cAc VAN D£ QU6C T£ SUTHAM GIA CUA C O N G DONG TRONG QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN NUdC KINH NGHIEM CAC NU6c CHAU PHI VA BAI HOC CHO VIETNAM''''" Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung* Le Ha Thanh** Nguyen Dieu Hdng*** TOM T A T Q[.]
Trang 1cAc VAN D£ QU6C T£
S U T H A M GIA CUA C O N G DONG TRONG QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN N U d C :
KINH NGHIEM CAC NU6c CHAU PHI VA BAI HOC CHO V I E T N A M ' "
Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung*
Le Ha Thanh** Nguyen Dieu Hdng***
TOM T A T
Qudn ly dua vdo cdng ddng trong ITnh vuc tdi nguyen nudc la mot qud trinh cd su tham gia eua ngudi ddn trong he thdng qudn ly Sir tham gia ciia cong ddng rdt da dgng vdi nhieu hinh thuc tuang icng vai cdp do tdng ddn the hien vai trd kiem sodt ciia chinh phu gidm ddn
vd mice do hgp tdc ciing nhu quyen ldm chii cua cdng ddng tdng len Kinh nghiem qudc te cho thdy neu cgng ddng dugc tham vdn ddy dii, dugc tham gia vdo qud trinh xdy dicng vd thuc thi cdc chinh sdch vd du dn thi cdc chuang trinh, du dn se hieu qud han vd dem lgi lgi ich cao hon cho cdc ddi tugng muc tieu De khuyen khich sir tham gia cua cdng dong vdo qudn ly tdi nguyen nudc nhd nudc cdn Idm tdt vai trd hd trg ndng cao ndng lire cho cgng ddng cd tieu chi lua chon ro rdng ddm bdo nguyen tdc cdng bdng ddng thdi phdi cdi cdch he thdng chinh quyen theo huang gidm bdt vai trd trung tdm trong qud trinh ra quyet dinh
Tir khda Qudn ly ldi nguyen nudc, sir tham gia cua cong ddng, hnh nghiem quoc te Nhdn bdi: 22/12/2015; Phdn bien ddnh gid vd sira chica: 20/1/2016; Duyet ddng 20/2/2016
1 Mo hinh quan ly co sur tham gia ciia
cgng dong
1.1 Khdi niem chung
Theo quan niem chung, cdng ddng dugc
hieu la mdt tap hgp cdng dan cu tru trong
mdt khu vuc dia Iy nhat dinh, hgp tac vdi
' " Bai viet na\ la ket qua nghien ciru ciia Nhiem vu
nghien ciiu khoa hgc va cong nghe theo nghj dinh thu
d6ng nham nang cao hieu qua hop tac song phirong tai
cac dia phucmg bien gioi Viet Nam - Campuchia"
" Phd gi^o su Tien sT Vien Kinh li va Chinh tri thd gioi
' " ' " ' ' " ' T h a c sT Trudng Dai hoc Kinh t4 Qu6c dan
nhau \i nhirng Igi ich chung va chia se nhirng gia tri van hda chung Noi mgt each khac, mot tap hgp ngudi dugc ggi la cgng ddng neu thda man cac tinh chat ve dia Is van hda va Igi ich, cu the nhu sau:
Ddng nhdt ve dia ly: De ggi la mgt
cgng ddng thi cgng ddng do phai ciing sdng trong mdt vung dia ly sinh thai nhat dinh va ciing cd the trong cung mgt dan vi hanh chinh
Ddng nhdt ve lgi ich: Trong trudng
hgp quan ly tai nguyen - mdi trudng trudc
Trang 2het cgng ddng do can hgp lire quan Iy cac
yeu td tai nguyen - mdi trudng de ciing thu
hudng cac Igi ich chung va ciing chia se lgi
ich ma yeu td dd mang Iai
- Dong nhdt ve vdn hda: Tu> trudng hgp
cu the, can tim kiem nhutig gia tri van hda
ehung de td churc su tham gia cua cgng
ddng () day yen td van hda va dia ly cd
quan he mat thiet vdi nhau Ndi den van
hda la noi den con ngudi d mdt viing, mdt
dan tdc, mdt qudc gia hay chau luc
Quan ly dua vao cdng ddng (Community
based management - CBM) la mdt tap hgp
mo hinh quan Iy co sir tham gia cua cdng
