,p chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe 133 (2019) 101 106 Danh gia miic do 6 nhiim cac doc t6 huu cc kho phan huy nhom hydrocacbon thom da vong (PAHs) trong trim tich song h6 Ha Noi, Viet Nam Occurrence of Poly[.]
Trang 1Danh gia miic do 6 nhiim cac doc t6 huu cc kho phan huy nhom hydrocacbon thom da vong (PAHs) trong trim tich
song h6 Ha Noi, Viet Nam
Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments
from Some Rivers in Hanoi, Vietnam
Phung Thi Vl, Nguyin Thuy Ngoc, Trumtg Thi Kim,
Nguyen Thi Quynh, Nguyen Thi Mai, Dumig Hdng Anh, Pham HUng Viet*
Truang Dgi hoc Khoa hgc Tu nhien, Dgi hgc Qudc Gia Hd Noi
Den Toa sogn: 01-12-2017, chdp nhgn ddng; 20-3-2019
Tom tat
Hghlen ciru nay khao sat sw eo mat cua cac hydrocacbon tham da vdng (PAHs) tmng eac mau tram tich Ham lugng cac ciu tir PAHs doge phat hidn trong nghien ciru nay hiu nho diu thap han so vol eac chi tieu chit Iwgng trim tich theo QCVN 43: 2012/BTNfVlT ngoai tro dibenzo[a,b]anthracen (vwgt ngadng cho phep tir 1,13 din 4,69 lin) Thanh phin cac ciu tir PAHs trong mSu tram tich eho thSyswau thd cua cac cau to
CO khdi loang phan tw lan va ch! ra ngudn gdc cua chiing tu" diu moya qua trinh ddt chay Cac kit qua cua nghien cuv da gop phan cung cip dw lieu vd sg co mat va bwac diu xac dinh ngudn goc cua PAHs trong miu trim tich dirge thu thap tw sdng hd
Tif khda: PAHs, tram tich, sdng ho
Abstract
This study Investigated the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples collected from some rivers in Hanoi The total PAH concentrations varied from 155 to 5505 ng/g PAH concentrations detected in the present study were mostly less than the existing sediment quality criteria arccording to QCVN 43: 2012/BTNt</IT but dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (exceeded allowable limits from 1 13 to 4.69 times) The PAH composition patterns in sediment samples suggest the dominance of high molecular weight compounds and indicate important pyrolytic and petrogenic sources The results of this study contnbuted to the data on the occurrence and initial identification of the sources of PAH in sediment samples from some rivers in Hanoi
Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sediment, river,
1 Gioi thifu nm tidp nhan cac chit gay d nhiem chuyen vao mdi
T, , ^ , , X ^ trudng xung quanh [31 Vdi su gia tang dan sd v a m d Trong n h m g thap m™ g ' " d y , -^^ rong do thi, luang n r t c mat,'nuftc thai sinh hoat va ydtccarbon thom da vong (PAHs) da va dang thu ^^^ , j , • ^ ^^ , ^ y ^^ ^ ^ hul su hu y dang V^ do nhung tac dong tieu cue c m ^ , , |^,^ ,^,, p ^ ^ ^ ' ^^^^ ^ j „ ^|^ „ ^ j ^ , j ^ ^ j ,
Chung tm he sinh thai va sue khoe con nguai PAHs w ' u ' l - ^ - <-• i, r^ ci
1 • ! - , ,1 , , ; 5 , • , va tich luy trong tram tich [4, 5],
la cac chat 0 nhiem huu co nguy hiem dpc hai, bao
gom 16 chat dugc Td chdc bao vd mdi tmdng Hoa Ci Viet Nam, nhien heu^bda thach nhu xang,
Ky (EPA) liet vao danh sach uu tien kidm soat bdi dau, dian da, than cdc, gd van dugc su dung rdng
bien va ben viing ttong mdi trirdng [1,2], PAHs phat cac nhien lieu hda thach ddt chay khdng hoan toan cd
