NHAN THU''''C CUA SINH VIEN VE VAN OE BAN QUYEN TIEP CAN TU" GOC DO T A I NGUYEN GIAO DUC MO ThS Nguyen Chi Trang Tn/cfiig Dgi hpc KHXH&NV, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ngi Tdm tat Hiin nay, van de ban quyin dang[.]
Trang 1NHAN THU'C CUA SINH VIEN VE VAN OE BAN QUYEN
TIEP CAN TU" GOC DO T A I NGUYEN GIAO DUC MO
ThS Nguyen Chi Trang
Tn/cfiig Dgi hpc KHXH&NV, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ngi
Tdm tat:
Hiin nay, van de ban quyin dang nhan dudc sif quan tam cua nhieu ngu&i trong cic Hnh vu'c, trong
do cd tiiu' vien Bii wet phin tich viec tuan thu bin quy&i cua sinh viin tif goc do tii nguyen giio due md Trin ai sd khao sat thut bang, tim ra nguyin nhan dan den viic vi pham ban quyin trong sinh viin, tie gia de xuat mot so giai phap nham ning cao nhin thu'c eua smh viin vdi van de bin quyen
TUflthoa: Ban quyen, sinh vidn, nh$n thyc, tdi nguydn giao dye md
Abstract:
At present, copyright issues are receiving attention of many different fields, induding the library sedor The artide analyzes students' compliance with copyright regulations from the perspective of open educa-tional resources Based on a survey of the real situation and findings about causes of copyright InMnge-ments among students, the author proposes some solutions to raise awareness of students about copyright
Key words: Copyright, students, awareness, open educational resources
Md dau
Mgt trong nhiing rao can Idn nhat eiia vide chia
sd, phd bidn tri thyc frong thd gidi sd hien nay
ehinh la van de bdn quyen Trong the gidi sd, mdi
trudng todn cdu hoa, nhu c3u chia se fri tiiiit va
viee xoa bd bat binh dang thdng tin id didu hdt
sye can thidt Vi the, viee truy cap md ddi vdi eae
ngudn tai nguyen thdng tin trd thanh xu hudng
phat trien khdng t h i thieu nham muc dich tao ra
mdi frydng t y do va binh dang trong tiep can gido
due, dde biet la giao due dai hpe
Xu hudng "fruy cap md" ddi vdi eae ngudn hpc
lieu thdi gian gan day dUde nhic den thudng xuyen
va frd thanh mdt "eudc cdch mang" ve tinh md
ddi vdi tai nguyen gido due Da eo nghidn ciiU chi
ra tam quan frpng, ldi ich ciia tdi nguyen giao dye
md (open edurational resources - OER) d ^ vdi qua
trinh dao tao va nghien CCAJ trong trUdng dai hpc
Tuy nhien, viee phdt tiien OER ciing dang duhg tn/dc
nhffng Idid khdn, nhat la van de ban quyen
a Wet Nam, mac dii Nha nude da ban hanh nhieu
van ban quy djnh vd bdn quyen, tuy nhien vige tuan thii ban quyen trong cac tinh vUe, nhat la frong giao dye vd dao tao van edn bat cap Tinh trang vi pham ban quyen van dien ra, ddc bidt trong sinh vien Cau hdi ddt ra la \iee tuan thu ban quyen ciia sinh vien dang dien ra nhy thd ndo? Cd nhuhg nguyen nhdn ndo din ddn viec vi pham ban quyen trong sinh vien? Can ed bidn phdp gi gdp phan nang rao nhgn thffc ciia sinh vien ve van de bdn quydn? Nhuhg cau hoi nay se dUdc giai quydt tren ed sd nghien effu khdi quat ve OER va vigc khao sat 100 sinh vien tn/dng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Ha Npi
1 Tdi nguyen giao due md va van de ban quyen
Trong linh vyt xa hdi, tinh md dUdc cho la "sU
