TAPCHiCQNGTHlAfNG NANG CAO VAI TRO CUA CONG DONG TRONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT • LE MANH TUYEN MAI TH! CHUC HANH TOM TXT Quan ly chd̂ t thdi ran sinh hoat la qud trinh phong ngffa, giam thieu,[.]
Trang 1NANG CAO VAI TRO CUA CONG DONG TRONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT
• LE MANH TUYEN - MAI TH! CHUC HANH
TOM TXT:
Quan ly chd^t thdi ran sinh hoat la qud trinh phong ngffa, giam thieu, giam sdt, phdn loai, thu
gom, vdn chuyen, tdi sit dung, tai che va xu; ly chat thdi rdn sinh hoat De thffc hien hieu qud
eae ngi dung eiia quan ly chd't thai sinh hoat can ed sff tham gia tich cffc cua cde chu the gom
cd: cd quan, tS chffc, hd gia dinh, ed nhan trong nffdc, t6 chffc, ca nhan nffdc ngoai cd hoat
dpng lidn quan dd'n chd't thai ran sinh boat tren Ianh thd Nffdc Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Vi?t Nam, bao gom da't lien, hai dao, vung bien vd vung trdi Ben canh dd, edng dong cung la mdt trong nhffng chu the quan trgng ddng vai trd tich cffe trong qudn ly chd't thdi rdn Trong bdi viet nay, tac gia neu va phan tich khai nidm cung nhff vai trd ciia cdng dong trong quan ly cha't thdi rdn sinh hoat, tff dd de xuat bien phap nang cao vai trd cua cdng ding trong quan IJ chd't thdi ran sinh hoat
TH khoa: Cdng ddng, qudn ly chd't thai rdn sinh hoal, bao ve moi tnfdng
I Khai quat ve quan Iy chat thai ran
sinh ho^t
/ Khdi ni$m qudn ly chd't thdi rdn sinh hoat
Tff dien tieng Viet eua Vien Ngdn ngff hpc
dffa ra khai niem ve cha't thai nhff sau:"Cha't thai
la rac va nhiTng dd vat bi bd di ndi ehung" (Vien
Ngon ngff, 2004) Khai nidm nay lai chi ddn dd'n
"rac" va "nhffng do vat bj bd di", rac la mot tff
ngff dan sinh dffde sff dung ra't nhieu trong cupe
sd'ng hang ngay, diing de chi nhffng vat cha't ma
eon ngffdi thai bd
Theo Tff diln mdi trffdng Anh - Viet vd Viet Anh, "chat thai (watste) Id ba't ky cha't gi, rdn, long hoac khi ma cd the hoac he thd'ng sinh ra
nd khdng con sff dung dffdc niJa vd can cd bien phap thai bo" Vdi khdi nidm nay, tdc gia da cdn eff vao cae tinh chat cua vat cha't de neu len npi dung, do dd chi tie't hdn khai niem dau tidn Theo khoan 12 Dilu 3 Luat Bao ve mdi trffdng nam 2014, chat thai Id vdt cha't dffdc thai ra tff san xua't, kinh doanh, dich vu, sinh hoat hodc hoat dong khac {Qud'c hpi, 2014) Luat Bao ve mdi
Trang 2trffdng dffdc ban hanh de dieu ehinh cac quan he
xa hpi trong hoat dpng bdo vd mdi trffdng, do dd
khdi niem ndy dffdc dffa ra dffa trdn cd sd xac
dinh edc linh vffc phat sinh chd't thai bao gdm:
hoat dpng san xuat, hoat ddng kinh doanh, cung
ffng dich vu, hoat ddng sinh hoat cua con ngffdi vd
cac hoat dpng khde Khai niem nay la mdt trong
nhffng cd sd de phan loai cha't thdi nham thffc
hien cac muc tidu quan ly eha't thai eua cac chu
th^ c6 lien quan
Tren cd sd cac khai nidm neu tren, ehung ta cd
the phan loai cha't thai gdm cd chat thai ran, nffdc
thdi vd khi thai
Chat thai ran Id chat thai d the ran hoac set
{con gpi Id biin thai) dffdc thai ra tff san xua't, kinh
doanh, dich vu, sinh hoat hoac eae boat ddng
khac'(Chinh phu, 2015)
Chd't thai ran sinh hoat (cdn gpi la rac sinh
hoat) la chd't thai ran phat sinh trong sinh hoat
thffdng ngay cua con ngffdi- (Chinh phu, 2015)
Khdi niem nay tffdng dd'i thdng dung, tuy nhien
chffa bao ham dffdc edc tinh cha't dac trffng cua
cha^t thdi ran sinh hoat nhff: cd the phan loai (chat
thai rdn sinh hoat hffu ed va vd ed), cha't thai ran
sinh hoat ed dae tinh nguy hai va chat thai rdn
sinh hoat thong thffdng,
De khac phuc dffdc diem yd'u trdn, ed the dffa
ra khdi niem eha't thai ran sinh boat nhff sau:
Cha't thai ran sinh hoat la eha't thai d the' ran
hodc sdt phdt sinh trong sinh hoat thffdng ngay
cua con ngffdi, bao gdm chat thai ran vd cd va
chd't thai ran hifu cd
Hidn nay, tai Viet Nam, cha't thai ran sinh boat
la mgt trong nhffng nguyen nhan trffe tid'p ddn ddn
tinh trang 6 nhidm mdi trffdng, cha't thai ran sinh
hoat khdng dffdc phan loai tai cac hd gia dinh gay
ra tinh trang qua tai cho qua trinh xff ly tai edc
cdng ty dich vu mdi trffdng Chat thai rdn sinh
hoat bj vfft bffa bai khdng diing gid vd khdng
ddng ndi quy dmh din dd'n tinh trang d nhidm da't,
6 nhidm ngudn nffdc, d nhiem khdng khi, Ta't ca
nhffng vd'n de tren dat ra nhu cau cap thiet ve
quan ly chat thdi ran sinh hoat De lam rd khdi
niem nay, trffdc he't can hieu rd the nao la quan
ly cha't thai?