dong, trong dd cgng ddng la tham gia vao
viec ra quyet dinh ve eac van de lien quan
den qua trinh lap ke hoaeh va trien khai
thuc hien Phuang thiirc CBM la mgt trong
ba phuong thuc quan ly' (i) Nha nudc quan
Iy tap trung; (ii) Quan Iy dua vao cdng
dong; va (iii) Cdng ddng tu quan ly Cac to
chuc quan Iy dua vao cgng ddng dugc hinh
thanh tai mdt dja phuang cu the tren co sd
tu nguyen, phi lgi nhuan, dam nhan vai tro
cung cap dich vu xuat phat tir lgi ich ehung
ciia cdng dong Quan ly moi trudng dua
vao cgng dong la mdt khal niem rgng va da
nghia, phu thudc vao iing dung thuc tien
cua CBM Khai niem nay de cap den sir
tham gia cua cac cgng ddng cd lgi ich Hen
quan trong quan ly tai nguyen dat va nudc,
rimg, dgng vat hoang da, du Uch ngudn Igi
thiiy san va cac tai nguyen khac Ap dung
md hinh tham gia ciia cdng ddng trong
quan K' danh dau each tiep can tir dudi len
thay \ i phuong thuc ap dat tir tren xudng
nhu trudc kia Muc dd tham gia ciia ngudi
dan dugc phat trien theo timg cdp do va
phu thudc vao quan he ddi tac giira chinh
phu va ngudi dan Quan he ddi tac nay phu
thudc vao sir tin nhiem va tin tudng cua ca hai phia De phat trien mdi quan he nay can phai cd nd lire tir hai ben va thdi gian
Ve ban chat, qua trinh phat trien nay
chinh la tien trinh "phi dieu tiet hda" cua
chinh phu nham xac dinh Iai ngi ham cua quan ly nha nudc de phii hgp vdi trinh do phat trien kinh te thi trudng trong timg giai doan
1.2 Cdc cdp do tham gia cua cpng dong
Theo quan diem hien dai, muc do tham gia cua ngudi dan trong cac hoat dgng quan 1\' dugc phat trien theo tirng cap do va phu thugc vao quan he ddi tac giira chinh phii va ngudi dan (M.Dower 2004) Theo
do, cap do tham gia ciia cdng ddng the hien vai tro kiem soat cua chinh phii giam dan
va muc do hgp tac cung nhu quyen lam chli ciia cgng ddng tang len Phuong thirc quan ly dua vao cdng dong dugc chia thanh 5 cap do, bao gdm:
(i) Cdp do thdng bdo: Nha nudc ra
quyet dinh, thdng bao va hudng din cgng ddng tham gia quan ly
(ii) Cdp do tham van- Cgng ddng cung
cap thdng tin, nha nudc Iham khao y kien cua cgng ddng de dua ra quyet djnh, thdng bao va hudng dan cdng ddng tham gia quan ly
(iii) Cdp do cimg thuc hien: Cdng dong
CO CO hdi va dugc phep tham gia thao luan gdp y kien de dua ra quyet dinh va dugc tham gia quan ly
(iv) Cdp do ddi tdc: Nha nudc va cgng
dong ciing quan Iy
(v) Cdp do chd tri: Cdng ddng dugc
nha nudc trao quyen quan Iy, nha nudc chi thuc hien viec kiem soat
Trang 3.4
Sff 60 1 Thang do cap do tham gia ciia cgng dong
Ngudn: M Dower (2004)
1.3 Cdc hinh thuc tham gia cua cpng
dong
Su tham gia eiia cdng ddng trong quan
Iy cd vai trd quan trgng va dugc bi^u dien
dudi cae hinh thuc cu the nhu sau:
(i) Cung cdp thdng tin: ngudi dan cd
the tham gia cung cap thdng tin cho cac
nha quan Iy ve thuc te cac van de kinh te
-xa hgi - mdi trudng d dia phuang
(ii) Tham gia lanh dgo: nhiJng ngudi
lanh dao cua cdng ddng cd the thu hiit su
tham gia ciia cgng dong bang each noi len
nhtmg mong mudn cua ngudi dan to chirc
cac boat dgng, huy ddng mgi ngudi tham
gia vao cac cdng viec cu the
(iii) Cung cap cdc ngudn luc: cdng ddng
cd the tham gia vao cac hoat ddng nhu
cung cap nhan Iuc, vat chat, cac nguon tai
