2*NLN 119''''9/20U v/, HAI MUm NAM PHAT TRIEN VUffT BAG NHl|T DIEN DOT THAN 0 VIET NAM (Thdi KY 2011 2030) N H O N G THOI 0 0 VA THACH THOC PGS TS Truvmg Duy Nghia Tren nhieu so Tap chi Nang luxyng Nhiet[.]
Trang 1v/, HAI MUm NAM PHAT TRIEN VUffT BAG NHl|T DIEN DOT THAN 0 VIET NAM
PGS TS Truvmg Duy Nghia Tren nhieu so Tap chi Nang luxyng Nhiet chung tdi da neu cic y kiin v§ viec phat thin nhiet di&n ddt than (NDDT) ' d Viet Nam Trong bai bao nay chung toi mong muon tdng hop lai va neu ten nhOvg van di mang tinh chiin luxfc cho su- phat thin nganh nay va cac nganh kinh ti lien quan khic, bao dam cho nganh NDDT duxyc phat tnin hai hoa, bin vOng va dat hieu qui cao nhit
I MdrDAu
Quy hoach Dien VII- Quy hoach phat triln dien ti> 2011-2020, djnh hu-dng ddn nam 2030, da duac Thu tu'dng Chinh phu phe duyet tai Quyet dinh sd 1208/QD-TTg ngay 21/7/2011 da md ra tndn vpng to ldn cho su" phat tridn nganh dien ndi chung, trong dd cd su" phat tri4n vup't bac cac nha may nhiet di$n
ddt than (NDT) a Viet Nam, theo dd, vdi su phan bd ddng ddu trong ca nu'dc se hinh thanh cac trung
tam dien luc ldn (cac trung tam ma chu yeu la cae nha may NDT) ed cdng suit phd bien 4.000-5.000MW
Theo Quy hoach Dien VII, cdng suit va san iLcang dien nang nhLC sau (bang 1)
Bang 1 Cong suit va san iwgng di$n nang & Viet Nam
T T
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dai l u v n g
Tiing
N h i c i diijn d6l than
Ty 10
Nhiet diijii dot khi
T}
IC-Thuy dign
r> IC'
Div'ii lir iiilny linrng
Dien hill nhan
2010
Sfiii tttang
94.600 ty k W h 15.600 Iy kEh 16.50%
2011
San liiffng
107.225 IV k W h 18.884 l y k W h 17,61%
39.150 l y k W h 36,510%
46,450 Iy k W h
4 3 , 3 2 %
2020
Cong sunt
- 7 5 0 0 0 M W 36.000 M W 48,0%
14 000 M W
1 9 1 % 19.120 M W 25,5%
4 2 0 0 M W
5,6%
975 M W
1,3%
Slin Uecrng
330 ly k W h
1 5 6 [ y k W h 46,8%
79.0 l y k W h
2 4 0 % 64,7 ty k W h 19,6%
1 4 , 1 t y k W h 4,5%
6,93 ty k W h
2 , 1 %
2030
Cong sual
146-800 M W 75.750 M W 51,6%
17.320 M W 11,8%
23,048 M W 15,7%
13.800 M W
9 4 % 9,689 M W
6 , 6 %
SM Ivffng
6 9 5 1 y k W h
3 9 1 1 y k W h 56,4% 100,0 t y k W h 14,4% 64,6 ty kWh 9,3%
4 l , 7 t y k W h
6.0% 70,195 ly kWh 10,1%
Nhif vay theo quy hoach Bien VII, t6c (Jo tang tSng san lu-p-ng dien va san lifgng do NOT cho 2 thfti
ky 2010-2020 va 2020-2030 nhif sau (bang 2),
Bang 2 Tdc do tang trimng cac san Iwgng dien San liei/ng
l o n g sail lir^nii;tlicii
San kri^my dii;n do N O T
1 flni; iritimf; binh quan hang nam chu long san
lu^mgtlicn fVnSm
C h ( ) N D I ' ' i i ' n i - i m
Siin l u o n g dien, ty k W h
2010 94,6 15,6
2020 3.10.0 156.U
2030 95,0 391.0
T a n g t r u o n g , % 2010-2020 348.8 1.000,0 13.3
25,9
2020-2030 210.6 250.6 7.8 9.6
' DL' dio ^<)>i chiing lui ggt nhd n V nhiel dien dot than Id Nhiei di^n than (NDT) nhd mdy nhiet di4n dot khi la Nhiit
Trang 2Nhu" vay tdc dd tang s a n l i / g n g dien nang cua
Viet Nam trong t h d i ky nay la rdt l d n , vu'pl xa tde
dd tang tdng san pham quoc dan (GDP), he sd
trong t h d i ky 2020-2030, he sd vu'pl tru'dc se
giam di nhidu dd tidn tdi trong nhu'ng giai doan
sau se dao ddng quanh 1 va cd thd nhd hon 1
D e dat d y p c tdc do tang tru-dng tren trong thdi
ky 2011-2020, da va se du-a vao van hanh hang
loat NOT dung pho bien td may 3 0 0 M W vd
600MW, dung thdng sd h c i can tdi han ( - 1 8 0 bar)
va sidu tdi han (240-250 bar) nhu' cae NOT Quang
Ninh (4x300 MW), Hai Phdng (4x300 MW), Nghi
S o n 1 (2x300 MW), V u n g Ang 1 va 2 (4x600 MW),
VTnh Tan 1 va 2 (4x600 MW) VTnh Tan 3 (3x660
MW) Duyen Hai 1 va 2 (4x600 MW), Quang Trach
1 (2x600 MW), Long Phu 1 (2x600 MW), Sdng
Hau 1 (2x600 MW) Thai Binh 1 (2x300 MW), Nghi
S o n 2 (2x600 MW), Mdng D u o n g 1 (2x500 MW),
Mdng D u o n g 2 (2x600 MW) Ngoai ra con nhidu
nhd mdy NDT thudc Tdng cdng ty Dien to'c
Vinacomin cd edng sudt td may be h o n : Na
D u o n g 1 (2x50 MW), Na Du*ong 2 (2x150 MW),
Cao Ngan (2x55 MW) C i m Pha (3x300 MW),
S o n Dpng (2x100 MW), Mao Khe (2x220 MW)