Qudn ly cha't diai la qud trinh phdng ngffa, giam thieu, gidm sat, phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, tai su- dung, tdi che' va xff ly chat thai (Chinh phu, 2015) Theo khdi niem nay ed the' suy ra, quan ly chat thai ran sinh hoat la qua trinh phdng ngffa, giam thieu, giam sat, phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, tai sff dung, tai chd' vd xff ly cha't thai rdn sinh boat Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tac gid tap trung nghien cffu cde giai doan phan loai, thu gom
va xff ly cha^t thai rdn sinh boat
2 NQI dung ciia qudn ly chdt thai rdn sinh hoat
Tff khdi niem ve quan ly cha't thai ran sinh boat neu tren, cd the suy ra cac ndi dung cd ban eua quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat gdm cd:
Thd nhdt, quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat trffdc
he't dffdc dat ra vdi muc tidu phdng ngffa, gidm thieu va giam sat sff phat sinh chat thai rdn sinh hoat
Thd hai quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat bao
gom ta't cd cac qua trinh tff phan loai chat thdi rdn sinh boat nhff thd' nao; Phffdng thffe thu gom, van chuyen ra sao; Caeh thffe tai sff dung, tai ehd chat
thai ran sinh hoat dddc thffc hien nhff the' nao; Sau
do, edc chd't thai ran sinh boat cdn lai dffdc xff ly triet de tai dau va bdng phffdng phdp nao
De thffc hien hidu qua cae ndi dung cua quan
ly cha't thai sinh boat can cd sff tham gia tieh cffc cua cac ehu the gom cd: cd quan, to ehffc, hd gia dinh, ca nhan trong nffdc, to ehffe, ca nhan nffdc ngodi (sau day gpi tdt Ia td chffc, ea nhan) cd boat dpng lien quan de'n chat thai ran sinh hoat tren lanh thd Nffdc Cong hda xa hdi ehu nghia Viet Nam, bao gom da't Hen hai dao, vung bien va viing trdi Day la dd'i tffdng dp dung cua Luat Bao
ve mdi trffdng nam 2014 va Nghi dinh sd' 38/2015/ND-CP ve qudn lj> cha't thai va phe lieu Trong ndi dung cua cac van ban quy pham phdp luat neu tren deu nhdc dd'n thuat ngff egng dong, cdng ddng dan eff tuy nhien lai khdng cd dinh nghia eu the' ve thuat ngff nay, cung nhff vai trd
So 17-Thang 7/2020 221
Trang 3cua cdng ddng va cung khdng dffa cdng ddng vao
cde dd'i tffdng dieu chinh Dieu nay dat ra khdng
ft khd khan trong qud trinb thffc thi phap ludt Vay
cdng ddng la gi, cdng ddng cd dong nghTa vdi
cdng ddng ddn eff nhff the nao, la to chffc hay ca
nhan Ddy eung Id vd'n de can lam rd khi nghien
cffu vai trd cua cpng dong dan off trong quan ly
chat thai ran sinh boat
II Khai quat v l cdng ddng
1 Cde quan niem vi CQng dong
Cdng ddng dffdc khai niem nhff la mdt he
thd'ng xa hdi, mot nhdm ngffdi cilng cd nhffng dac
diem ehung Vi du: dac quyin, dac ldi, sd'ng vdi
nhau, cung chia se nhffng tdi nguyen va ldi ich
Chung, Ndi mdt each khdc, cdng dong la mot
nhdm ngffdi cung sd'ng vdi nhau trong mot khu
vffe nhd't dinh, hp cd cbung dac dilm ve tam ly,
tac ddng qua lai vd sff dung cac tai nguyen vdn cd
de dat dffde muc dich ehung (Phi Minh
Hong, 2005)
Cpng ding dffde de cap trong So tay hffdng
ddn phdt triin cdng dong do Cd quan Hdp tdc
Qud'c te Nhdt Ban (JICA) hd trd xua't ban: Ld
nhdm ngffdi sd'ng trong pham vi thdn, ban, cde
xa, phffdng cua khu vffc ndng thdn va thanh thi,
dac bidt la eae vung ndng thdn vung sau, vung
xa Cdng ddng cd nhffng die'm gid'ng nhau, cd
cbung edc md'i quan he nha't dinh va cijng chiu
anh hffdng bdi mot so' ye'u to' tdc ddng va la dd'i
tffdng can dffdc quan tam trong sff phat trien kinh
te - xd hdi hien nay (Le Van An va Ngd Tung
Dffc, 2016)
Nghi dinh sd 18/2015/ND-CP cua Chinh phu