t y do sff dung, t y do ddng gdp vd t y do chia se" [8] Tac gia Walker cho rdng "md" la tien idi, hffu feh, cd the chi fra dUdc, cd the duy tri va san cd
Trang 2tae gid Daniel lai cho rdng md bao gdm bdn yeu
td, do la: cd tiie truy egp, tudng tiiieh, dUdc eong
nhdn vd eo thd chi fra dudc; tae gid Fotte eho rang
md la sU b/ do vdi viec: tu do sao ehep, ty do ehinh
suci, t y do ddng gdp lai, t y do ddng gdp lai phien
bdn chinh su^ [1] Thugt ngff "md" dudc hilu mdt
each c3iung nhat ia nguon tai nguydn dUdc truy cap,
sy dung mdt each khdng phdn biet bdi tat ca moi
ngudl vd eo the dyde su^ ddi, chia se Dde truhg
ciia b'nh md la giai quyet cae rao can ve mat ky tiiugt,
kmh te vd phap ly trong vide sy dung OER [9]
Trong hoat ddng giao dye, tinh md cdn Id "sU
loai bd cae rdo cdn cd till loai tirr cdc cd hdi va
sU edng nhan de tham gia vdo vide hpc tdp trong
edc ed sd giao dye, hay do Id sy phdt frien va ap
dung cdc OER" [8] Hay noi gpn hdn, tridt 1'^ ciia
gido due md id eho - nhgn sy cho - nhan nay dya
tren nguydn tac Id "hdp tac, se ehia mang h'nh edng
ddng" [5] Tridt 1^ md d day Id sy ty do, mien phi
nhuhg khdng cd nghTa td l^dng ed dieu kien di
kem, dieu kien ay chfnh Id "giay phep md" va sU
ghi cdng ciia tae gia khi sii dung
Tff gdc dp eiia friet 1^ md, cd the hieu truy cap
md la vigc lam eho tai lidu dUdc fruy cap t y do,
phd bidn rdng rai Truy cap md lam gia tang hieu
qua sy dyng tdi lieu trong cdng ddng
Ty gdc do truy cap md, khai niem OBI cung
dudc xuat hign OER la khdi nidm dydC du^ ra vao
nam 2002 tiidng qua sang kien OER dau tidn trdn
the gidi ciia Vien Cdng nghe Massachusetts MIT
vdi mong mudn ngUdi sy dyng fren todn the gidi
ed the truy cap mien phi vdo toan bp ndi dung giang
day ciia 50 mdn hpe Idn web thdng qua Internet
Tff khi xuat hien den nay, fren thd gidi xuat hign
nhidu quan diem khde nhau vd hinh tiianh hai xu
hudng tiep can Xu hudng thy nhat tidp can OER
mdt each tdng the t y ndi dung, cdng eu thidt lap,
phan mem den nen tdng edng nghe va xu hudng
thy hai tiep can OER chii yeu thdng qua hoat
dpng phat friln ndi dung [3,5]
Neu can cH vdo fridt ly md da dUdc de cap d
frdn, OER dudc djnh nghia d myc dp rao hdn Do
Id tap hdp CO to chyc cac bai giang, ljch hpc, danh
myc tai lieu tiiam khao, bai tap ve nha, bai thi, bai
va siia ddi ehiing mdt each t y do eho myc dich gidng day, hpe tgp vd nghidn cffu thdng qua Internet [2], Khi van dgng chidn djch "Di vdi Md" (#goOpen) bdng tai nguydn gido due, Bp Giao dye Hoa K^ eho rdng "Tdi nguyen giao dye dUde cap phep mcf
Id cae t y lieu hgc tgp, co t h i dUde sy dung cho vide dgy, hgc vd ddnh gia ma klimg cd chi phi Chung
CO t h i dudc siia ddi va dUdc phan phoi lai ma khdng
vi pham eae luat ban quyen" [8]
Theo UNESCO, OER Id "bdt cy tai lieu giao due nao nam trong pham vi/ mien rang edng hogc dutfc
phat hanh theo mdt giay phep md, bat cii ai cung
CO thd sao chdp, sy dung, sira ddi vd chia se mgt each hdp phap eae tai lieu nay" [10] Tac gia se
sy dung quan dilm vd OER md UNESCO dUa ra, bdi xet etio eiing thi OER la dang tai lieu md ca nhan diing de tiep cgn phyc vy cho qua frinh ty hpc, ti/ nghien euU, dude kilm soat, sff dung mien phi tren