than cdng nghiep va dan dung, phat thai xe cd, ddt ydu vao mdi tnrdng khdng khi luc ban dau Do dd, rom ra, ) va sau do van chuydn vao mdi tmdng do cac ch4t d nhiem PAHs duoc phan bd rdng khap vao
dia ly Cac con sdng chay qua dd thi la mdt phSn mdi trudng khdng khi Tram tich dugc coi la mdi quan trong cua he thdng do thi, boat ddng nhu mdt trudng luu trir cudi cimg cua chung ngoai tn> cac loai
sinh vat Hidn nay, he thdng sdng hd Ha Ndi gdm sdng Td Lich, Kim Nguu, Nhue, Ld va Set dang tiep
•Bia chi lien hd' Tel: (+84) 913.572.589 "^^^ nude tlili"sinh hoat,'nudc"thai tu boat dong san
Trang 2xuat da dugc xu ly, chua dugc xir ly va mrdc mua ciia
toan thanh phd Vdi muc tieu danh ^ a mdc do d
nhiem va tim ra ngudn gdc cac hgp chat huu co ben
viing nhu PAHs trong tram tich tai mdt sd sdng, hd
Ha Ndi, chung tdi da den hanh thu tbap mau va phan
thuat chiet long ran ap suat cao (PLE) va dinh lugng
bang thidt bi sSc ky kbi khdi phd (GC-MS) Nghien
trong cac ddi mgng bui khi dd thi va tram tich tai khu
tai che rac thai dien tu [7-10]
2 Thiic nghiem
2.1 Vitri ldy miu
Cac mau tram tich mat dugc lay vao thang 8
nam 2016 tai cac sdng: sdng Td Lich (6 mau), sdng
mau), sdng Lu (3 man) va hd Yen Sd (7 man) Tram
tich sdng, hd dugc lay bang thiet bj lay man chuyen
nhdm, bao quan mat d 4 "C va ditgc chuyen ve phdng
thi nghiem
Hinh 1 Ban dd lay mau tram tich
2.2 Hoa chk, thik bi
Tat ca hda chat deu la Ioai tinh khiit phan tich
cda Merck: natrisunphat, n-hexan, diclometan,
silicagel.Chuan hdn hop (QTM PAH) gdm 16 PAHs:
naphthalen, acenapbthylen, acenaphthen, fluoren,
phenantbren, anthracen, fluorantben, pyren,
benzo(a)anthracen, chiysen, beiizo(b)fluoranthen,
benzo(k) fluoranthen, benzo(a)pyren,
indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyren, dibenzo(a,h)anthracen,
ben2o(g,h,i)peryIen; chat ndi chuan: hdn hgp gdm
naphthalen-d8, acenaphthylen-dS, pbenatbien-d 10,
benzo(a)anthracen-dl2, benzo(e)pyrene-dI2,
diben2o(g,b,i)pyrylene-dI2, dibeiizo(a,i)pyrene-dl2;
chat ddng hanh: chrysen-dl2
Didu kien chay may GC-MS: nhidt do cdng bom
mlu : 260''C, nhiet dp ngudn ion: 230°C; cgt tach
X 0,25pm (dd day pha tmh); chuong trinh nhiet do
dO^C (1 phut) - 200"C - 220''C (3 phut) - 260 C (5 phut) - 290''C (3 phut) - 320'*C (15 phut) vdi t d c d p
thdi gian phan tich: 60 p h u t Dung cu, thidt bi dugc su dmig h-ong nghien ciru gdm gau Idy m l u trSm tich mat; May lac (Kika-KS250, Labortechnike, Ddc); May sieu am (Transsonic-700/H, Ebna, Ddc); May li tam lanh (Rotina 35R, Hettich, Due), thidt bi cdt quay chan khdng (Buchi, Thuy Sy); thidt bi phan tich sSc ky khi ghep ndi khdi phd GC-MS 2010 (Shimadzu, Nhat Ban)
2.3 Quy trinhphan tich
5g mau tram tich dugc trdn ddu vdi Na2S04 khan de loai hoan toan nude trong mau va dugc them 50pL chat ddng hanh Ippm Sau do man dugc chiet trong be sieu am 3 lan, mdi lan 15 phdt bang 50mL hdn hgp n-hexan/diclometan (1/1, v/v) Dich chiet dugc cd dac bang thiet bi cd quay chan khdng, dua qua cot sihcagel (5g) va nia giai bang SOtnL hdn hgp
nito, them chat ndi chuan clirysen-dl2, dinh muc chinh xac Idn 1ml bang dung mdi n-hexan Dung dich man sau dd dugc bcrm tren may GC-MS