quy dinh ve quy hoach bao vd mdi trffdng, ddnh
gid mdi trffdng chid'n Iffdc, danh gia tac ddng mdi
trffdng va kd' hoach bao vd mdi trffdng eung ed
de cSp de'n cdng dong nhffng khdng ly giai khai
niem the' nao la edng dong, ma chi de cap dd'n
cdng dong can dffdc tham van trong qua tnnh
xay dffng va tham dinh bdo cao DTM, gdm: tham
van UBND xa, phffdng, thi tra'n ndi thffc hien dff
iin cde to chffc va cong dong dan eff chju tae
ddng trffe tid'p bdi dff an {Chinh phu, 2015) Theo Bdo eao cua Le Thac Can Vien Mdi trffdng va Phdt tridn Ben vffng, trong dieu kien cu thi d Viet Nam, cpng ddng can tham gia tham van trong DTM quy dinh nhff trdn khdng day dii CJ nffdc ta, pham vi hien nay tde ddng ve Idi nguyen mdi trffdng ciia mot dff dn phdt triin kinh td- xa hdi thffdng khdng triing vdi bidn gidi ridng biet eua eae xd Cdng ddng nhdn dan can dffdc tham va'n ve bdo cao DTM eiia dff dn thffdng sinh sdng tai nhieu xa rieng bidt Cac "xa " nay dffdc quan
ly bdi edc UBND vd cde to chffc nhdn ddn trdn ca'p xa: huyen, tinh - thanh phd
Nhff vay, cd the tha'y, rd't nhieu edc vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt lien quan de'n bao vd moi trffdng de cap dd'n quyen ldi, trach nhiem, vai trd ciia cdng ddng, tuy nhien thudt ngff nay chffa dffdc ly giai mpt each cu t h i Tff nhffng quan niem neu tren v l cdng ddng, trong pham vi bai vie't ndy, tde gid nhdn tha'y khdi nidm cdng dong trong So tay hffdng ddn phat trien cpng ding do JICA hd trd xua't bdn la ehi tie't va phii hdp vdi muc dich nghien cffu ve vai trd cua cpng ddng trong quan ly cha't thai rdn sinh hoat
2 Bdc diim cua cgng dong
Tff khdi nidm cpng ding cd the nhdn tha'y edc dae diem cua cdng ddng nhff sau:
Thii nhdt, cdng ddng cd ddc tinh dodn kd't xa
hpi Dieu nay t h i hien thdng qua viee con ngffdi trong edng ddng thffdng xuyen trao doi, ban bac
de di de'n thd'ng nhd't khi giai quyd't mpt van de cbung Tff do, hieu rpng hdn doan ke't xd hpi ehinh la y thffc cdng ddng, ddy la y chi ehung phat sinh trong qud trinh sinh sdng trong cung pham vi thdn, ban, cde xa, phffdng ciia khu vffc ndng thdn va thanh thi
Thd hai, cdng ddng cd dac tinh lidn ket xa hpi
Dieu ndy dffdc the hien qua nhffng mdi quan he giffa con ngffdi vdi nhau Do con ngffdi trong mot cdng ddng cd ehung mpt so muc dich nbaft dinh
do dd se hd trd nhau de cung dat dffdc nhffng muc dich eiia cdng ddng
Trang 4III Md hinh quan ly chS't thai r^n sinh boat
t^i Vi^t Nam vdi vai tro quyd't dinh ciia
c$ng ddng
I Ddnh gid tinh hinh thffc hi$n Chien liMc vi
qudn ly chdt thdi rdn sinh hoat tqi Vi$t Nam
hi?n nay
Trdn cd sd Luat Bao vd mdi trffdng va cac dao
ludtcd lidn quan, ngay 17/12/2009, Thii tffdng
Chinh phii Nffdc Cpng hda Xa hpi Chii nghTa Viet
Nam da ban hanh Quyd't dinh sd 2149/QD-TTg
phe duyet Chidn Iffdc qud'c gia vl quan ly tdng
hdp chd't thai ran dd'n nam 2025, tam nhin ddn
nam 2050 Theo do, quan dilm quan ly tdng hop
cha^t thdi rdn la trach nhidm ehung ciia toan xa
hdi, trong dd Nha nffdc cd vai trd chii dao, diy
manh xa hoi hda, huy dgng td'i da mpi nguon Iffc,
tdng cffdng diu tff cho edng tde quan ly tdng hdp
cha^t thai rdn
- Chien Iffdc dat ra mue tidu dd'n nam 2015:
-I- 85% tdng hdp cha't thai ran sinh boat dd thi
phat sinh dffdc thu gom va xff ly dam bao moi
trffdng, trong dd 60% dffdc tai chd', tai sff dung,
thu hdi nang Iffdng hodc sdn xua't phan hffu cd
+ 50% tdng Iffdng eha't thai ran xay dffng phdt
sinh tai cde do thi dffdc thu gom xff ly, trong do
30% dffdc thu hdi de tdi su" dung hoac tai chd'