chinh va cdng tac to chuc cho cac dir an
phat trien tai dia phuang, tham chi edng
dong cd the thuc hien mgt sd nhiem vu ciia
du an de giam bdt chi phi
(iv) Qudn ly vd bdo dicang- sau khi cac
du an ket thuc, cdng ddng co the tham gia
quan ly bang each chju trach nhiem hoan toan \e hoat ddng quan ly va bao duong dinh ki
(v) Kiem tra vd ddnh gid: trong sudt
qua trinh trien khai du an, egng dong cd the xem xet va danh gia nhitng gi dang tien hanh nhd dd cd the phat hien nhtrng van
de nay sinh va khac phuc kjp thdi
1.4 Qudn ly tdi nguyen nirdc dira vdo cpng dong
O nhieu nudc dang phat trien quyen sd
hiru va quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien nhu nudc khoang san rimg, thiiy san, ddng vat hoang da dugc trao cho nha nudc Chinh phu khdng nhiJng xac dinh mo hinh su dung cac ngudn tai ngu\cn ma cdn anh hudng den viec phan phdi lgi ich kinh te tir cac nguon tai nguyen dd Do vay, cdng ddng dia phuang rat it tham gia vao hoat dgng quan l\ Tu\ nhien, viec nha nude quan ly tai nguyen sc dan den mgt sd van
de chinh trj, xa hgi nhu chi phi cao cho luc lugng kiem lam, kho khan trong bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien, sir dung khdng ben
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAI: PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
Trang 4vOng cac ngu5n tai nguyen thien ntiien,
nay sinli cac mau thuin, xung dot giOa
cong d5ng dia phuong voi cae co quan
duoc nha nuoc uy quyen quan ly tai
nguyen thien nhien v.v Trong boi canh do,
mo hinh quan ly moi truong dua vao cong
d5ng CO thi phat huy dugc gia tri
Quan ly tai nguyen nuoc dua vao cpng
ddng khong ham y cpng dong phai c6 trach
nhiem doi voi tat ca eac khia canh trong he
thong nuoc ma hp dang sir dung Cpng
dong CO the tham gia vao mpt, mpt vai hoac
tat ca hoat dpng quan ly van hanh ky thuat
va tai chinh ciia mpt he thong cap nuoc Su
tham gia cua epng dong vao qua trinh quan
ly rjt da dang, phu thupc vao nhung dieu
kien eu the eua tung dia phuong
Quan ly tai nguyen nuoc dua vao cpng
dong la mpt qua trinh eo su tham gia cua
nguoi dan vai vai tro la trung tam ciia he
thong quan ly nuac Mo hinh nay co the
xac lap duoi dang eac hpi nguoi tieu dung
va cae nhom hanh dpng cpng dong o khu
vuc thanh thi cho den cae nhom sir dung
nuoc va hpp tac xa thiiy loi a vung nong
thon
Du ton tai dual hinh thirc nao, nguyen
tae cot loi ciia CBM trong ITnh vuc tai
nguyen nuac la su tham gia cua cpng dong
trong viec lap ke hoach, van hanh, duy tri
eac he thong cap nuoc ma cpng dong duoc
huong loi Quan ly tai nguyen nucrc dua
vao cpng dong co 3 khia canh chinh la
trach nhiem quyen lire va kiem soat
(i) Trach nhiem: cpng dong tham gia
lam chli, CO quyen so hiru cung nhu co
nghia vu tham du vao quan ly he thong cdp
nuac de dam bao \ ice van hanh, duy tri he
thong
(ii) Quyen luc: voi tu each vira la ngucri
sir dung, vita la nguoi quan ly tai nguyen nuoc, epng dong co quyen hpp phap de ra nhirng quyet djnh lien quan den kiem soat, van hanh va duy tri tai nguyen nuoc va he thong cap nuoc di kem
(iii) Kiem sodt: epng dong co kha nang