cd sd giay phep md, dong thdi the hien dung y nghe
quan frgng cita OER chinh id pha bd rao can v&
mat phdp ly thdng qua viee xay dUng cdc giay ph^
md (Creative Commons - CC)
Cdc giay phep CC ddi vdi tU lieu lan iSu tdn dutfc xuat ban vao nam 2002, phat tileri nhanh va dubt
sy dyng phd bien Co 6 giay phep tidu chuan bao gom: CC BY (Ghi cdng), CC BY-SA (Ghi edng - Chia
se tydng h/), CC BY-ND (Ghi cdng - Khdng eo phai sinh), CC NC (Ghi cdng - Phi ttiutflig mat), GC BY-NC-SA (Ghi odng - Phi tiiudng mat - Oiia se tutSig bj), CC BY-NC-ND (Ghi cong - Phi tiiudng mai - Khdng
eo phai sinh) Giay phep khac nhau nghTa la miitdo ti/do eua tiing giay phep la khae nhau [8] Giay phep CC tuan thu cdc khung phdp ly ve sd hijU tri tue va ed gid tri phap ly ti^n todn eau, giiip tac gta t y quydt djnh viec edng bd tac phdm aia minh theo pham vi ma minh cho phep va ngUcii
sy dung biet dUdc minh tiep can/ ehia se tae pham nay d mdt do nao [5] Vi vay, viec tao ra cac loai giay phep md da giiip ngut^ sff dung frdnh dudc nhijhg vi pham ve van dd ban quyen, tao ndn sy ttf
do trong viee hep can, khai thac vd chia se tri thiit
Ty nhuhg phdn tich neu trdn, c6 t h i khdi quat
ba ddc diem quan trpng vd OER: (1) OER phye vu
Trang 3hpc tap cua ngUcfi dgy va ngudi hpc; (2) OER la buy
cdp md vd hoan toan mien phi trdn cd sd tuydn bd
bSng hd thong giay phep md; (3) OER tao ra mdi
trudng sydyng minh bach, tiidng suot, ddm bdo\re
m ^ lugt phap Chinh dieu nay giup OER tranh dyde
vide vi pham ban quyen hien nay
2 Thu'c trang viec tuan thu ban quyidn ciia
sinh vidn
6 Vidt Nam, bdn quyen/ quyen tac gia dude
quy djnh ehi tiet bung Bp Luat Dan sy 2005, Lugt
Sd huy tri tue va Nghj dinh ciia Chinh phii quy
djnh ehi tiet va hUdng din thi hdnh mdt sd dieu
ciia B$ ludt Ddn sii, Luat Sd hijU fri tue ve quyen
tac gia va quyen lien quan Theo do, quyen tac gid
la quyen ciia to chut, cd nhan dS vdi tac pham do
minh sang tgo hoac sd hull, bao gdm eae quyen:
quydn nhdn thdn, quyen tai san Nhuhg nam qua,
tinh frang vi phgm ban quydn diln ra d hau het cae
Finh vyc vdi nhieu hinh thiit va mye do khac nhau,
trong do cd ITnh viic giao due va dao tgo Hdnh vi
xdm pham quyen tae gid dUdc hilu la viee sao
chep lai eae tac pham ciia ngudi khae ma khdng
xin phep, thgm ehi trich dan/ trich ngudn cdc cdng
trinh khoa hgc cua ngydi khac md khdng ghi edng
tac gid tao ra [7],
Ty each hiai tren, eo t h i nhdn dien cac hanh vi
vi pham quyen tac gia trong sinh vien nhu": nhan
bdn, sy dung va phdn phdi eae bdn sao ehep idu
t y tai lieu goc md khdng xin phep, trich dan ngudn
trong nghien ciili khoa hpc, ghi am/ chyp hinh bai
giang eua gidng vien frdn ldp De cd cd sd danh
gia thyc trang viec tudn thii ban quyen frong sinh
vidn hidn nay, tac gid da tien hanh khao sat 100
sinh vien trydng Dai hpc Khoa hpe Xa hdi vd Nhan
vdn, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi
Vd vide nhan ban va sit dung cac ban sao
chdp iau tee thi lieu gdc ma khdng xin phep
tie gia
Vigc vi phgm ban quyen dien ra cdng khai bang
vide sao ehep, nhdn lian vdi sd luUng Idn tff tai