+ 30% bun bd phd't cua cac dd thi tff loai II trd
len va 10% ciia edc dd thi cdn lai dffde thu gom vd
xiJ ly dam bao mdi trffdng,
+ Giam 40% khd'i Iffdng tiii nilon sff dung tai
cac sieu thi va trung tarn thffdng mai so vdi nam
2010
-1-50% cdcdd thied cdng trinh tai che'chat thai
ran thffc hien phdn loai tai hd gia dinh
+ 40% Iffdng chd't thai ran phdt sinh tai cde
dilm dan eff ndng thdn va 50% tai cae lang nghe
dffde thu gom va xii" ly dam bao mdi trffdng
+ 100% cde bai rdc gay 6 nhidm mdi trffdng
nghiem trgng theo Quyet dinh so
64/2003/QD-TTg ngdy 22 thang 4 ndm 2003 cua Thii tffdng
Chinh phu dffdc xff 1^
" De'n ndm 2025 muc tieu ma Chien Iffdc ddt ra
Id: 100%caedd thied cdng trinh tai che chd't thai
rdn thffe hidn phan loai tai ho gia fflnh; 100% tdng Iffdng chd't thai ran sinh hoat dd thi, 100% tdng Iffdng chat thai rdn edng nghiep khdng nguy hai
va nguy hai, 90% tdng Iffdng chd't thai ran xay dffng dd thi va 90% Iffdng cha't thai ran phdt sinh tai cac dilm dan eff ndng thdn dffde thu gom va xiJ ly dam bao moi trffdng Lffdng tiii nilon sff dung tai cae sidu thi va trung tdm thffdng mai se giam 85% so vdi nam 2010
Theo Bdo cao hien trang mdi trffdng qud'c gia
2016 do Bp Tdi nguydn va Mdi trffdng Viet Nam cdng bd ngay 20/7/2017, tinh hinh phat sinh va xff ly CTR d khu vffc dd thi van la mpt trong nhffng van de mdi trffdng ndi com trong nhieu nam qua Theo thdng kd, Iffdng CTR sinh hoat phat sinh d khu vffc dd thi khoang 38.000 ta'n/ngay vdi mffe gia tang trung binh 12% mdi nam Chat thai rdn sinh boat do thi cd ty le hffu cd vao khoang 54 - 77%, cha't thai cd the tai che' {thanh phan nhffa va kim loai) chie'm khoang 8 -18% Chd't thai nguy hai (CTNH) cdn bi thai lan vao chat thai sinh boat mang ddn bai chon lap la 0,02-=-0,82% Chd't thai ran y te phdt sinh la 600 ta'n/ngay vdi mffc dp gia tang khoang 7,6% mdi nam Do'i vdi CTR cdng nghidp khu vffc dd thi, hien ehffa cd thd'ng ke con sd'cu the nhffng ffde tinh khd'i Iffdng CTR edng nghiep phat sinh trong cac khu vffe do thi kha cao, tap trung d cae nganh
cd khi, det may, da giay va thffc pham Udc tinh
Iffdng CTNH trong CTR edng nghidp chie'm ty Id khoang 2 0 - 3 0 %
Cdng tac phan loai, thu gom vd xff ly CTR da dat dffdc nhffng kdt qua nha't dinh Ty Id thu gom
va xff ly CTR sinh hoat trung bmh dat khoang 85% vao ndm 2014 va tang len 85,3% trong nam
2015 Cdng nghd xff ly CTR sinh hoat pho bidn la ehdn lap li phan hiJu cd va ddt Tai khu vffc dd thi, ty Id CTR sinh hoat dffdc chdn lap trffe tid'p khoang 34% ty Id CTR sinh boat dffde tdi ehe'tai cac cd sd xii" ly dat khoang 42% va Iffdng CTR cdn lai la bd thai ciia qua trinh xff ly dffde chon lap chid'm khoang 24% Phan Idn CTR sinh boat
dd thj chffa phdn loai tai ngudn tai mdt sd'dd thi
So 17-Thang 7/2020 223
Trang 5Idn, hoat ddng nay mdi ehi dffdc trien khai thi
didm tai mpt sd'phffdng, quan
Do'i chidu cac ke't qua ndu trdn vdi cac mue
tieu ma chie'n Iffdc dat ra, ed the tha'y hau he't cac
muc tieu nam 2015 ciia Chid'n Iffdc deu chffa thtfc
hien dffdc ngoai trff muc tidu v l ty Id thu gom va
xu" ly CTR sinh hoat Dieu nay cho thd'y vdn cdn
tdn tai nhffng han ehe trong qua trinh qudn ly
CTR sinh boat Mot trong nhifng tdn tai Idn do Id
y thffe ve vide quan ly CTR sinh boat cua mdt bd
phdn khdng nhd ngffdi dan cdn chffa cao, thd hidn
cu the thdng qua tinh trang khdng phan loai chat
thai trffdc khi thai bd, vfft rac khdng dung gid va
diing ndi quy dinh, Mot nguyen nhdn trffe tidp
nffa ddn de'n tinh trang tren la do hidn nay cd qud