Da sd cac nha may NDT du-a vao van hanh
trong thdi ky 2011-2020 la thupc giai doan 1 hoac
2 eua cac Trung tam Dien ILTC Idn Trong thdi ky
nay binh quSn mdi nam can xay du'ng va du*a vao
van hanh 3.600 M W NDT, t u o n g du-ong 3 nha
may NOT cdng sudt 1.200 M W (2x600 MW) va
trong thdi ky 2021-2030, mdi nam phai du'a vao
NDT cdng suat 1.200 M W (2x600 MW) hay 4 nha
may NDT cdng suat 2.000 MW(2x1 000 MW)
V d i suat dau tu' pho bidn hien nay cho nh_a
may NDT la 2.100 USD/kW thi trung binh mdi
nam can khoang 7,5 ty USD cho thdi ky 2 0 1 1
-2020 va 16 ty USD cho thdi ky 2021-2030, chi
rieng eho vipe dau tLf xay d y n g cac nha may NDT,
chL^a kd cac khoan dau tLr cho cac nha may dien
du-dng day va Xr^m dien
Day la nhOng khoan kmh phi dau tu' rat Idn
trong khi kha nang dap d n g cua ndn tai chinh
qudc gia cdn nhieu han chd
S y tang t r u d n g vu'p't bac san lup'ng dien do
cac nha may NDT da m d ra nhO'ng thdi c o to ldn
va d6ng thdi cCing cd nhOng thach thdc khong
nhd cho s y phdt tnen nganh nay
II N H O N G THdi c a
Trong 60 nam xSy d y n g va phdt tridn nganh
mdy thuy dien Thac Ba, g^n nhu- c h y a bao g i d san iLfp-ng dien do cac nha may NDT chidm t d i
2 5 % tdng san iLcpng dien qudc gia V i vay tdc dp tang trLfdng vu'pl bac san lu-ang dien do NDT, dac biet trong giai doan 2015-2025, v d i s y hinh thdnh va phan bd rai rac trong ea nu'dc eae trung tam dien l y c Idn (do cae nha may NDT) cd cdng suat tdi 4-000-5 000 MW) (tn> cac tinh midn nui Tay Bac, Viet Bac, Tdy Nguyen) v d i to may cdng
s u i t phd bien 600 M W va 1 000 M W la mpt thdi
CO vd cung to ldn cho ngdnh NOT va nhOng nganh kinh td lien quan
NhO'ng thcyi cadd la:
2 1 - Tao tidn dd cho viec nghien ed'u khoa hpc
vd CO ban, ve cdng nghe va vd ky thuat trong cac imh VLfC ky thuat nhiet, phuc vu va giai dap cac van de cua nha may NDT
2.2- Tao nhu cdu to Idn eho viec dao tao nhan
l y c a cac trinh do khae nhau, dap u'ng nhu c l u
nhan l y c trong thidt kd, ehd tao, l i p dat va van hanh nha may NDT
2.3- Tao nhu c l u to Idn va do do tao cdng an viec lam v d i gia tri san iLfong Idn eho nganh c o khi che tao cac trang thidt bj cua nha may NOT, cho nganh xay l i p nha may NDT, thu'c hien ndi dja hda d i n viec chd tao vd xay d y n g nha may dien hinh thanh mpt nganh cdng nghiep chd tao nha may dien, tidn tdi x u l t k h i u nha may dien Nha may NDT la mdt cdng trinh cdng nghipp
cd quy md rat ldn vd
- vdn d i u tLf (ti> 1 hay 2 ty USD den ca chuc ty USD),
- dien tich chidm dat/ ti> 100,200 ha den 400,500 ha);
- thidt bi la cac hang muc thidt bj sieu t r u d n g (co thd dai vai chuc met), sieu trpng (nang 100 sieu tdi han) He thdng dieu k h i l n cac thidt bj cd trinh dp t y dpng hda rat cao va phCrc tap;
- tieu thu mpt so l u p n g r i t Idn than (tiJ mpt vai trieu tan /nam den hang true tripu t i n /nam) Chinh vi vay, s y phat tridn v y p t bac nganh NOT se keo theo s y phdt t r i l n manh me cua hang loat cac nganh kinh t l lien quan
2.4- That CO vang cua nganh NDT va cac nganh kinh t l lien quan
Tai bang 3 gidi thieu tdng san l u p n g dipn vd
tdc dp phat t r i l n dipn cua cac nwdc thudc nhdm
G7, thupc nhdm cac nu'dc m d i ndi va nhdm cdc
Trang 3Bang 3 Tong sin twang dienya toe do phit
trien dien cua mgt s6 nw&c
Qu6c gia
Todn th4 g i 6 i
San ItfOTig d i e n ,
t y k W h
1980
4.463
1995
6.682
2010 7.338
Tang t n r d n g ,
%/15nam
1 9 8 0
-1995 49,7
1 9 9 5
-18,8
A N h 6 m cac n u o c phat triSn c a o (G7)
1 My
2 Nhat
3 Canada
4 Dij-c
5 Phap
6 Anh
7 y
1 Trung Quoc
2 An D Q
3 Han Ouoc
4 Dai Loan
1 Indonexia
2 Th^iLan
3 Malayxia
4 ' v i ^ r N a m
2 427
572
373
367
257
"•""284
183
B NhoiT
; N h 6 m c
3,556
981
551
533
489
333
237
4.326
1 145
630
621
537
381
298
46,6 71,5 47,7 45,2 90,3 17,3 29,5
cac nufcfc md'i noi
972
351
185
118
.dcnu<6c
59,0
66,0
36,0
' l 5 , ' 6
4,207
922
497
247 D6ngNan 166,0 156,0 116,0 94,6
A
21.6 16,7 14.3 16,5 9,8 14,4 25,7
332,8 162,7 168,6 109,3
181,3 136,4 222,2 506,4 Nhy da trinh bay tai cdc Bang 1,2,3, tdi nam