thirc hien va xac dinh dirpc ket qua tit cac quyet dinh ciia minh co lien quan den he thong Khia canh nay de cap den nang luc ciia cpng dong \e kha nang dong gop ve ky thuat, nhan eong va tai chinh ciing nhu sit h6 trp ve the ehe ciia cpng dong trong qua trinh lap ke hoach thuc hien va duy tri tinh ben vOng cua he thong cung cap nuac Quan ly tai nguyen nude dua vao cpng dflng da co lich sir tir lau tren the gioi Xem xet kinh nghiem quflc te se gop phan rut ra nhtrng bai hpe huu ich cho Viet Nam
2 Kinh nghiem (V chau Phi ve su- tham gia ciia cpng dong trong quan ly tiii nguyen niro'c
2.1 Thiic diiy su- tham gia ctia cgng (Tong thu nhgp thdp viio cung cdp nudc sach vd ve sinh ff Ghana
Cai thien dich vu cung cap nuoc sach va
ve sinh la mpt trong nhirng nhiem vu trpng tam de dat cae Muc tieu Thien nien ky (MDGs) va doi hoi each tiep can nhieu ben C) Ghana, chi 30% cae hp gia dinh khu vue dfl thi CO ket noi voi dudng dng cap nudc, 22% sd hd cd nha ve sinh dat tieu ehuan De cai thien dich vu cap nude dd thi
va ve sinh mdi trudng, chinh phu Ghana quyet dinh day manh hop tac vdi cac thanh phin trong xa hdi Su hop tac chu yeu hudng tdi dua cac nhdm ddi tupng khac nhau tham gia vao qua trinh ra quyet djnh,
Tgp chl nghien cuu CHAti PIII & TRl NG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
Trang 5trong dd sir tham gia cua cdng ddng chinh
la chia khda de duy tri dugc djch vu cung
cap nudc sach va ve sinh Tuy nhien, d
Ghana, vai trd ciia cdng ddng trong Iinh
vuc nay chua dugc chinh quyen trung
uong va dja phuang luu y diing mue Chua
cd nhieu no lire de khuyen khieh cdng
ddng tham gia vao ITnh vuc nay d khu vuc
dd thi, thanh pho ldn Vai tro ciia hg chu yeu the hien d ndng thdn va cac thi tran nhd Trudc thuc t8 do, ban diu chinh sach nudc sach va ve sinh ciia Ghana chi tap trung vao sir tham gia cua cgng ddng d ndng thon
Chuyen gia Viet Nam giang day va chuyen
Nguon: hltp.//ww
Cac CO sd cung cap nudc sach va ve
sinh cho hd gia dinh thudng la cac he
thong dua vao cgng ddng, bao gom cac co
sd thudc sd hiru cua cdng ddng hoac ciia
doanh nghiep tu nhan hoat dgng vi muc
tieu Igi nhuan Cgng ddng duge phan chia
rd rang thanh nhdm nhiJng ngudi co the tra
tien cho dich vu nudc sach va ve sinh va
nhdm nhiJng ngudi khdng the chi tra Dieu
nay anh hudng den qua trinh ra quyet dinh
dau tu eiia ngudi cung cap dich vu ca d
khu vuc cdng cgng va khu vuc tu nhan
Ket qua la hinh thanh hai he thdng song
song, he thdng cung cap nudc sach va ve
sinh chinh thiic, cd dudng dng nudc sach,
nha may xir Iy nudc thai; va he thdng phi
ehinh thuc ciia nhtrng ngudi ban nudc sach
va van hanh he thdng nha ve sinh Hau h^t
,iao tien bp ky thuat nong nghiep tai Ghana
w2 hcniuaf.edu.vn
cac CO sd cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh dua vao cdng ddng d cac dd thi thu nhap thap cua Ghana la phi chinh thurc (j khu vuc do thi, su tham gia ciia cdng ddng thudng ed xu hudng chi gidi han trong cac hoat dgng chia se quyen Igi chii khong lien quan den hoat ddng kinh doanh Trong md hinh hgp tac edng tu de cung cap dich vu nudc sach va ve sinh moi trudng d dd thi su tham gia cua cdng ddng
CO the ho trg xay dung mdt moi quan he hgp tac hihi ich giira khu vuc cdng va khu VUC tu dac biet khi mudn dap iing nhu cau ciia cdng ddng ngudi thu nhap thap Vdi cgng ddng ngudi cd thu nhap thap dieu quan trgng nhat vdi hg va cung la yeu td quyet djnh den su tdn tai ciia cac nha cung
