1000m, dien tich 755 ha (1,7%) Chuc nang khai thae cay da chet, cdy sdu b?nh thyc hien d cac kilu sinh thdi cdnh quan III, IV va
VI, dai <I000m dien tich 11528 ha (27,3%.) dien tieu bao tdn canh quan, khdng dupc san, bat, bay cdc loai dpng vat rung
Quan ly phdng chay, chdng chdy rimg dupc thilt lap d cac kilu sinh thai canh quan III, IV vd
VI dai <I300m dien tich 30256 ha (71.6%), v i x a c suit chay cao Su dung phuang phap ihiei kl vd
Trang 8canh Ida, biln bao, he thdng thdng tm theo
quy dinh
Chuc ndng nghien cihi khoa hpc, giang day, du
lich sinh thdi triln khai d kieu sinh thdi cdnh quan
1^ II vd III dai 700-1500m dien tich 27112 ha
(64,16%) Hoat ddng duoc thue hien theo kl
hoach, quy trinh phii hpp Suu tdm mdu sinh vat
riing tai cdc kilu sinh thai cdnh quan nay phai tudn
theo quy che quan ly rdng Td chuc boat ddng nghi
duang, du lich sinh thai - tren co sd phdp ludt vl du
lich, phap luat ve di san
4 Kit luan
Cac nhdn td dja ly hinh thdnh sinh thai canh
quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh gdm vi tri dia ly d phia
ddng bdc tinh Gia Lai, tpa do dia ly: tu 14° 09' den
14°30'vTddBdc; tu 108° 16'din 108° 28'kinh dp
loai da gramt va da bien chat Nen dia chat ket hap
dja hinh vd khi hau tao thdnh 6 loai ddt chinh Cd 2
he thdng sdng chinh, nhieu sudi Cdng ddng dan
tdc Ba Na chilm 71,3% tdng sd ddn ciia khu vuc
NhOng nhan td dia ly tac ddng tuong hd quylt
dinh den cau triic canh quan thudc he canh quan
nhiet ddi gid miia, Phu he sinh thai canh quan nhiet
ddi gid mua niii thdp cao nguyen Ldp canh quan
mil thdp Tdy Nguyen hinh thanh 2 phu Idp cdnh
quan nui thdp va ddi Cd 7 kieu sinh thai canh quan
gdm: Rung NDTX la kim dien tich 2974.49 ha;
Rimg NDTX la rdng: 8658.42 ha; Rung thu smh
NDTX la rdng: 19237,88 ha; Rirng trdng: 129.45
ha; Sdng sudi: 45 83 ha; Tham cd, cay bui: 9984.08
ha va (7) Dan cu, ddt ndng nghiep rdng 1225.46
ha Bay kieu sinh thai canh quan d VQG Kon Ka
Kinh la nai sinh sdng cua 1022 loai thyc vat; 79
Ech nhai Cac ioai dpng thue v|t phdn bd khac
Kdt qua nghien cdu da xac dinh dugc chiic ndng ciia cdc kilu sinh thai cdnh quan gdm: Chuc nang bdo tdn, phdng hp va bao v? mdi trudng tren cac kieu sinh thdi canh quan I,II vd III; hue ndng phdt triln rimg kilu IV vd VI dai <700m; Chuc nang khai thdc kilu: III, IV vd VI, dai
<1000m; Quan ly phdng chdy, chdng chdy rdng kilu III, rv va VI dai <1300m vd Chuc nang nghien ciru khoa hoc, gidng day, du lich smh thai triln khai d kilu sinh thdi cdnh quan I, II vd HI dai 700-1500m
TAI LIEU DAN [1] Phgm Hodng Hdi, Nguyin Thuang Hiing, Nguyin Nggc Khdnh, 1997: Ca sd cdnh quan hoc
cua viec su dung hgp ly tdi nguyen thien nhien bao
ve mdi trudng lanh thd Viet Nam Nxb Giao due HdNdi 160 trang
[2] Vii Tu Lap, 1999: Dia Iy tu nhiSn Viet Nam,
Nxb Gido due Ha Ndi, 346 trang
[3] Hd Quy Quynh, Le Xudn Cdnh, 2009:
Nghien cdu cdnh quan d Vudn qudc gia Chu Mom Ray, huyen Sa Thdy, tinh Kon Turn phuc vu bdo tdn Da dang sinh hoc Bao cao tai Hgi nghi toan qudc ve nhiing van de nghien cuu co ban trong khoa hoc sy sdng 2009, Nxb Khoa hoc va Ky thudt Ha Ndi, tr.1201-1206
[4] Le Bd Thdo, 2001: Viet Nam lanh thd va cdc
viing Dia ly, Nxb Thi gidi, Ha Ndi, 612 trang
[5] Thdi Vdn Trimg, 1999: Nhung he sinh thai
rung nhiet ddi d Viet Nam, Nxb, Khoa hoc vd KJ thuat, Ha Ndi 298 trang
[6] Global USGS; Glovis, http://glovis.usgs.gov/
Geographical basic for management and sustainable using and environment protection of
Kon Ka Kinh national park, Gia Lai province Study on the basic creation factors included: geology, geography, hydrology, climate and soil in National park for identifying the characteristic of each landscape ecology This mission of scientific based have been studied for recommendation of management and sustainable using of natural resources in the National park
Kon Ka Kinh National Park is 41780 square ha, which is located in the North-east of Gai Lai province, belong to Bdk Roong, Kon Pne, Kroong communes (Kbang distnct), AJun (Mang Yang district) and Ha Dong commune (Oak Ooa
Trang 9Topical monsoon in Tay Nguyen Highland, Belong to class of Mountain in Tay Nguyen highland, included 2 subclass (I) Low mountain and (2) Hill There are 7 types of landscape ecology included (1) Tropical Evergreen pine forest (2974.49 ha); (2) Tropksl Evergreen broadleaf forest (8658.42 ha): (3) Tropical secondary evergreen broadleaf forest (19237.68 ha); (4) Plantation forest (129.45 ha); (5) Riverine forest (45.83 ha); (6) Scrub and grassland (9984.08 ha) and (7) Settlement and agriculture (1225.46 ha) The landscape ecology in Kon Ka Kinh National Park are habitats of 1022 species of plant; 79 species of mammal; 235 spedes of bird; 43 species of r^tile and 39 species of amphitnan Because of the different of each creation factors, so that each landscape ecology have difference fonction, this scientific basic have been applied for management and development National park Included: Conservaton, resenre, environment protection function have been developed on landscape type I, II and ill, 2) Forestry development have been management have been developed in type III, IV and VI below <1300m; and 5) Scientific research, studying, ecotourism t>eendevelopedin type landscape ecology I, II and III, elevation 700-1500m
Key word: Landscape eco/ogy, Kon Ka Kinh, National Pait(, Geograpttical basic Management and sustainable using