2.4 QA/QC
Cu nam mau tram tich, chiing tdi tien hanh phan tich mot m l u trang va mdt m i u ddi chung Gidi ban phat hien cua thidt bi < 0,045 ng/g Cac mSu trdng,
nham dam bao chat Iugng phan tich Ngoai ra, chdt chuan va chat ngi chuan dugc su dung dd hieu chuan cdng cu phan tich va dung dudng chudn cho tung chat Do thu hdi tmng binh cua 50pL chdt ngi chudn PAHs (Ippm) trong khoang ni 70% ddn 110%
1 >}
li
1
Hinh 2 Sac do chudn PAH
3 Ket q u a va thao luan
3.1 Hdm luffng PAHs trong trim tich
Tdt ca cac m l u h-drn tich trong nghidn cuu ddu phat hien thay PAHs Tdng ham luong P A H S tmne
binh trone tram tich tbn than ti> ^p,^^ -r, _ ^
binh trong trdm dch thu thap hr song Td Lich
Trang 3Nhue, song Kim Nguu, sdng Set, sdng Lu va hd Yen
Sd ldn lugt la 1.227; 772; 1.998; 2.816; 1 389 va
dao dong tir 155 din 5.505 ng/g Kdt qua nghien cuu
cSu td) trong ham tich sdng hd Ha Ndi vdi cac kdt
qua nghien cdu khac tren die gidi (bang 1), vi du nhu
tai song Liangtan, Tmng Qudc (2.040 ng/g) [ I I ] ;
song Huveaune, Phap (1966 ± 1104 ng/g) [12]; sdng
Brisbane, Uc (2030_ ± 610 ng/g) [14] Tuy vay,
khoang ham lugng tdng PAHs trong nghidn cdu nay
hep hem nhi6u so vdi cac kdt qua da dugc cdng bd, cu
the nhu sdng Conodoguinet Creek, Hoa Ky (44
-26 200 ng/g) [13], sdng Brisbane, Uc (160 - 50,020
n§/g) [14], sdng Scheldt (3.750 - 22.300 ng/g) [15]
Nguu cao gap hon 600 lan so vdi ket qua nghien cuu
ciia lac gia Esther nam 2007 [19] Day la minh chiing
cho sir tich tu PAHs trong tram tich theo thdi gian
ciing vdi su phat hidn nhanh chdng cua cac do thi tai
Viet Nam ndi chung va cda Ha Ndi ndi rteng trong 10
nam qua
Cac mdu trdm tich sdng Td Lich dugc lay tu
thugng ngudn (TL.OI: ddu dudng Budi) xudng ha
nguon (TL.06: cau Td) cd tdng ham Iugng PAHs nam
trong khoang tir 1.227 - 1,528 ng/g ngoai trir mlu
TL,05 (437 ng/g) Dac biet, m l u TL 05 dugc ldy tai
vi tri nga ba sdng, doan phan lim cua sdng Td Lich
chay hda vao nhau, dieu nay ly giai tai sao tdng ham
vai cac diem con lai
Tdng bam Iugng PAHs trong cac mau tram tich
song Nhue dao dgng trong khoang tu 155 - 1.458
ng/g Vj tri N.Ol dugc lay tai thugng ngudn (cdng Lien Mac) cd tdng ham lugng PAHs thap nhat, vi tri
Sat) Dieu dang ndi la tdng PAHs tang dan theo chieu cua ddng chay cd the giai thich do ddng nude sdng hda trdn vdi dong nude thai dugc dd vao td cac cdng thai dgc theo chieu hi d i u ngudn xudng cudi ngudn
va kha nang dch tu cua PAHs trong trim dch tdt hon nhieu trong nude
Trong cac khu vuc nghien cuu, man tram tich dugc thu thap hi hd Yen Sd cd tdng ham lugng PAHs cao nhat nam trong khoang td 1.287 - 5.055 ng/g n^oai tru mlu YS.06 (326 ng/g) Hd Yen Sd la noi
cua toan thanh phd Nhd he thdng thu gom chinh la cac sdng npi dd ma chat thai cung theo do do vao hd Yen Sd va tich lily trong tram tich vdi ham lugng cao, Hinh 3 cho thay ham lugng cac cau tu PAH trong tram tich sdng, hd hau hdt ddu dudi muc gidi han cho phep theo quy chuan ky thuat qudc gia vd chdt lugng trdm tich QCVN 43 2012/BTNMT [20] Tuy nhien, ham Iugng dibenzo[a,h]anthracen trong tat