2020, tdnq san iLrpng dien cua Viet Nam da VLfot
san lypng dien cua nu'dc Anh va nu'dc Y (nam 2010)
la 2 nLFoc cd dien tich va dan sd gin tu-ong du'ong
vdi Vipt Nam, cdn tdi ndm 2030, khi Viet Nam cd 695
ty kWh, nghia la vupl san lu'p'ng dien eua cac nudc
ddu la nhijng ni^dc cd nln kinh t l phat then cao va
chic chin dii tdi ndm 2030, nln kinh t l cua Viet Nam
cung khdng thi cd miic phat trien nhu' eua 5 nu'dc
nay vdo nam 2010
Tuy nhien vdi san lu'p'ng 695 Xy kWh, Viet Nam
se trdthanh mpt cydng qudc v l san xult dien
cua thd gidi
Qua bang 3 ta thly trong thdi ky 1980 -1995,
thdi ky phat thin kinh t l nhanh eua cac nu'dc G7,
trong sudt 15 nam (1980-1995), khdng cd nu'dc
nao cd tdc dp tang san lu'png dien gip ddi ntrdc
Phap chi cd 90,3% (gin gip ddi), nu'dc Nhat
71,5%, cdn tat ca diu du'di 50% Rieng nudc Anh
ehl cd 17,3%, nghTa la mdi nam chi khoang hon
1% Sang thdi ky 1995-2010, tdc dp tang san
lupng dien cua tit ca cac nu'dc G7 diu cham di
rit nhilu nu'dc thip nhat Id Phap chi cd 9,8%
(trung binh moi nam chi khoang 0,6%), nu'dc cao
nhlt la Y cd 25,7% (trung binh moi nam chi
khoang 1,7%), Dilu dd chd'ng td nang nhu clu
dien nang cua nhO'ng nudc phdt triln cao da dat
tdi trgng thai bao hda
Ngyac lai, 6 nhdm cac nu'dc mdi noi nhy
Trung Qudc, An Dp, Han Qudc, Dai Loan, tuy t6c
dp tang san lu-o-ng dien trong thd'i ky nay van cdn kha cao nhyng cung da bit dau cham din Rieng cdc nydc Ddng Nam A, tdc dp phat triln vin cdn tilp tuc tang cao
O Viet Nam, giai doan 1995-2010 cQng la giai
doan cd tde dp tang tru'dng kha cao, nhung thyc
sy tang trudng manh nhlt la cho thdi ky
2015-2025, sau dd se bit ddu giam din Tdi nam 2030, khi dan sd dat khoang 100 trieu ngydi, binh quSn san lyp'ng dien nang theo d i u ngu-di dat khoang 7.000 kWh/ngydi.nam thi cung da Id mot chi tieu kha cao, g i n tu-ong du-cng ehl tieu cua Han Qu6c, cua Phap (2010)
Nhu vay tu" sau 2030, mai mai Viet Nam se khdng bao gid cd tde dp tang tru'dng san lypng
dien cao nhu vay nu-a vi tiii giai doan
2010-2030 dwofc coi la giai doan ttioi co' vang c/io nganh NDT va cac nginh kinh ti lien quan khic Nim bit thdi ca vang nay va khai thac c6
hieu qua nd cd y nghTa hit sCrc to Idn v l kinh t l ,
v l khoa hpc vd cdng nghe cho dit nudc III NHU'NG THACH THU'C
Nhijng thach thCrc cijng rit nhilu, dd la nhOng nhiem vu to Idn ddi hdi phai cd nhOng bi§n phap mang tim chien lypc d l triln khai va thyc hi^n Chung, nhung trydc hit cin cd chiln lypc tong
t h i phat triln eac nha may NDT
Lau nay van cd tu- duy ring NDT do nam trong tdng t h i phat triln nang lupng qudc gia n§n chi3 ylu la xay dung chiln lyp-c nang lu'png quic gia lupc phat then nang lu'p'ng qudc gia din nam
2050, lai da cd lien tuc cdc Quy hoach phat then
dien eho eac thdi ky 5 nam va Xir Quy hoach Oi^n
VI, Dien VII eho cac thdi ky 10 nam Tuy nhi§n chiln lupc phat triln nang lyp'ng qudc gia da xSy dyng la nh&ng ndi dung qua chung, cdn cac Quy hoach Dipn tuy rit cu t h i nhu'ng lai mang tinh nang lypng, cdn cac bien phap d l thyc hipn mang tinh chiln lu'p'c, lien nganh cdn chya dypc
d l cap din, Xet y l quy md d i u tu, v l vai trd cua NDT trong san xult dien nang qudc gia, v l anh hu-dng cua thi nganh NDT xdng dang cin cd mdt chiln ly^c phat triln dai han vdi sy phat triln ddng b0 cSc nganh kinh t l lien quan, bao dam cho sy phat triln hai hda, dat hieu qua cao cua ngSnh NOT Chiln lup-e nay c i n lap cho thd'i hgn 30-40 nam
NhO'ng nhipm vy dgt ra cho chiln \u(?c phSt
Trang 43.1 Phat t r i l n NDT la hiFO'ng u-u tien hang
d i u v l cac ngudn san x u l t di^n nang
Sau thuy dipn md nh&ng nguon thuy nang ldn
da du-pc khai thac hit, cac nguon thuy nang nhd
c6 ty le ddng gdp rat nhd trong tdng san luang
dipn nSng quoc gia, NDT phai duo-c coi Id hu-dng
u-u tien phat triln do gia thanh san xult dien thip
han nhilu so vdi nhipt dien khi, dien hat nhan va
dipn gid Hudng uu tidn nay phai du-oc thd hien
cy thd trong cac quy hoach dien vdi nhu'ng ch?