lieu gdc Chiing ta khdng phu nhan nhffng thdnh
tuy ma cdng nghd in an dem lai Djeh vy in an ra
ddi vd phdt friln keo theo nhu rau ve sao chep tdng
trong nhffng quyen tdi sdn cd ban va quan trpng eiia moi tac gia, ehii sd huU tdc phim va quyen nay dffdc bdo hd theo quy dinh ciia phdp ludt" [7]
Biiu dS I C^di thiit ma sinh vien thUSng s&dung deed
dutfc tai lieu
Khi dUdc hdi vd cdc cdeh thdc de ed dyde tdi lieu, 58% sinh vien ly^ chgn sydyng cae ban sao chip Idu tff tdi lidu gdc, 25% sinh vien t y di mua tai lieu tai eae nha sach, 15% sinh vien den thU vidn d l ddng k? mUdn tai lieu vd chi cd 2% sinh vien con Igi sff dyng cac hinh thye khac
Ve trich din ngudn trong nghidn c&u ithoa hgc cua sinh vien
Trong nghidn ciiu khoa hge, viet nidn ludn hoac
khoa luan tot nghigp ciia sinh vien, vide thu^ nhdn ket qud nghidn cirtj t y eae tdc gia di trude de lam edn cy ehi^g minh dio luan di&n cua minh id dieu het syc can thiet Vi vgy, frich din theo each tryt tiep hoac gidn tidp Id yeu cau khdng till thieu khi
sii dung ^ tyi&ng, quan diem, tii tiiiit eiia nguffi khde
trong nghien ciili ciia minh iCiao sdt cho thay sinh vidn thudng sao ehep bai vidt ciia tae gia md khdng
cd trieh dan ngudn, hoac trich din cac bai viet tii* ngudn khdng xac djnh ti^n Intemet (46%), ddc biet cdn mdt bd phgn sinh vien khdng bao gid trieh dan tai lieu khi Idm eae nghidn ciiU (10%)
Bieu do 2 W#c ttkh dan ngudn trong nghiin cuii khoa hoc
cua x'nh viSn
Trang 4giang vidn
Chung ta Widng phii nhdn nhuhg tien bd ma khoa
hpe cdng nghe dem lai cho cudc song con ngudi
Vide ap dung cdc phudng tidn giang day cua giang
vien da dude trien khai hieu qud, lam cho bai gidng
ciia giang vidn tiiem sinh ddng, gid hpe eiia sinh
vien cung trd ndn hdp dan Bdi giang ciia gidng
vien id mdt phan ngi dung trong chUdng trinh ciia
mdt mdn hpc dudc trinh bay frUdc sinh vidn, dUdc
coi Id sdn pham tri bid vd edng siit lao ddng ciia
giang vien._Tuy nhien, vdi sy phat triln eiia edng
nghe thi viec vi pham t>an quydn dot vdi bai gidng
ciia giang vien thUdng xuydn xay ra, 65% sinh vidn
dUdc hdi tiiich chup anh, ghi dm tiiam dii quay dip
bdi giang eiia gidng vien hdn la cam cui ghi chdp
ty dau ddn cuoi
Nhy vgy, van dd tuan thu ban quydn eiia sinh
vidn vin edn bat cap Thdng qua khao sdt vd t y
gdc dp oia cd nhan, tac gia cho rang cd hai nguyen
nhan ehii yeu dan den wee vi phgm bdn quydn trong
sinh vidn:
- Thu' nhat, nhdn thyc ciia sinh vien vd van dd
vi pham ban quyen chUa thUc sy ro rang Ddi khi
hg vi pham bdn quyen ma khdng bidt minh vi pham
d dau trong khi hp sy dung tdi lieu do
- Thu"hai, vide tudn Oiii ban quyen d Viet Nam
chua chat ehe DUdng nhu" ciing khd d l xdc djnh
ioi hoan todn chii ydu tiiupe ve sinh vien Sinh
vien c6 the eoi la ddi tUdng gian tidp tidp tay cho
hanh vl vi pham bdn quydn Sinh vien can sach gia
re hode diing sadi photo eho nhffng mdn hge ed
thdi lUdng ngan hogc cd ndi dung khdng qua quan
trpng vdi nganh hpc ciia minh [6], ndn hp tim ddn
cae dia hang photocopy de mua ban, sy dung Ban
than cae dia hang photocopy md ra d l dap ffng
nhu cau ay lai Ididng bj qudn 1^ bdi Nhd nude ndn