VI tri Idy m l u S 01 (sdng Set), ham lugng chdt nay cao nhdt Ien tdi 637 ng/g Ham lugng naphthalen trong mdu YS.08 tai hd Yen Sd la 1.569 ng/g va vugt ngudng cho phep trong quy chuan gap 4 lan Cung
naphthalen la nhimg chit cd kha nang gay ung thu va gay dot bidn gen [3] Nguy co tidm an cua su tich ty PAHs trong trdm tich thuc su dang lo ngai bdi hd Yen Sd la khu vuc nudi trdng diuy san Idn va cung cdp hang tdn ca, tdm mdi ngay cho cac chg tren dia ban Ha Ndi
M^m^^^
-QCVN 43 2012/BTNMT
"SongTSLicb
«• Song Nliue
"Song Kim Nguu
— S&ng Set
— SSngLir
—Ho Ygn So
>V"' y^' ^^^'^^
Hinh 3, BiSu d6 so sanh ham lucmg PAH (ng/g) trong mau trim tich song, h6 vcri QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT
Trang 4Nirdc Diem So cau t d PAHs
Trang Qudc Sdng Liangtan 16
Phap Sdng Huveaune 16
Hoa Ky Conodoguinet Creek 19
l i e Sdng Brisbane 15
C h a u A u Scheldt 16
CHDC Sdng Kinshasa 16
Congo (Makelele/Kalamu/Nsanga)
An Do Gomti 16
Pakistan Sdng Chenab 16
VietNam Sdng Td Lich 16
SdngNhue 16
Sdng Kim Nguu 16
Sdng Set 16
Tong PAHs/ng.g-'
K h o a n g
Sdng Lu
Hd Yen Sd
16
69 - 6.250 571,7-4234,9
44 - 26.200 160-50.020 3.750 - 22.300
9 5 - 1 0 1 1 , 9 4
5,24 - 3.724 171,89-498,88
4 3 7 - 1 5 2 8
1 5 5 - 1 4 5 8
326 - 5.054
T r u n g biph
2040
1966 ± 1 1 0 4
4100 ± 2 2 8 0
2030 ± 6 1 0
9010 ± 6690 687,1
371,83 [17]
1.227 Nghien ctm nay
772 Ngiiien cdu nay 1.998 Nghien cuu nay 2.816 Ngbien cuu nay 1.389 Nghidn ciiu nay 2.233 Nghidn cira nay
3.2 Suphan bd cua cdc PAH trong tram tich
Cac nghien cim gan day da chi ra rang d nhiem
PAHs trong bui khi Ha Ngi dang d muc do cao [10,
chay khdng hoan toan cac Ioai nhien lieu nhu xang,
dau diesel trong ddng co ciia cac phuang tidn giao
thdng, Ngoai ra, viec ddt cac phe thai ndng nghiep
dun nau bang mun cua, than hoa, than td ong) ciing
gdp phan dang ke vao phat thai PAHs Nhimg hat bui
khi nay bi lang dgng khd hoac bi nude mua rua trdi
mang theo PAHs tich liiy vao tram tich Sir phan bd
khdng dang ke va phu thudc thanh phan chat thai dau
vao cua cac con sdng Dibenzo(a,h)anthracen la cau
sdng Td Lich (19%), sdng Nhue (20%), sdng Kim
Nguu (17%), sdng Set (23%), sdng Lu (22%) va hd
cau tu chiem im the trong tram tich, didu nay mong
ddng vdi cac ket qua nghien cdu khac tren the gidi,
Fluoranthen va pyren chiem mdt lugng dang ke
trong tram tich cac sdng trong khi naphtalen lai la cau
td PAHs chiem tru the trong tram dch hd Yen Sd
Hinh 4 bidu dien su phan bd PAHs trong tram tich
sdng hd dua theo gia tri trung binh ve ham Iugng, Tai
vi tri YS-08, ham lugng naphtalen cao dot bien len tdi
1.569 ng/g, day la didm cd tdng PAHs (5.055_ng/g)
noi sdng Td Lich dd vao bd Yen Sd, tai day thuy vuc
thd lan tmydn ra cac khu vuc xung quanh Ciing chinh
vi thd ma cac chat nay dac biet la naphtalen bi lang
ham lugng rdt cao Trong cac nghien cuu khac,
naphtalen hlu nhu it cd mat h-ong cac mau tram tich
Di6u nay dua ra du doan gan vi tri YS-OS cd the xuat hien ngudn thai dac trung naphtalen bdi Ie cac vi tri
dudng vanh dai 3 hoac nam each xa YS-08 nen mac
du tdng PAHs cao nhtmg ham lugng naphtalen kbdng dang ke Ngudn thai naphtalen cd thd la noi thudng xuyen dien ra viec dot chay xang, dau hoac sinh khdi (rom, ra,, ), naphtalen sau do phat tan trong khdng khi va theo nude mua lang xudng tram tich