nha may, dia dilm xay dyng nha mdy, eac ngudn
tai lyc, vat lyc bao dam cho viee then khai vd khai
thac hipu qua dy an (trong do cd vin d l quy
hoach cung cap dit, eung d p than, sir dung
n^udn nu'dc, su dung tro xi, mang truyin tai diu
noi, V V ) Nhung van d l ndy se du'pc khao sat
ky hon d cac phin du'di day
3.2 Xay dy'ng quy hoach cung d p than cho
cac nha may NDT
Theo quy hoaeh nganh than da dup'c Thu
tudng Chinh phu phe duypt tai Quylt dinh sd
60/QD-TTg ngdy 09/01/2012 cho thdi ky tdi 2020,
cd xdt tdi 2030 thi kha ndng khai thac va can ddi
than npi dja nhy sau (bang 4)
Bang 4 Kha nang khai thac va can doi than
cho npi dja
TT
1
2
3
4
SSn lu'9'nq than
T6ng kha nSng khai thac than
nOi dja, tri$u tan nam
Nhu cSu than de san suSt
di$n, triOu t^n/nSm
- phLFffng in cc sff
- phLKCcnq Ar\ cao
Kha nSng cSp than cho di^n
tLF than n$i dja, tri^u tin/nam
C3n d6i than cho dien , tri?u
tSn/nSm
- phu-ang in co sa
• phuong an cao
2020 60-65
82,3 -30,0
Thieu Thilu
2030
>75
181,3 -35,0
Thieu -145.0 Thjeu -195,0
Trfr lypng than cua nu'dc ta khdng nhieu,
tru-lyp'ng cd the khai thac dyp'c (tru' lupng kinh tl)
cho khu md Quang Ninh ehi cdn khoang 2,2 ty
tin, nghTa la chi du khai thac duac khoang 30-40
nam tuy theo san lupng khai thac hang nam
Than d- du'di Ding blng Sdng Hong cd tru'
lypng tr6n 20 ty t i n nhung d qua sau, rit khd
khai thac, cdn chua cd nhUng phuang dn khai
thac skn xult ldn cy thi
VI v$y sy thilu hgt nguon than d p eho dipn
dupc dip ung chu ylu nhd nhgp khiu, cd t h i tu'
cac nydc Indonexia, Uc, Nga, Id nhung nudc cd
nguIn than xult khiu va cd khoang each din Vipt
Nam khdng qua xa S6 lupng than nh^p khau Idn
so voi luong than ndi ^a d p cho dien LJen quan din viee d p than cho dien, cd mdt sd kiln nghi sau:
3.2.1 Cap than c6 chatlwang on dinh
Mdi loai nha may NDT ma cu t h i Id cac Id hai cua nha may NDT da dup-c thilt k l cho mpt loai than nhlt ^nh, cd dac tinh dn djnh Khi thay ddi khd khan eho su ldm viec dn dinh va kinh t l cua Id hai nha may NDT
Mdi Id hoi eua nha may NDT cd cdng suit 600
MW, tieu thu khoang 1,5-2 trieu t i n than/nam
Su thay doi chit lupng than cd t h i iam cho hieu suit 16 hai giam di 2-3%, nghTa la tanp lup'ng than tieu hao them 2-3% Day la con sd rit cd y nghta khi tinh eho tong lupng than d p cho san xult dien Vi vay yeu cau quan trpng cua viec d p than cho dien la bao dam d p than cd chit lugng dn dinh dung thilt k l trong suit cude ddi hoat ddng CLia nha may NDT Nhd may NDT va cdng ty cung ung than (ndi dia hay nhap khiu) d n cd hpp ddng cung d p than ddi han vdi vipe bao dam chat lupng than dn djnh Khdng t h i chi quan tam din khdi luang than d p md it quan tam din chit lupng than Tham chi khdng t h i d p than ti> nhilu
md khac nhau vdi chit lupng than khdc nhau tO' mdi md nhung lai khdng duac d p ddng thdi vdi
ty le da xac dinh d l nhd may NDT cd t h i trpn than, tao ra mdt loai than cd chit luong dn djnh
3.2.2 Nang cao chat lw<mg than cap cho dien
Than ndi dja d p cho dien hien nay pho biln la cam 5, cam 6A, cam 6B, cd hdm lupng tro rit cao ( t u 30 tdi gin 40% )gay lang phi rit Idn eho vipe:
- van chuyin than;
- nghiin than,
- tao nhllu tro xi va gay khd khan cho viec to chuc qua trinh chay than, hieu suit chay thap Viec d p than xlu eho dien khdng chi gay khd khan cho nha mdy NDT ma cdn gay lang phi ldn cho nln kinh t l
cac nha may NDT ed cdng suit td mdy Idn (tu
300 MW trd len), dung cdng nghe ddt than bpt d n duac khlng djnh d p than ed chit lypng khdng xlu hon than cam 5
De dat dupc yeu clu ndy, nganh than d n to
chiJc viec khai thac, san xult, tuyin chpn than, dap ung chit luang than d p cho dien, ddng thdi gia ban than dupc djnh gia theo ehat lupng than, trong dd cd nhiet lup'ng cua than
3.2.3 To chCrc viec nhap khau va phan phoi than cho cac nha miy di^n
Sd lupng than d n nhgp khiu rit Idn, gip nhilu lln so vdi lupng than noi dja, d l giam bdt
Trang 5trpng tai tu 100.000 d i n 200.000 tan Nhung t l u
nay khdng t h i van chuyin than tdi tan nha may
dien do ludng lach khdng sau, tru mdt sd NMD cd
Phong (Khanh Hda), Vi vay cin hinh thanh eac
cang trung ehuyin d vung nudc sau ngoai biln
than sang cac tlu nhd (trpng tai tu 1.000 t i n din
4.000-5.000 tan gpi la cac t l u pha sdng biln) d l
van chuyin than tdi nha may
Theo Quy hoach giao thdng dudng thuy, mdt
so dja danh dup'c dung lam cang trung chuyen
nydc sau da duac xdc dinh nhu cang trung
chuyin d vung biln phia nam sdng Me kdng,
song day mdi chi Id c^nh danh, chua cd mot quy
hogeh va dy an cu the nao
Mat khac cung d n khai thdng luong lach d l
nang trpng tai eua cde t l u sdng hoae t l u pha
sdng biln Vdi bien phap nay, d mpt so dy an, cd