nhilu tui ni-ldng diing mdt lan dang bi thdi ra mdi
trffdng, lam mat my quan mdi trffdng, lam chd't
ddng vat dffdi nffdc va lam tac nghen cac hd
thd'ng xff ly nffdc dd thi Tinh trang nay ngay cang
trd ndn nghiem trgng trong nhffng nam qua
Nguyen nhan dan dd'n tinh trang dd gdm cd cac
ly do nhff sau:
Thd nhdt, do ngffdi dan sff dung tiii ni-ldng
ngay cang gia tang do gia tui ni-ldng tha'p vi
khdng tinh de'n chi phi mdi trffdng; Tam ly ehung
cho r^ng, tiii ni-ldng Id mien phi, mac dii da dffde
tinh vao trong gid ban eae san pham tieu diing;
Thd hai, do xa rdc va tidu buy tui ni-ldng ciia
ngffdi dan khdng diing each bdi vi: Tiii ni-ldng it
cd gid tri tdi sff dung; It cd nguy cd bi xff phat v l
viee xa rac bffa bai; Ngffdi dan chffa hieu nhffng
nguy hai cua chat thai bii'a bai; Khdng dii thung
dffng rdc tai cac diem du lich va tren dffdng phd
Thd ba, do he thd'ng tidu hiiy/xff ly tui ni-ldng
con nhieu ban ehe'(Van phdng Qud'c hdi, 2012)
2 Vai tro quye't dinh cua cQng dong trong
qudn ly chd't thdi ran sinh hoqt
Hoat dgng bao ve mdi trffdng ndi cbung va
hoat ddng qudn ly chd't thai ran sinh hoat ndi
rieng chi cd the thffe hien dffdc mpt each tnet de
khi cd sff ehung tay gdp sffe cua tdt ca cac chii
the lac dpng dd'n mdi trffdng Nhff phan tren da de
Clip, sff tham gia ehii dong tich cffc cua edng
ddng dong vai trd quan trpng giiip cho qua tnnh
quan ly chat thdi rdn sinh boat dat dffdc hieu qud Sff tham gia ndy thd hien ngay tff khi xdc dinh thffc trang d nhiem mdi trffdng, cac giai phdp, phffdng thffc cu the de giam thieu, khdc phuc vd giai quyd't triet de cae va'n de d nhiem mdi trffdng
do eha't thdi sinh hoat gdy ra
Trffdc hd't, sff tham gia ciia cdng ddng gdp phan rat Idn trong vide nhdn ra cde nguy cd dd'i vdi mdi trffdng, mang lai nhieu phffdng dn ve chinh sach hdn cho sff ehpn lffa, tao cd sd de lffa ehpn phffdng an giai quyet td'i ffu Tren cd sd edc dac diem cua cpng dong dd Id tinh dodn ke't va lien ke't xa hdi, vai trd ciia cgng ddng cdn dffdc the hien thdng qua quyen 1dm chii vd trdch nhiem ciia cdng ding trong vide bao ve mdi trffdng nham dam bao eho cdng ddng thffc hien quyin dffdc sd'ng trong mdi trffdng trong lanh khdng bi dnh hffdng bdi sff d nhiem vd dffdc hffdng nhffng ldi ich hdp phdp theo quy dinh ciia phdp lu?t bdo
ve mdi trffdng
D l phat huy cde ddc tinh cua cpng dong, edc nffdc dd thffc hien cde chien Iffdc lau dai nh^m van ddng, phd bie'n rdng rai, tuyen truyen va cffng ran hdn la cffdng chd'cdng ddn thffc hi?n phan loai rdc bat budc tai ngudn phat thai Nhilu qud'e gia da thffc hidn phffdng phdp dffa vdo chffdng trinh gido due phd thdng kidn thffc mdi trffdng va ve thu gom phanloairdc thdi Ddc bidt
d Nhat Ban, phffdng phdp gido due tre em thu gom, phan loai chat thai ran sinh boat dffdc dp dung ngay tff cde trffdng mam non vd rieu hpc Ben canh chffdng trinh gidng day, edc thay cd gido cd rat nhieu tranh ve va gido cu trffe quan dl tre em tham gia thu gom, phan loai rdc thdi sinh hoat tren dffdng phd, tai gia dinh Tai day, mgt trong nhffng chffdng tnnh da ngoai phd bien ciia eae em hoc sinh dd la di tham quan mdt sd nhd may x^ ly nffdc thai hoae chat thdi Chinh vi vdy, khi cae em trffdng thanh, trong cudc song sinh boat cOng nhff lam viec hang ngdy, bd chat Ihdi diing gid, dung chd, dung chS phan loai vd vi^c giff gin vd sinh mdi trffdng da trd thanh y thffc va thdi quen hang ngay Cac chuyen gia nffde ngoai deu khdng dinh day Id mgt chffdng trinh gido due
Trang 6tuyen truyin hieu qud nha't, ben vffng nhd't va