sdch photo dUde bay ban t y do va edng khai
- Thiy ba, si dap ffng ciia cdc cd quan thU vien
- thdng tin frong frydng dai hpe chua Idm thoa man
nhu diu ciia sinh vien ICiao sat y Iden cua sinh vidn,
ehiing ta thay dUdc nguon hge lieu phuc vu cho
hgc tap va nghien cuU danh eho nhu cau cua ho
dudc cac thy vien phuc vu chu^ day dii (55%) vd
chua kip tiidi (52%) Tgi Khodn 2, Dieu 25, Nghj ^nti 100/2006/ND-CP ngay 21/9/2005 eiia Chinh phii, thy vien chi dyde quyen sao chep khdng qua mpt ban nham muc iWdi nghidn o/U va thy wen khdng dudc sao ehdp, phan phdi ban sao tae pham tdi cdng chung Vdi quy djnh nay, viee dap ffng ve tai lieu eho sinh vidn oia thy vien gap khd khdn Chinh vide sinh vien thieu ngudn tai lieu gdc va ehua dUdc cgp nhat thudng xuyen t y tiiU vidn nen phan Idn sinh vidn phai di tim tai lidu d ngoai bang each sao chep hogc t y tim fren mang va tai xudng mgt phan hay toan bd tdi lidu khi chua dffdc phep eiia tae gia
3 De xudit giai phap nhSm ndng cao nhgn thyc cua sinh vidn vdi van de ban quyen
De gdp phan va nang cao nhan thut ciia sinh
vien ddi vdi van de bdn quyen nham mye dich thyt hidn thanh cdng vide tgo lap, quan ly, truyen ba, phd bidn va chia se OER trong eae trydng dgi hpe, ehiing ta can cd de xuat "md" tff nhdn thOt den hdnh ddng ciia eae cap lanh dao, quan ly den can
bp, giang vien va ngudi hpe
Ddi vdi sinh vidn, hp can dffdc ddo tao de hieu
vd tnet ly md, phan mem, dudc hudng din khai thdc OER trong tn/dng dgi hpe Ban than sinh vien nen dudc khuyen khieh va chii ddng chia se ngudn tai lieu eiia ban thdn vd cd y thyc trong vigc ty tao OER phue vy hpe tap va nghien cuU Ddi vdi cac cap lanh dao va quan ly, can co nhan thye mdi ve phat trien OER, tff dd xay dung OER mdt cdc^ phong phii, chat lUdng, tdng kha nang ket
ndi, chia se, sii dung/ tdi sff dung Ben cgnh do,
dau t u cd sd vat chat, ha tang cdng nghd, phan mem, nguon kinh phi thieh dang d l sd hoa tai lidu, tgo truy cap md, thUe hign cdc chinh sach ddi vdi OER, t y do tuydn truyen den cae giang wdn, can
bg giup hp eo hilu biet diing ddn ve OER va dp dgng vao thye tien ciia qua trinh giang dgy, nghien cuU Ddi vdi ngUcfi Idm thy vidn, can thudng xuydn frau ddi kidn thffc, hilu bidt vd Luat Bdn quydn, Luat Sd hCiU fri bjg, cdc loai giay phep truy cap
md d l kjp thdi dd xudt hudng xii ly tru'dc eae hien
tydng vi phgm/ an cap bdn quyen ddi vdi nguon thdng tin sd noi ehung, OER ndi ridng
Trang 5do ehia se frong mdi tn/dng hpc thudt Nhu" vgy,
cd thd hinh dung md hinh tnen khai OER frong
thyc t d nhu sau: OERdUdc tao ra blng each giang
vidn hay ngUdi idm thU vidn gan cae giay phep CC
Idn tai lieu ngi sinh, bai giang ciia minh va chia se
Idn "kho tai nguyen OER" de ngUdi hpc hoac giang
vien khde b'm kiem, tiep tue chia se Nhu vdy, md
hinh nay cd ldi idi thidt tiiye khdng ehi vdi giang
vien/ ngu'di lam thU vien ma cdn cd sinh vien Theo
do, vai tro ciia gidng vien hay ngudi idm thU vien
la rat quan frgng vi ho dam bao OER dypc phat
trien manh me va hidu qua [4] Ddi vdi sinh vien,
bdng vide gan giay phep CC, hp eung ed thd chia
se cac tilu lugn, khod ludn tdt nghiep ciia minh