t h i nang trpng tai eae tlu pha sdng biln len tdi
10.000 tin
Nhu vay eung vdi quy hoaeh phat triln NDT,
can cd quy hoach phit trien ddng bg he thong
giao thong difdng thuy d l dap ung yeu clu van
chuyin than eho eac NDT tu cac t l u dai duong
trpng tai Idn va cac t l u pha sdng biln
Can hinh thanh cic dau moi nhap khau than
v&i quy mo ion di cung d p than eho mdt sd
trung tam dipn lyc d gin nhau (d cdc tinh gin
nhau) Cac dau mdi nhap khau than nay cin cd
cac hap ddng mua than ddi hgn tai md (cua cae
cdng ty khai thae va ban than tgi nudc sd tai),
thamchi mua md vd td chuc khai thdc va van
ehuyen than v l Viet Nam nhu cac nudc Nhat,
Han Qudc, dang thyc hien
Viec d p than cho dien cin thye hien theo hinh
thuc mua ban sdng phing theo co chi thj trudng
blng hap ddng mua ban, ngudi ban than cd trach
va chit luang da ghi trong hap ddng, gia ban than
la gia da thda thuan theo thj trudng
Ngay 09/2/2012 Bd trudng Bp Cdng Thuong
da ban hanh Quylt djnh so 5964/QD-BCT phe
duyet d l an cung d p than cho cdc nha may NDT
din nam 2020, djnh hudng d i n nam 2030 vai
muc Ueu cua d l an la :"xic dinh nhu cau vi cac
nguon than cho san xuit dien tai nam 2030, toi
wu phwang phap cung cap than cho cac nha
may NDT than da dwac duyet trong Quy hoach
Dien VII"
Theo d l an, than dygc d p cho nha may NDT
la loai than cd chung loai phu hap vdi cdng nghe
Id ddt than trong sudt thdi gian van hanh nha may
Muc tieu cip than cd chit lypng dn djnh, dung
nha may dien la r i t dCing d i n song day mdi chf la
y dd, cdn chya cd nhi>ng nghien cuu dly du, chi tilt nen viec quylt djnh chung iogi than d p cho nha may NDT cdn chua chuln xac, do dd chua dap ung dugc muc tieu d l ra cua d l an
D I bao dam d p than ed chit lugng on dinh trong suit cupc ddi van hanh nha may NDT, can nhanh chdng thye hien cae cdng viec sau: 1- Nganh than d n bao dam san lugng va chit lugng khai thdc than cua tung md vd d p cho tung nha may NDT cu the, khdng t h i cung d p theo phuang chdm cd gi d p niy, cd bao nhieu
d p biy nhieu
2- Than d p cin cd tinh chit tuang dong vdi than thilt k l , nlu bude phai d p than khac nhieu vdi thilt k l thi nha may NDT d n tiln hanh c^c kinh t l ky thugt
3- Ddi vdi nhiJng nha may NDT nguyen dupc thiet k l ddt than npi dia cua khu md Quang Ninh thi do la than antraxit it chit bdc, r i t khd chay nen rit d n trdn them than nhdp khiu d l chay (a bitum hay bitum) d l nang cao hieu suit qua trinh chay
va d l giam lugng diu ddt phu tra
Doi vdi nhijng nhd may NDT nguyen dupc thilt k l ddt than nhap khiu la loai than bitum hay
a bitum, cd ham luang chit bdc rit cao, rit dl chay thi khdng nen vi than ndi dja hien dang tr dpng, ehua xult dugc, chuyin sang ddt toan than ndi dja, khi than ndi dia khdng du thi lai chuyin ve dot toan than nhap khiu Dilu ndy la phi k? thuat
vi Id hoi dupc thilt k l ddt than antraxit npi dja co
t h i d l dang chuyen hin sang ddt than nhgp khiu
la bitum hay a bitum nhung ngupe Igi thi khdng
t h i dupc, Tuy nhien, d l tang tinh kinh t l , tinh an ninh cung d p than, nhO'ng nha may NDT nguyen dupc thilt k l dot than nhgp khiu cd the chuyin sang ddt than trpn giu'a than ndi dja va than niiap khiu, trong do than nhap khiu cd ty le chu ylu, than nOi dja cd ty ie nhd han
Viec ddt than trdn ddi vdi ca hai logi nha may
NDT d n dwc/c nghien cu'u d l xae djnh ty Id tii a'u
eac loai than trdn 3.3 Nhanh chong xay dung nganh cc khi
c h i tao nha may nhiet dien Nhy da phan tieh tai mue II, thdi kJ 2011-2030
la thai ky ed tdc dp tang san lugng didn nhanh nhlt, sau nam 2030, tdc dp s§ giam di nhilu, nhu clu xay dung cac nhd may dien ndi chung vS
NDT ndi rieng se khdng cdn nhiiu nO-a Niu trong thd'i ky niy v&i nhu cau can xay di^g rat nhieu nhi miy NDT ma nwac ta khong xiy
Trang 6NDT (chung toi muon nhan manh chi tao nha
miy NDT, khong phai la chi tao mgt s6 trang
thiet bj cua nha may NDT) thi se bd la mat thai
ca ma chOng tdi ggi la thdi ca vang va mai mai
se khong bao gia co dwac thai ca vang nay
nwa va se khong the hinh thanh nganh ca khi
chi tao nhi miy NDT dwac
Ngdnh c c khi che tgo nha may NDT ma ehu
y l u la e h l tao Id hai-tuabin hai, cac trang t h i l t bj
d p , bam n u d c lam'mat, m a ddng ea t r u y i n ddng
cho cac bam nay cd cdng s u i t t d i 50.000-60.000
kW, la ddng c a dien dp cao, cac binh gia nhiet,
may phat dien, may b i l n ap, may d t dien, eae
thiet bj loc bui tTnh dien, k h u SO2 va NOx trong
khdi, V V la nganh c a khi nang vdi cac may
mde edng cu khdng Id n h u may ep thuy lue
khoang 10.000 t i n , may tien CNC d l tien rote
tuabin dai hang chuc met, eung vdi nganh luyen
kim de due van (ngng hang tan, chju d u o c ap s u i t