khdng the thid'u dffdc trong edc trffdng hgc Xay
dffng cum ddn eff tff quan trong vide phan loai,
thu gom va xff ly chd't thdi, ve sinh moi trffdng
Hidn nay, tai Viet Nam, sff tham gia cua cdng
ddng da cd nhffng bffdc tid'n ddng k l , tuy nhien,
cong tac xd hdi hda quan Iy CTR sinh hoat vdn
cdn nhilu ban ehe' O hau hd't cac dia phffdng,
Cdng ty mdi trffdng do thi (doanh nghidp nha
nffdc) Id ddn vi chiu trach nhiem chinh trong cdng
tac thu gom, vdn chuyen va xit ly CTR sinh hoat
do thi ciia dia phffdng, ben canh dd la sff tham gia
tich effc cua he thd'ng cde cdng ty dich vu cdng
ich quan, huyen, hdp tdc xa vd khd'i doanh nghiep
tff nhan Cd thd' ke dd'n mot so' doanh nghidp tff
nhdn da thffc hidn thdnh cdng va dem lai nhieu
hieu qua va ldi ich eho edng ddng trong van
chuyen va xff ly CTR sinh hoat dd thi nhff: Cdng
ty TNHH Huy Hoang (Lang Sdn), Cdng ty TNHH
Moi trffdng Ddng Phffdng (Dak Lak), Cdng ty CP
Cong nghiep cam Pha (Quang Ninh), O khu vuc
nong thdn eung dd hinh thdnh cae td dpi, hdp tac
xa thu gom, van chuyen CTR sinh boat ndng thdn
(Hoang Dffdng Tung, 2012)
Ben canh sff tham gia ciia khd'i cac doanh
nghiep, trong nhffng nam gan day phffdng thffc
qudn ly CTR vdi cdch tie'p can dffa vao cpng ddng
cung da dffdc nhieu dff dn quan tam thffc hien vd
thu dffdc ke't qud td't Dien hinh nhff md hinh thi
diem thu gom, xu" ly rdc thai ehe' bid'n phan bdn
hffu cd ciia thdn Tao Phii (Tarn Hdng, VTnh Phuc),
dff dn cai thien mdi trffdng kenh Chin Te, chd Ba Ren (Ben Tre), Tuy nhien, mpt thdch thffc khong thd phii nhdn cdn tdn tai dd'i vdi viec huy dpng sff tham gia eua cgng ddng dd la, cdng tac
xa hdi hda cdn yd'u Van de nay sinh cd tff phia cpng ddng va chinh quyen Nhan thffc vd nang lffe cua cdng ddng chffa dam bao de thffe hidn quyen ldi vd nghia vu eiia minh trong cdng tdc quan ly CTR, dae biet la d khu vffc tdp trung ddng dan ngheo Y thffc ciia ngffdi ddn dd'i vdi vide giff gin ve sinh cdng cpng cdn ra't tha'p, hg thffdng xa rdc ra dffdng, cd'ng ranh hoae dd trdm CTR xdy dffng ra bd sdng, eae khu vffe edng cdng gay tdc dpng tieu cffc dd'n ve sinh mdi trffdng va canh quan dd thi Ngffde lai, ve phia cac nha quan ly, van cdn thid'u edc van ban quy dinh phii hdp nham thu hiit sff tham gia cua cac doan the, quan cbung va toan xa hpi, cdn thid'u nhilu chffdng
trinh buy ddng cdng ddng trong quan \-$ CTR sinh
boat (Hoang Dffdng Tiing, 2012)
3 Be xudt So tay bdo ve moi trUdng dp dung cho CQng dong
De nang cao y thffc eho ngffdi dan tai Viet Nam ve quan ly chat thai ran sinh hoat, mpt trong nhffng phffdng phap hidu qua do la tuydn truyen, van ddng ngffdi dan bdng each thffc thdng qua cpng ddng tren ed sd dac tinh doan ke't va lien ke't xa hpi ciia cdng ddng Trong pham vi bdi vie't nay, tac gia de xud't Sd tay bao ve moi trffdng dp dung cho cpng ddng vdi ehii the la hd gia dinh (Xem So tay bao ve mdi trffdng)
So toy b d o v e moi trUdng
Bi CUONG SO TAY BAO V ^ MOI TRLfCJNG
Ldi M d SAU
Chffdng I: BAO V $ MOI T R U C J N G VA VAI TRO CUA CON NGUdi TRONG VI^C
B A O V f MOITRUCiNG
I Bao v$ moi trffdng
1.1 Khai ni^m bao ve mdi trffdng
1.2 Bao v0 mdi trffdng ben vOng
1.3 Muc tjgu CLia vi§c b^o ve mdi trUdng 6 Viet Nam
So 17-Thang 7/2020 225
Trang 7II \ ^ i trd ciJa con ngudi trong vl$c bao v$ mdi tnJdng
2.1 Vai trd cua cdng dong d§n cd
2.2 Vai trd cua to chffc, ca nhan ngoai cpng dong
ChUdng II: N O I DUNG BAO V ^ MOI T R U O N G
I Rac thai sinh hoat
1.1 Ndi khdng vdi tiii ni long
1.2 Khdng vdt rac bffa bai
1.3 Khdng ddt rac