Tap cltingliien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 03(127) thang 3/2016
Trang 6cip nudc sach va ve sinh moi trudng thudc
nhom phi chinh thiic la tinh hop phap cua
nha d Chinh vi nha d cila ngudi co thu
nhap thip ed tinh hpp phap khdng cao nen
dieh vu phi chinh thiic la phu hpp Miic dp
sSn long diu tu mpt he thdng mdi phu
thudc true tiSp vao tinh hop phap cua nha d
eua ngudi dan Mot hd gia dinh neu khdng
chic chan minh ed dupc d ngdi nha nay lau
dai se chi san Idng tra tien de duy tri dich
vu cap nudc va ve sinh theo timg ngay
Dong thdi, khi khdng ed nha d hpp phap,
lau dai, cae hd gia dinh ciing khdng dupe
phep ket ndi vdi he thdng nudc sach va ve
sinh chinh thiic
Vdi edng ddng ed nha d hpp phap, yeu
td quan trpng khien cpng dong san ldng
tham gia dau tu, quan ly he thflng dirdng
dng nude sach va ve sinh mdi trudng la
chat lupng eua dich vu He thflng mdi phai
ed chat lupng tdt hon he thflng hien tai
Neu h? thflng mdi khflng dat dupc tieu chi
nay thi cdng ddng se khdng san Idng ket
ndi, va ngay ea khi hp da tham gia thi cung
cd kh^ nang hp khflng chi tra phi dich vu
Ngoai ra, gia dich vu cung la mdt yeu td
nira quyet dinh su tham gia eiia ngudi dan
Neu gia qua cao thi edng dflng thu nhap
thap se tir chfli ket noi
Ghana dang nfl lire khuyen khich cac
nha eung cap nudc sach va dich vu ve sinh
mdi tnrcmg dap ling duoc nhu ciu cua
ngudi ngheo khu vue dd thi vdi sir tham
gia cua cdng dflng De cpng dflng cd thi
tich eire, chii dflng tham gia vao nhirng
hoat dpng ma theo truyen thflng vdn thuflc
ve nha nude, can phai ed each tidp can Iinh
hoat eung nhu khung phap ly virng chie
Ngoai ra, can cd nd lire b^n viing giira eac
ben thi mdi cd the giup cdng ddng nhan biet, tan dung dupc toan bp nang lire cua minh trong qua trinh tham gia
2.2 Vai tro cua cpng ddng trong hai dit
dn cdp nu-&c sach &Hombori, Mali
6 viing dat khfl can Hombori, Mali, nudc chu yeu dupc diing lam nude an eho ngudi va site vat Nudc rat quy hiem, khdng the diing de tudi tieu vao miia kho Hau het dien tich dat dai viing nay deu khflng trdng trot dtrpc vi dat rat can coi, ehu yeu la da He thflng cap nudc d day la mdn qua ma ngudi lanh dao danh cho cir tri de dfli lay la phieu eua hp Nd tdn tai tir nam 1953, nhung su dung cdng nghe qua phuc tap nen da nhanh ehdng bj hdng, khflng dung dupe vi thieu ngudi cd hieu biet ve ky thuat de van hanh va thieu trang thiet bi thay the Nam 2001, mpt du an cip nudc mdi dupe thuc hien, nhung he thdng mdi khdng cd kha nang bom nudc cho ngudi dan sdng tren ddi eao Do dd, du an nay ehii yeu phue vu ngudi dan sdng viing chan ddi Nhung ngudi dan tren doi cao lai van mufln cd dai dien trong ban quan ly dir
an Ket qua la, cpng dflng mau thuan vdi nhau va dtr an phai ngirng hoat dpng Nam 2007, Tflng thflng Mali cho xay dung mflt he thdng cap nudc mdi vdi may bom du manh de cap nudc cho ca ngudi dan sdng d chan dfli va tren ddi cao Mpt phan dudng flng cu van dupe sir dung Mpt cflng ty hpp tac cong tu dupe chi dinh phu trach nhiem vu duy tri tinh fln dinh eua he thflng va thu phi ngudi su dung