3.3 Ddnh gid nguon goc PAHs trong moi trwdng
Tren co sd khao sat thanh phan PAH tu nhung ngudn gdc rieng biet vi du trong dau thd, trong bui thai cac phuong tidn giao thdng (xe bus, xe d td, xe may), trong bd hdng cua qua trinh dot than, dot gd, qua trinh san xuat gach [23], ngudi ta da dua ra mdt
so ty Id cua cac PAH dac trung va nhiing phdng doan
vd ngudn gdc cua PAH trong mgt ddi mgng dua vao khoang gia tri cua cac ty le nay Theo do, h l u hdt PAHs cd ngudn gdc tu ddu md cd ti Id Py/FIuo > 1
smh khdi,.,.) hoac hdn hgp thi d Ie nay < 1 Tuong tu nhu vay, ti !e Anth/(Anth+Phe) > 0,1 va Ba/(Ba-i-Chry) > 0,35 cho bidt ngudn gdc PAHs tu qua trinh chay Qua tham khao tai lieu, chung tdi da
lua chgn mgt so ty Id va ap dung dk tfnh cho cac mdu
da phan rich, ket qua trinh bay nhu trong bang 2
Ti le Anth/(Andi+Phe) co 0,1 va 0,2 cung vdi ti
so BaA/(BaA+Chry) ldn hon 0.35 ciing chdng td phan Idncac PAH trong nhiing mdu trim rich mat cd ngudn gdc chu yen rir qua trinh chay Ti le Py/Fluo cua tram tich sdng Nhue, sdng Kim Ngmi, sdng Set,
sdng Lu ddu < 1 cho du doan vk ngudn adc hdn hgp
td ca qua trinh chay va ngudn goc diu mo n-ong khi'ri
1 cho thiy ngudn gdc PAH xudt phat tix ddu md
y
Trang 5S Cac cau tir khic
ETmh 4 Su phan bd PAHs trong ham tich sdng hd
Bang 2 Cac ti Id dac tnmg cda mdt sd PAH trong cac mau ham tich sdng hd Ha Ndi
To Lich
Nhue
KunNgini
Set
Lir
Yen So
Pv/Fluo
6,85
0,89
0,99
0,84
0,92
3,82
Fluo/(Fluo+Py) 0,14 0,14 0,05 0,10 0,09 0,25
Anth/(Anth+Phe) 0,25 0,17 0,18 0,23 0,19 0,21
BaA/( BaA+ Chiy) 0,67 0,60 0,62 0,66 0,62 0,70
Py Pyren; Fluo: Fluoranthen; Anth: Anthracen; Phe phenanthren
BaA: henzo[a]Anthracen; Chry: Chrysen
Dieu nay phii hgp vdi sir phat trien dd thi trong
vai nam hd lai day Do nhu can phat tridn va nang
cao ddi song eon ngudi, nhu clu tidu thu cac san
pham CO ngudn gdc tu dau md nhu dau thd, dau hda,
diesel hay nhira dudng khdng ngimg tang len, song
song vdi do, Iugng tieu thy nhien lieu phuc vu san
xuat cdng nghiep, cac Id nung gach hay cac boat dpng
dot phe pham ndng nghiep nhu rom, ra vao miia vu
tai cac khu vuc lan can ciing tang dang kd,
4 K^t luSn
Nghien cdu nay cung cap dir lieu khoa hgc ve su
CO mat cua eac hydrocacbon thom da vdng (PAHs)
ttong hdm tich tai mgt sd sdng hd Ha Ngi Ham
lugng cae cdu tu PAHs hdu hdt ddu thdp hon gidi ban
cho phep theo quy chudn ky thuat qudc gia ve chat
lugng tram tich, tuy nhien, dang kd ddn la ham Iugng
diben2o[a,h]anthracen trong tat ca cac mau lai vugt
nguong hi 1,13 ddn 4,69 ldn Phat hien na;; clio thdy
nguy CO ddm dn cua nhdm hgp chdt PAH ddi vdi mdi
tmdng cQng nhu sue khde con ngudi va trong Wong Iai cdn dugc quan trac tren pham vi rgng Tdng ham lugng PAH trong nghien cdu nay d muc kha mong ddng so vdi cac ket qua nghien cdu khac tren the gidi Cac PAH tdn tai cd ngudn gdc chay chiem thanh phan uu the hon so vdi cac PAH cd ngudn gdc hi san pham dau md, dieu nay phu hgp vdi thuc trang phat tnen cua cac dd thi ldn hien nay, Tai lieu tham khao
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