1.4 De do dung cd the tai che tai khu vuc rieng
1.5 Kiem soat va tiet giam nhOng thff ban vfft bd di
1.6 Tai sir dung bao, goi
1.7 Quyen gdp dd dung cu cho to chdc td thien
11.3R tai gia dinh
2 1 Uu tien do dung san xuat tai dia phUdng
2.2 Mua do dung cd the tai che ho§c tai sii dung
2.3 Kiem soat va tiet giam nhffng gi ban bd di
2.4 Phan loai rac trudc khi thai bo
2.5 Tiet kiem nguyen nhien li§u trong qua trinh sinh hoat 2.6 Dan giay nhd de nhac tiet kiem dien
2.7 Bd rac vao thung rac d dung ndi quy dinh
2.8 Gom va chia se do diing trong cpng dong cd the tai che 2.9 Tai sCt dung do dung trong cdng dong
III Tiet ki$m nang lUdng
3.1 Han che sd dung thiet bj dien trong gid cao did'm
3.2 Rut day c^m ngudn cac thiet bi dien khi khdng sd dung 3.3 Ket hdp sd dyng dieu hda vdi quat d 10 phut dau tien 3.4 Bat di^u hda 6 26 dp C
3.5 Tan dung gid va anh sang tu nhien
3.6 Trong cay xay trong nha
3.7 Tdi ffu hoa so lUdng bdng den
3.8 Dung bdng den tiet kiem nang lUdng
3.9 Bit kin cac Id"hdng va dudng nfft, dac biet d cila so va cda ra vao 3.10 Bao dffdng cac thiet bi dien to
3.11 Thue hoac mUdn dd dung
3.12 Mua cac thi^t bi da qua SL( dung
3.13 Mua thiet bi dUdc chUng nhan "tidt kiem nang lupng" 3.14 Uu tien cac thiet bi sCt dyng nang lffdng mat trdi
Trang 8IV Nha v$ sinh
4.1 Tiet ki§m nudc
4.2 Sii dyng cac chat tay rda co nguon goc tu nhien
V Giao thdng thong minh
5.1 Tat ddng cd khi dffng xe
5.2 Thudng xuyen bao dudng xe
5.3 Mua mij bao hiem tdt
5.4 GiO tdc dd on dmh/vCia phai
5.5 Tranh gid cao diem
5.6 Dung ehung xe may
5.7 Mua loai xe may tdt
5.8 Sd dyng phffdng tien giao thdng cdng cdng
5.9 Oi xe dap
5.10.01 d-to/taxi neu di theo nhdm
5.11 Banxecu/hdng
Chffdng III: C 6 N G CU, KY NANG VA P H U O N G PHAP CO BAN DE TUYEN TRUYEN
V E B A O V e
Mdl TRUdNG
I M^tsocongcu
1.1 Mdt sd cdng cy giup ban cd the hieu ban dau ve ddi tffpng dffdc tuyen tnjyen
1.2 Mpt sd cdng cy giup ban co the hieu sau hdn ve thuc trang bao ve mdi tnJdng cua doi tUdng dUdc tuyen truyen
II M^tsdl^nang
2.1 Ky nang giao tidp
2.2 Ky nang thuye't trinh
2.3 Ky nang lang nghe va ghi chep
III MOt 50 phUdng phap
3.1 PhUdng phap thuyet giang
3 2 PhUdng phap nghe nhin
3.3 PhUdng phap thuyet trinh
3.4 PhUdng phap thao luan nhdm
3.5 Phffdng phap thuc hanh
3.6 PhUdng phap nghidn ciiu tinh hudng
3.7 PhUdng phap ddng vai
IV Thai dd ciia ngudi tuyen truyen
4.1 Vda tuyen truyen vffa thuc hien
4.2 Hanh vi, thai dd cua ban
So 1 7 - T h a n g 7 / 2 0 2 0 2 2 7
Trang 9De trie'n khai dp dung So tay bdo ve mdi
trffdng trong thffc tidn, cde ed quan nha nffdc cd
tham quyen cd t b i nghien cffu dp dung thi diem
tren quy md mdt qudn, huyen trong mgt thdi gian
nha't dinh, sau dd cd the ap dung rdng rai tai
nhieu dia phffdng
Ben canh cdng tdc tuydn truyen nhff trdn, tai
cde dia phffdng thi diem can ke't hdp mgt so' giai
phdp khae eu the nhff:
- Phat midn phi ttii ni long cae mau de khuye'n
khich ngffdi dan phan loai chd't thai, kem theodd
la dp dung che tai nghiem khac dd'i vdi nhffng
ngffdi khdng thffc hidn diing quy dinh phan loai
rdc va thai bd rac,
- Lap ke' hoach thu gom rdc trong ca mpt nam
theo dd phan chia cu the tffng ngay thu gom tffng loai rdc ridng bidt, neu gia dinh nao khdng thffc hien dung kd hoach phai cd chd tdi phat tiln nghidm khac
- D l cd quan ehffe ndng cd the kip thdi xii: phat cde hanh vi vi pham, can tang cffdng dpi ngu kiem tra, gidm sat qua trinh phan loai thu gom rdc Tai eae dia phffdng diu ed cac td chffc chinh tri - xa hdi, day la mdt Iffc Iffdng ndng cdt ma cbung ta cd the tan dung d l tdng cffdng cdng tdc kiem tra, gidm sat Ddng thdi, nhan vien vd sinh mdi trffdng eiing chinh la mdt ddi ngu hung hau