tdi 300 bar), d l due true tuabin ( b l n g thep khong
ri logi dac biet vd r i t dai), d l san x u l t cac loai
thep t i m va dng thep h g p kim chiu d u g c nhiet dp
cao, v.v,
D I cd t h i xay d y n g d u g e ngdnh ea khi nang
ndy, ngodi ngudn kinh phi d i u t u ldn, cdn c i n cd doi
ngu can bp ky thuat gidi, n h i l u kinh nghipm trong
t h i l t k l , chi dgo edng nghe e h l tao va k i l m tra c h i t
lupng c h i tgo, nhi>ng cong nhan lanh n g h i
Bay gid m d i dat ra vipe xay d y n g nganh ca khi
c h i tgo cac t h i l t bj chu y l u cua nha may NDT la
qua cham nhyng d i l u do khdng cd nghTa la c u cd
chu t r u o n g Id se hinh thanh ngay d u a c nganh
cdng nghiep nay
Cdc n u d c Ddng Au t r u d c day n h u Ba Lan,
Tiep K h i c , Rumani, Bungah, Hungari, ngay sau
khi T h i c h i l n 11 k i t thuc, da xay d y n g cho n u d c
minh nganh c a khi c h i tao cac t h i l t bj chinh cua
nha may NDT Ngay sau khi giai phdng 1949,
Trung Quoc da d u g c Lien X d (thdi Stalin) vien t r g
cho trdn 150 cdng trinh dgi quy md, trong do ed 3
nha may e h l tao Id hoi, tuabin, mdy dien la 3 nha
may tgo nen thanh pho^cdng nghipp Cap NhT Tdn,
Ba nha may nay cd t h i che tao td may phat dien
(Id hai, tuabin, mdy phat dien, may b i l n ap) cdng
s u i t thuOc loai cao n h l t eua t h i gidi lue do ^
^ Chung ci'r la nga}> sau ndm 1954, Ba Lan dd trang bi cho
OR-32 CO cdng sual ldn gap 3-4 Idn cong sual cdc Id hai
cS cua Phdp Hungari dd viC'n Irg nha mdy NDT Hdn
Rong, Tnmg Quae ngay sau ndm 1955 dd xdy dirng cho
yifl Nam cdc nhd mdy NDT 1 'i('l Tn Thdi Nguyen, Hd
Han Qude t u lau da t y trang bj d u g c cho minh cdc nha may NDT cdng s u i t ldn D i n nay hp cung
da x u l t k h i u d u g c nhd may NDT Lien doanh Doosan (Han Quoc) tgi Quang Ngai da e h l tgo
d u g c Id hai cdng s u i t 300-600 M W va da x u l t k h i u sang An D d Hdn Qudc cung chi d n 15 nam xay dung dien hat nhan va sau do la c h i l n luge x u l t khau dipn hat nhan, nghta la nganh c a khi che tgo cua ho da e h l tao d u g c nha may dien hat nhan va cung da x u l t k h i u dien hat nhan sang A n Dp Lien Xd t r u d c day, v d i k h i u hieu chu nghTa Cdng san la chinh q u y i n X d V i l t cdng vdi dien khi hda, nganh nang l u g n g da cd tdc dp phat tnen nhanh ehdng, da hinh thdnh ca mdt he t h i n g cdc nha may c a khi e h l tao Idn dam nhiem hoan toan viec cung d p toan bd t h i l t bj eua cac loai NMD (than, d i u , khi, thuy dien, dien hgt nhan) Cac nha mdy c a khi cua hp da e h l tgo d u g c cac td may phat dien (Id h a i , tuabin, may phdt dien) cdng s u i t tdi 13d0MWW 1500 M W Id nhO'ng td mdy cd cdng s u i t Idn n h l t hien nay then t h i gidi Ngay 21/11/2012 Thu T u d n g Chinh phu da ra
Quyet djnh so 1791/QD-TTg phe duyet "Ca che
thwc hien thi diim thiit ki, chi tao trong nwac thiit bi cac nha may NDT giai doan 2012-201S'
Theo Q u y l t djnh nay, Viet Nam se thi d i l m
t h y c hien che tao trong n u d c (npi dja hda) cho 3 nha may NDT (Quynh Lap 1, Quang Trach 1, Song Hau 1) eac hang muc trang t h i l t bt phu sau:
- He t h i n g eung d p than;
- He t h i n g thai tro xi,
- He t h i n g Ipc bui tTnh dien;
- He t h i n g khi> luu huynh (SO2) trong khdi;
- He thdng n u d c lam mdt;
- He t h i n g cung d p d i u dot phu t r p ;
- He t h i n g ong khdi;
- He t h i n g x u ly n u d c d p Id hoi va he t h i n g
x u iy n u d c thai;
- Tram phan phdi vd may b i l n ap chinh;
- H e t h d n g phdng chdy ehu'a chay;
- P h i n k i t c l u thep cua nha may
_ Hat^ p h i n : he thdng PCCC va k i t c l u thep d
h l u h i t cac d y an xay d y n g nha may NDT d i u do Vipt Nam dam nhiem (Viet Nam la B phu cua nha
t h i u chinh n u d c ngoai)
Tong cac hang muc tren cd gia trj kinh l l vao khoang 2 0 % t i n g m u c d i u t u cua toan bp d y an Theo Q u y l t dmh 1 7 9 1 , eac nha t h i u Viet Nam
la n g u d i che tao va trang bj cac he thong tren cho
d y an, khdng phai la nha t h i u phu cua nha t h i u cac gdi t h i u neng khdng thupc hgng mue eua gdi
t h i u chinh d l gpi t h i u nha t h i u n u d c ngoai, Cac nha t h i u Vipt Nam sau khi t h y c hi^n thi
Trang 7tren se phin d i u d l trd' thanh ngudi cung cap
chinh nhung trang thilt bj nay,
Theo Quylt dinh 1791/QD-TTg, lln d i u tien da
chinh thLPC hda viee Viet Nam phai tu c h i tgo d i n
eac trang thilt bi eua nha may NDT blng nipt van
ban chi dao cua Thu tudng Chinh phu Dilu nay
la hit su-c quan trpng cd tac dung to ldn trong
vipe thue dly ndi dja hda cdc trang thilt bj cua
nha may NDT Tuy nhien viee trienkhai thuc hien
nghj quylt nay cdn cd nhu'ng vin d l tdn tai sau'
3.3.1 Chung ta mdi chi dat nhiem vu c h i tao