Mac dii he thdng cap nudc cu khong cdn boat ddng, nhung ke ea khi cd he thflng mdi, phu ntr trong eac gia dinh va nhiing
Trang 7ngudi dan dng lam cflng viee ehan gia sue
van tim dupe ngudn nudc khae dd sir dung
Vdi sir hd trp eua ehinh phti, ba gieng nude
Idn lin lupt dupc dao d ehan ddi Chinh
phu hd trp ngudi dan duy tri, giO gin ngudn
nude nay vdi ehi phi thap va cflng nghe
don gian Nude gieng dupc dung cho
ngudi va gia siic Ngudi dan tham chi cdn
cho ring ngudn nude nay sach hon nudc
may Cpng dflng dan cu dia phucmg da
thiet lap bp quy tac rieng de tranh canh
tranh, mau thuan trong su dung nudc Bfl
quy tae nay cd hieu lyc thyc sy: Mpt gieng
eho ngudi dan sdng tren dfli cao; mpt gieng
cho ngudi dan vimg ehan dfli, gieng cdn lai eho sue vat Diem thii vi la bfl quy tae nay
do mflt nhdm thanh nien dua ra va kiem ludn nhiem vu giam sat thyc hien Nhiing ngudi su dung nudc trong viing deu tuan theo bp quy tic ddvi hp thay nd bao ve quyen Ipi eua tat ea mpi ngudi Mdt sang kien phi chinh thirc khac eung dupc ap dung: Dd la vao thang 4 hang nam, thang khd nhat trong nam, khi mue nudc ngam trong gieng xudng thap va viec lay nudc khd khan hon thi chi cd mpt sd phu ntr dupe phu traeh viee lay nudc va ehia thanh tui va ban cho mpi ngudi
Nguai dan sii dung nuac sach tai Mali Nguon: hllp://wateraidrutlandgroiip btck.co.uk
Nhu vay, eau chuyen d Hombori cho
thay tam quan trpng cua cflng ddng trong
cac dy an cap nudc Tat ea mpi khia canh
eCia dy an dudng dng cap nudc nhu edng
nghe, each thire van hanh ban dau deu
nim trong tay chinh phu Nhung hp khflng
cd du nang lyc Ignh dao va khong san Idng
bd edng sire, ngudn lyc de duy tri nd Trong
khi dd, he thdng cap nude eiia ngudi dan
dia phuong lai hieu qua, dupc quan ly tflt,
chi phi thip, dap ling duoe mong mudn eua
edng ddng Tham chi, he thdng nay cd kha nang cang lam giam ddng lye cua epng dflng tham gia quan ly dy an cap nudc mdi cua nha nudc Neu khdng thu hiit du ngudi sir dung, he thdng mdi se khdng thu dupe phi de boat dpng Khi loai trit ngudi dan ra khdi qua trinh ra quylt dinh, viec thu phi sir dung nudc sach tir dudng dng se kha khd khan Vi vay, cd thi thay day la hai dy an cip nude vdi mire dp tham gia cua cpng dong khac nhau va kit qua ciing khac nhau
Tgp chl nghiin cd-u CHAt PHI & TRUNG BONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
Trang 82.3 Anh hu&ng cua ngit&i gidu trong
dtf dn bdm chim &Iliza, Zambia
Dy an bom chim cap nudc d lliza la mpt
dy an tien phong ap dung phuong phap tiep
can quan ly nude tong hpp ed sy tham gia
cua nhieu ngudi sii dung Dy an nay nham
cap nudc tir nhieu ngudn khae nhau cho
nhieu ngudi sir dung vdi cac muc dich, nhu
eau khae nhau Vi vay, dy an da ap dung
phuang phap ed sy tham gia eua ngudi
dan Du an da gianh thdi gian mot nam de
xac dinh, dao tao mflt td chirc du kha nang
san ldng thyc hien dy an vdi phuong phap
mdi nay, va mflt nam ntra de lap ke hoaeh
vdi dai dien cua cac cpng dflng duoc
hudng Ipi tir dy an Kit qua la dy an dam
bao dupe tinh ben vihig, nhtmg khdng
tranh khdi tinh trang bi ngudi giau, ngudi
tang ldp tren lam dung