len kho tai nguyen nay d§ sinh vien khac sy dyng
lam tai lieu tham khao cho bdn than frong hpc tdp,
nghidn effu Cang nhidu ngUdi tao lap, chia se,
OER se thffc sy phat huy hidu qua, giam thieu ti'nh
ti^ng vi phgm ban quy&i hidn nay Md hinh nay thod
man day dii eae gidi phap ma tae gia de xuat d
phia fren
Ket ludn
OER dem Igi nhieu ed hdi cho gido dye dgi hpc
Viet Nam, nhuhg eung dffng tn/dc khdng it thach
thffc de phat tnen, trong do co van ^ bdn quydn
Viee thUe thi, tuan thii ban quyen frong iinh vyt
giao dye va dao tao vin cdn bat cap Tlnh frang vi
phgm ban quyen eiia sinh vidn van diln ra va can
khac phyc bang cac giai phap "md" tff nhan thffc
den hanh ddng t y edc lanh dao, quan I'/' ddn can
bp, gidng vidn va sinh vidn nham tao ra mdi trydng
binh ddng, t y do frong tao lap, chia se
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Nguyen Huy Chu'dng Cac mo hinh ben
vSrig cua tii nguyen giao due mdi/ Ky yeu Hdi thdo
"Xay dung nen tang hoc lieu md cho giao due dai
hoc Viet Nam: De xuat chinh sach, tao lap cdng
dong va phat trien giai phap cdng nghd" 2015
-Tr 34-45
2 Nguyen Thj Odng Hgc liiu md trong bin
trinh hiin thi/c hoa xa hdi bi tiiu'c II Ky yeu Hdi thao
"Xay dyng nen tang hpc lidu md dio giao due dai
hpe Viet Nam: De xudt chinh sach, tgo lap cdng
Tr 210-220
3 TruVng Minh Hoa Hgc liiu md va vai tro cua
hgc liiu md trong dao tao nganh hgc Thdng tin -ThU viin tai cie bv&ng dai hgc d Wet Nam II Thdng
tin va TU lieu - 2016 - Tr 20-32
4 Ddu Mgnh Hoan Vai tro eua giio vien trong
su" dung va san xuat Hi nguyen giao due md II Ky
yeu Hdi thao "Trien khai tdi nguyen giao dye md: Ban quyen va Giay phep md" - 2017 - Tr 37-46
5 D S Vdn Hiing Tong quan ve hoc lieu md va
nhan dang eic y&i to tac ddng den viec xay durig va chia se hgc lieu md trong de tnfdng d^i hgc Viet Nam II Ky yeu Hgi thao "Xay dyng nen tang hpc lieu
md cho giao dye dai hpc Viet Nam: Dd xuat chinh sach, tao lap cdng dong va phat biln giai phap cdng nghe", - 2015 - Tr 80-106
6 Khanh Linh Van de vi binh luan: Bin quyin
vi tui ben sinh viin http://www.hcmulaw.edu.vn/
hcmulaw/index.php?option=eom_content&view=art icle8iid=13924&catid=762&Itemid=203
7 Tran Viet Long Vi pham quyen tic gia trong
dc tnfdng Dai hoc d Viet Nam
http://www.hcmu- iaw.edu.vn/hcmuiaw/index.php?option=com_con-tent&view=artide&id=13920&catid=761
8 Le Trung NghTa Tong quan vi tai nguyin
giao due md vi dUdoin mot kich ban tudng iai cua giio due Viet Nam II Ky yeu Hpi thdo "Xdy dUng nen
tang hgc lieu md cho giao dye dgi hoc Viet Nam: De xuat chinh sach, tao lap cdng ddng va phat frien gidi phap cdng nghe" - 2015 - Tr 107-144
9 Bueno-de-la-fuente, 6., Rotiertson, R J.,
Boon, S., Jisc, C, and August, C The n^/es ofiibranes and information professionals in Open Educational Resources (OER) initiatives Survey Report - England:
Centre for educational technology and interoperabil-ity standards, 2012
10 UNESCO What are Open Educational Resource (OERs)?
http://wvifw.unesco.org/new/en/communi-cation-and-inf
(Ngay toi soan nhan bii: 15/01/2018; Ngiy phin biin danh gia: 19/3/2018; Ngay chap nhan dSng: 26/3/2018)