mpt sd he thdng trang thilt bj phu Day la he
thdng thiet bi md cac nha thiu phu Viet Nam v i n
may NDT, dudi sy chi dao va giam sat theo thilt
k l ciJa nha thau chinh Dilu khae biet a day la
k l , chi tao lap dat, chay thu nghiem thu, bao
hanh, blng ngudn kinh phi td' dy an Song vi la
mpt hang muc cdng trinh rieng biet, ddc lap vdi
nha thiu chinh nen d n hai hda vdi cac hang muc
cua nha thiu chinh, d l thanh mdt td hgp thilt bj
hoan chinh v l thilt k l , v l cac yeu clu chit lugng,
v l cac cht tieu van hanh, cac chi tieu kinh t l ky
thugt bao dam, v l dap u'ng tiln do xay l i p v.v
nghta Id phai cd sy ehi dao thdng nhlt glQ'a nha
thiu chinh nudc ngoai vdi cac nha thiu Viet Nam
3.3.2 Thdi gian triln khai cac hang muc nay,
theo tiln dp dua vao van hanh 3 nha may NDT
lya chpn d l thuc hien ndi dja hda cdn keo dai, tdi
sau ndm 2020, va khi l y mdi ehi xong viec chi
tgo thu nghiem, nhu vay cho thai ky tdi nam
2030, chijng ta cung mdi chi lam chu du-oc viee
chi tao eae he thing trang thiet bj phu, ehua h i
chi tao cae trang thilt bi chinh, nghta Id bd la thdi
ca vang cho nganh ca khi ehl tao
3.3.3 Khi nganh ca khi da chi tao dugc cae
thilt bj chinh cua nha may NDT thi chi khi l y ta mdi
iam chu dugc viee npi dja hda hodn toan nha may
NDT, nha thiu Viet Nam mdi la tong thiu EPC theo
dung nghta, mdi cd thi nght din viec xult khiu nha
may NDT dupc, mdt giam duae ngudn kinh phi
ngoai te to ldn diu tu cho nha may NDT
Vi vay d n nhanh chdng di thing vao che tao
cac thilt bj chinh cua nha may NDT, song each td
chi>c khdng t h i di theo loi mdn cu la diu tu xay
dyng nha may ca khi trudc rdi mdi dt vao ehl tgo,
vl ca v l von va thdi gian khdng cho phep, d n
tranh thij tgi dung mdt thuc t l la tat nhOng nudc
cd nln cdng nghiep ca khi ehl tao nha mdy NDT
Idn nhung do san luang dien da bao hda, nhu clu
xay dung cac nha may NOT mdi gin nhu khdng
cd, eae nha may ca khi rai vao tinh trang khdng
cd edng an viec lam trong khi nang luc cija hp hit
Nga Chung ta d n tao cho hp chuyin nha may ca khi cue hp sang Viet Nam, ehi djnh cho hp dugt trung thiu trang bj mdt vai nha may NDT, sau do chuyin toan bp nha may ca khi nay cho Viet Nam, hoac theo hudng Viet Nam mua trpn nha may ea khi cua hp, ngudi Viet Nam cd the nhanh chdng nim bit duac thilt k l va cdng nghp chi tao Viec d i u tu nay ehle chin se re han nhieu so vdi viee diu tu c h i tgo thu nghiem, ^cdc hp thing trang thilt bj phu (chi chilm 20% tdng mil'c diu tu) va v i n phai chju 80% tdng muc diu tu dl trang bj cac thilt bj chinh Cac nha may ca khi ndy cdn dap u'ng kha nang cung d p vdt tu, phg tdng d l thay t h i , si>a ehu'a sau nay
3.4 V I n d l thai tro xi cua nha may NDT Nha may NDT la mpt cdng trinh quy_ md ldn va phijc tap, se nay sinh rit nhilu v i n d l khoa hgc
ky thugt cin dugc giai quylt khi dua nhd may vao van hanh, trong dd ndi com len viee su dyng tro xi cua nha may
Rit nhilu nha may NDT su dung than cd ham lugng tro Idn, sd lugng tro xithai ra hang nam len tdi hang trieu t i n , kha nang chua cija cac bai chua tro xi, du da len tdi ea tram ha nhung cung ch? diJ chi>a trong vai ba nam, cCing lim la 7-8 nam trong khi tudi ddi cua nha may NDT thudng tren 30-35 nam Day la mdt v i n d l khd khan hit sue to Idn eua nhd may NDT^
Tro xi cua nha may NDT dung Id hai ddt than bdt, nlu hdm luang eacbon chua chay cdn lgi trong tro it (<5%) thi trd' thanh ngudn nguydn lipu rit t i t d l lam vgt lieu xay dung (VLXD), kd ca v^t lieu xay dyng cao d p Ngudn thgch eao (CaS04) hang van tin, cd gia tri thuong pham Nhung tro
xi eija cac nha may dipn dung Id hoi dot kilu Idp sdi thi rit khd su dung vi cdn lln nhieu vdi sing (CaO) va thgch cao (CaS04)
Neu khdng cd bien phdp su dung tro xT ho$c co nhung dien tich du ldn d l chdn lip tro xf thi khdng the dua nha may NDT vdo van hanh binh thudng dupc
Vi vay cae dy an xay dyng nha may NDT cin
cd giai phap phdi hgp vdi ngdnh VLXD d l cd the
sO dung hit tro xi thai ra ngay tu khi lap dy an,
' Nhd mdy NDT Nam Dfnh (2x600 MW) moi ndm ihdi ra 1,8 irieu tdn tro xi di^n tich bai chua tro xi 53 ha, vffi
chieu cao lap iro xi chi'ra Irong bai Id 4m the tich chua Id
2.120 000m\ dil cd hi ten chat lap Iro xi tht bdi chira cSng chi du trong khodng 2 nam Nhd mdy dd dut?c cap thim
50 ha (cua nhd mdy Nam Djnh 2), dugc cap bo xung ihini
30 ha (Idng cgng 132 ha) nhung ciing chi du cho nha miy
ldm viec Irong khoang 7 ndm Hdu hel cdc nhd mdy NDT
Trang 83.5 D a o t a o ky su- n h i e t d i e n
Nhu c l u ky s u nhiet dien d l cdng tac trong cac
Hnh v u c t h i l t k l , v ^ n hanh quan ly nha may NDT
r i t ldn, trong t h d i ky 2011-2030 len tdi hdng nghin