Nhu nhieu dy an khac, co quan thuc hien dy an thudng d xa va ehi phi di lai cap Do dd, mdt "dieu phfli vien dy an'' duoc bfl nhiem Thdng diep ve mpt du an cap nudc nhanh ehdng dupc cdng bo Mdt chu trang trai A da tim each dam bao rang trang trai rieng ciia minh dupe ehpn vao khu vyc hudng Ipi De nhan manh sy tham gia eda cpng ddng, ong ta thu thap chil ky eiia nhung ngudi hang xdm the hien mong mudn chung eua hp dupc lam ngudi hudng lpi cua du an mdi Trong cuflc hpp cd sir tham gia vl phan bd ngudn lyc ctia nha tai trp, dng A la eu dan duy nhat ciia khu vuc
dd cd mat Danh sach cae chil ky giup dng
ta quyet dinh chpn dupc cflng nghe nudc ngam trong khu vye ciia minh Sau dd, dng
ta tuyen bd la da giup ngudi dan "mang dir
an ve eho dia phuang"
Cong trmh cap niroc tai Zambia
Nguon: hltps://www.daily-maU.co,
Khi thao luan xa ban ve cae loai hinh
cflng nghe dupc chpn va dja dilm dat may
bom, mau thuan gia tang dac biet la vdi
chli trang trai B, mdt ngudi giau cd Cudi
cimg, ca hai ngudi chpn mdt cdng nghe
bom chim mdi dat tiln, kit ndi vdi dudng
dien chay qua nha cua ca hai Mflt dia
diem ehinh xac d gitta nha eua cua hai
ngudi A va B dupc xac dinh can than Tuy nhien, vap ngay khoan cac Id khoan, dng
A da thuyet phuc dupe ben thi cdng khoan trong san rieng eiia minh trude sy khdng hai ldng eiia tat ea nhirng ngudi khac Nhd may bom nudc, gia dinh dng da md rdng khu vudn ciia minh ngoai sil dung nudc cho sinh hoat va chan nuoi, dem lai them
Trang 9thu nhap eho flng ta Trong khi dd, tien
dien ehay may bom nudc lai dupc chia
deu eho dng ta va mpi ngudi xung quanh
Nhtmg dy an lai dupc coi la thanh cdng vi
giilp cai thien sire khde, sinh ke ctia ngudi
dan dia phuang
Cae ben tham gia thyc hien dy an cd
quan diem khac nhau Co quan thyc hien
dy an thi thich lam viec vai nhtmg ngudi
nhu ong A vi thanh cdng cua dng ta dupe
coi la mpt vi du tflt de thyc hien eae dy an
tiep theo Nhung nhOng ngudi khae, bao
gdm cac can bd thuflc chinh phu va dai
dien cac nha tai trp lai tim each khic phuc
tinh trang dy an phyc vu rieng cho mflt sd
it ngudi giau nay ngay khi hp nhan ra ring
dilu nay da xay ra Nhieu cufle hpp dupe
tfl chirc de thao luan ve viec nhieu ngudi
hon cd the dupe tiep can vdi may bom,
nhimg khflng dat ket qua
Nhu vay, trong ke hoaeh thyc hien dy
an nay, viee lya ehpn cflng nghe va dja
dilm uu tien sit dung nudc la quyet dinh
hoan toan eiia ngudi thu hudng Tuy nhien,
md canh cua ra quyet djnh cho tat ca mpi
ngudi ma khdng bao gflm cac thu tuc va
tieu chuan de ehpn ra ai la ngudi dupc
tham gia da din den ngudi nao cd tien, cd
quyen se cd mat dau tien va sau do tiep tue
sinh ra xung dot Trudng hpp nay cho thay
ngudi giau cd the thu dupe Ipi ieh rieng tir
dy an va mue tieu cdng bang da khdng dat
duoc Ngudi dan se bat binh ve tinh hpp
phap ciia viec phan bd ngudn lyc edng
3 Bai hoc vl quan ly tai nguyen nudc
CO sy tham gia ciia cong dong if chau Phi
Thii- nhdl, ndng cao ndng life cho cgng
ddng
De cpng dflng tham gia mdt each cd hieu qua, tat ea cac ben tham gia quan ly tai nguyen nudc nhu chinh phu, cdng ty tu nhan cung cap dich vu va ea cpng dflng can phdi hpp day manh cac hoat ddng sau:
- Chia se thdng tin: La diem khdi diu dl edng ddng cd the tham gia vao quan ly viec cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh mdi trudng Thflng tin giup cflng dflng hieu dupe bfli canh, van de va cam ket tham gia vao qua trinh hpp tac