cd thd thffc hien edng tac nay, bdi le hp la nhffng ngffdi trffe tidp thu gom chd't thai ran sinh hoat lai
cde hp gia dinh •
TAI U E U TRICH DAN:
'Khoan 1 Dieu 3 Nghi dinh sd38/20]5/ND-CP ngay 24/4/2015 cua Chinh phu ve quan ly chat thdi vd phdli?u
^Khoan 3 Dilu 3 Nghi dinh sd 38/2015/ND-CP ngay 24/4/2015 ciia Chinh phii vl qudn ly chat Ihdi vd phe lieu
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1 Bg Tdi nguy6n va Moi trufdng VietNam (2017), fido cde/»'e« trang moi trUdng quoc gia 2016, cdng bd ngdy
20/7/2017,
2 Le Thac Can (2012), Bao cao tai Hpi thao gdp y ve sffa doi Luat BVMT ngay 26/11/2012, dSng tdi tren
hltp://www.vacne.org.vn/quy'dinh-ve-tham-van-cong-dong-lrong-danh-gia-tac-dong-moi-lruong-cac-du-an-phat-trien -can-duoc-liep-tuc-cai-tien/21002 7 html
3 Chinh phu Nffdc CHXHCN Viet Nam (2015) Nghi dinh so 18/2015/ND-CP ngdy 14/2/2015 quy djnh vi quy hoach bao ve mdi trUdng ddnh gid moi iruifng chiin luac ddnh gid tdc dong moi trUdng vd kihogch bdo vp moi trudng
4 Chinh phu Nirdc CHXHCN Viet Nam (2015), Nghi dmh sd 38/2015/ND-CP ngdy 24/4/2015 vi qudn ly chdt ihdi vd phi lieu
5 Le Van An va Ngo Tiing Dffc {2016), So tay hudng ddn phdt tnen cgng dong, Nxb Thanh nien
6 Phi Minh Hong (2005), Bdi gidng phdt tnen cgng dong, Tru'dng Dai hoc Nong Lam Thdi Nguyen
7 Hoang Difdng Tiing va Nguyin Van Thiiy (2012), Quan ly cha't thai rdn; Hien uang ihach thffc vd dinh
hffdng, Tgp chi Moi trudng thang8/20l2
8 Qudc hgi nffdc CHXHCN Viel Nam (2014), Luat Bdo ve mdi trUdng ndm 2014
9 Ban Tit dien (1995) TC( dien mdi trudng Anh - Viel \ d Viet Anh Nxb Khoa hpc - Ky thuai Hd Npi, Tr.260
Trang 1010 van ph6ng Quo'c hgi (2012), Hiting ddn Iham vin cdng chiing cua Hoi ding nhan dan DK an tang cKflng
nang toe cua cac C3 quan dSn cij 4 ViSt Nam, Chirong trinh phat trien Lien hap quoc
11 Vi§n Ngon ngS (2004), Tii dien tii'ng Viet, Nxb Da Nang, tr 70, 144, 818
Ngay nhin bai: 13/6/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va s i a chiJa: 23/6/2020
Ngay cha'p nh$n dang bai: 3/7/2020
Thong lin tdc gid:
1 TS LE IVI4NH TUYEN
2, ThS MAI THJ CHUC HANH
KIloa Lu§t - Trifdng Dai h9C Ngo^i thi/tftig
PROMOTING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY
IN THE MUNICIPAL SOLffi WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Ph.D LE MANH TUYEN
• Master MAI THI CHUC HANH
Faculty of Law, Foreign Trade University
T 6 M T A T :
Municipal solid waste management is the process of preventing, minimizing, monitoring, sorting, collecting, transporting, reusing, recycling and treating municipal solid waste In order
to effectively implement the contents of municipal solid waste management, it is necessary to have the active participation of different subjects including: domestic organizations, households and individuals, foreign organizations and individuals which have activities related
to the municipal solid waste management in the territory of Vietnam, including the mainland, islands, waters and airspace In addition, the community also plays a key role in the municipal solid waste management This article presents and analyzes the concept and the role of the community in the municipal solid waste management, thereby proposing measures to enhance the role of the community in municipal solid waste management
Keywords: Community, municipal solid waste management, environmental protection
So 17-Thang 7/2020 2 2 9