n g u d i (chua k l ky s u nhiet dien cdng tac v l nhd
may dipn hat nhan, nha may dien khi) Tuy nhien
hien nay chi Dai hoe Bach khoa Ha Ndi cd dao tao
nganh nhiet dipn, cac t r u d n g O H Bdch Khoa TP,
Hd Chi Minh, D H Bach Khoa Da N i n g cd dao tao
ky s u nhipt n h u n g phan l u g n g nhiet lanh, nhiet
cdng nghiep eao h o n nhiet dien, cd r i t it smh vien
tdt nghipp nganh nhiet d day v l cdng tac tai nha
may nhiet dien Ngay hien nay, khi m d i chi ed mot
so nha may NDT d u a vao van hanh da t h i l u r i t
n h i l u ky s u nhiet dien, c h u a k l tai eae cdng ty t u
v i n t h i l t k l dien, cac vien nghien c u u nang
l u g n g S y t h i l u hut nay da d i n m u c bao dpng,
Thdng t h u a n g viee dao tao ky s u ehuyen ngdnh
phai dat k l hogeh va di t r u d c nhu d u cua cae
nganh n h i l u nam D i l u nay da khdng d u g c thue
lien quan d i n nha may NOT d n p h i i hgp vdi cac
t r u d n g dai hpc ky thuat xay d y n g k l hoaeh dai
han dao tgo ky s u nhipt dien Nhiem vu dao tao
cdng ty di#n thudc cdc tap doan nang l u p n g con
c h u a cgi trgng nhipm vy dao tao nay, h l u n h u
trong eac bao cao tdng k i t nam, trong eae k l
hogeh san s u i t , k l ca trong cac Quy hogeh phat
t r i l n dipn da d u g c Thu t u d n g phe duypt cung
khdng h i d l cap gi d i n vtec dao tao ky s u cho
cac nha may NDT
Lau nay r i t cgi trgng ehu t r u a n g dao tgo ky s u
dipn hgt nhan, sd ky s u d n dao tao chi cho 2 nha
mdy dipn hat nhan Ninh Thuan da tdi 1200 n g u d i
o a n h r i n g ydu d u van hanh nha may dien hat
nhan la r i t quan trpng, nhung n l u xet v l sd l u a n g
va cdng s u i t cac nha may NDT trong he thong
dipn Vidt Nam ma mdi nam chi cd khoang 10-15
ky s u nhipt dien thi that qua it di Day la mgt Id
h i n g , mdt t h i l u sdt va mpt s u m i t can ddi nghiem
trgng trong nhiem vu phat t r i l n nha may NDT
Di nghi cac t r u d n g D H ky thuat nhanh chong
md* nganh dao tao ky s u nhipt dien vdi so l u p n g
ky s u tot nghiem hang nam t u 150-200 n g u d i ,
Vi$c m d ngdnh dao tao ky s u nhipt dien la buc
t h i l t va da qua chgm Cac t r u d n g iau nay chi dao
tgo ky s u nhipt ndi chung, d n tang dang k l phan
l u g n g ndi dung v l nhipt dipn va d n tach chuyen
nganh nhidt didn ra khdi nganh nhipt ehung t u
s d m , t i t n h l t b i t d i u tiJ' nam t h u ba
3.6 XSy d i ^ n g c h i l n l u g e n g h i e n c u u khoa
h p c v l ky t h u ^ t n h i f t va n h a m a y n h i e t d i e n
Trong n h i l u nam qua, cac nghien CLIU khoa
dien edn rdi rgc va t h u c s u chua cd nhu'ng nghien cii'u Idn, tdng h g p va cang c h u a cd nhO-ng k i t qua, nhOng giai q u y l t c a ban, Idn v l cdc Itnh v y e nang l u g n g nhiet
Di dap i>ng nhu c l u phat t r i l n v u g t bac cac
nha may NDT, c i n d l y manh cdng tdc NCKH bang each xay d u n g c h i l n l u g e NCKH v l ky thuat nhiet trong mpt t h d i gian t u a n g ddi dai 30-40 nam vdi nh&ng ndi dung n h u sau;
3.6.1.Vi nhurtg nghien cwu cabin, do Id:
1 - c a c nghien eCru v l cae dae tinh cua than, v l
t l chuc qua trinh dot chay than
2- Cac nghien cu'u v l n u d e , hoi n u d e , v l chu trinh hoi n u d c d ap s u i t g i n va trdn t d i hgn; v l dae tinh sdt, smh hai, hda tan vat c h i t trong hai a
ap s u i t cao
3- c a c nghien cu'u v l tinh c h i t nhiet vat ly eua eae loai vat lieu do Viet Nam san x u l t 4- c a e nghien ed'u ly t h u y i t d n t h i l t khac v l
ky thuat nhiet
3.6.2 vi nhwng nghien ed'u thwc nghiem
Cac NCKH v l ky thugt nhipt khdng t h i tdch rdi khdi cac nghien cu'u t h y c nghipm, dae biet ddi vdi nha may NDT do qud trinh vgt ly xay ra r i t phue tgp trong cac t h i l t bj cd kich t h u d e to ldn, Cdc nghien c u u thye nghipm d n t h i l t t r u d c tien la; 1- Nghien c u u t h y c nghiem v l td chue qua trinh chay trong budng ddt Id h a i , xdc dinh cac
e h l dp ddt tdi u u d l nang cao hieu s u i t qud trinh chay than
2- N h i i n g nghien cu'u v l t h i l t k l e h l tao, v l van hanh cac t h i l t bj cua nha may NDT 3- c a c nghien cuu v l cat t i l n , eai tao thilt bj, v.v
Di viec NCKH giai q u y l t d u g e nhi>ng v i n d l
vl_ nhiet, c i n xay d y n g cho d y a c c h i l n l u p c phat
t r i l n KHKT nganh nhiet vdi thdi gian 30-40 nam, tap h g p d u g c dong dao lyc l u g n g khoa hpe trong
n u d e tham gia C i n t h i l t to chu'c mgt hgi nghj luge NCKH trong cac ITnh v y c ky thuat nhiet
IV K ^ T L U A N Thdi ky 2011-2030 la thdi ky thdi c a vang v l tdc dp tang t r u d n g t i n g san l u g n g dien, trong dd dac biet la san l u g n g dien cua cac nha may NOT, mai mai khdng bao g i d Viet Nam cd t i e dp tang
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