- Tham van: Thudng xuyen tham van cdng dflng de biet dupe nhu cau thyc sy cua hp (cung nhu kha nang va mite sin Idng ehi tra) ve nude se giiip nha cung cap hieu dupc mong mudn cua cflng ddng tir
dd chuyen tir lap ke hoach quan ly theo phuong phap tiep can tii' tren xudng sang phuong phap ed sy tham gia
- Xay dyng nang lyc: Nang cao nang lyc cho cdng dflng thflng qua dao tao, hfl trp ky thuat se giup cflng dflng the hien dupc vai trd ciia minh
Thiir hai, hgn che dnh hirdng cua mot nhom Iff! ich thieu so
Khi thuc hien nhirng chuong trinh quan
ly tai nguyen nudc ma tieu ehi dau ra la sinh ke, hieu suat , thi nhiing ngudi giau
cd the tao anh hucmg manh me Trong nhieu trudng hpp, gidi lanh dao cd xu hudng thieh edng ddng thieu sfl ngudi giau tham gia vao quan ly tai nguyen nudc han
vi hp cd the tao ra thu nhap nhieu ban so vdi cdng dflng ngudi ed thu nhap thap chiem da sd Khi dd, ngudi lanh dao se de dang ban trong viee chimg minh hieu qua eua md hinh quan Iy tai nguyen nudc cd su tham gia cua epng dflng Trong khi thyc te
Tgp chl nghien ciiu CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONG SO 03(127) thing 3/2016
Trang 10tinh cdng bang lai khong dugc dam bao
Trong truong hgp nay, khi thiit ke quy
trinh quan Iy, can xac dinh ro ddi tugng
hudng Igi cd cac tieu ehi lira chgn ngudi
tham gia cac qua trinh ra quyet dinh de
dam bao tinh cdng bang, hgp phap trong
viec phan bo nguon Iuc, bao gdm ca tai
nguyen nudc va ngudn kinh phi thuc hien
ThU- ba, cdi cdch he thdng chinh quyen
Chinh quyen cd anh hudng rat ldn trong
viec huy ddng sir tham gia ddng gdp ciia
cac cgng ddng dan cu Trong nhieu trudng
hgp sir dau tu ban dau ciia nha nudc dii
khong Idn nhung cd tac dgng manh den
viec duy tri nhirng phong trao, sang kien
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Dower, M (2004) Bd cdm nang dao tao vd thdng tin ve phdt trien ndng thon
todn dien NXB Nong nghiep I-ia Ngi
2 Nguyen Viet Dung va Nguyen Danh TTnh (2006) Quan ly tdi nguyen nudc dira
vdo cdng ddng a Viet Nam: Nghien ciru tdi lieu ve kinh nghiem vd md htnh thdnh cong,
Trung tam Con ngudi va Thien nhien (PanNature) Ha Ndi Viet Nam
3 Osumanu (2010), Community involvement in urban water and sanitation
provision The missing link in partnerships for improved service delivery in Ghana,
Journal of African Studies and Development Vol 2(8), pp 208-215
4 Van Koppen Barbara; Rojas V C ; Skielboe, T (2012) Project politics, priorities
and participation in rural water schemes, Water Alternatives 5( I), pp37-51
do cdng ddng khdi xudng va tu nguyen dong gdp de thuc hien Cac co quan nha nudc can cai each theo hudng minh bach hda, giam bdt vai trd trung tam trong qua
trinh ra quyet dinh "truyen thdng" va
hudng tdi chu trinh md vdi su tham gia ciia nhieu thanh phan trong xa hgi thdng qua cac kenh thdng tin dien dan Cudi ciing, dieu dac biet quan trgng la md hinh tham gia CLia cgng ddng cung nhu tat ca cac chinh sach quan K tai nguyen \a moi trudng phai het sue minh bach va cong bang cho cac ddi tugng Bat eu chinh sach nao neu bd qua yeu td nay chac han se kho thanh cdng