PHAT TRIEN TlT DUY KHAI QUAT CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC VAT LY THONG QUA VIEC VAN DUNG SO DO TU^ DUY LE DUY NHAT Truang THPT chuyen Bin Tre THAN VAN THANH Trudng Dgi hoc An Giang Tom tat So do tu duy[.]
Trang 1DAY HOC VAT LY THONG QUA VIEC VAN DUNG SO DO TU^ DUY
LE DUY NHAT Truang THPT chuyen Bin Tre THAN VAN THANH Trudng Dgi hoc An Giang
Tom tat: So do tu duy la mdt hinh thiic ghi chep su dung mau sac va hinh anh de ma rpng va dao sau cac y tuong Trong day hpc Vat ly, so do Ui duy gilip cho hpc sinh tir viec khai quat hoa bai hpc, he thdng hoa kien thiic, den vipc van dung kien thiic Bai bao de cap den viec van dung sa do tu duy nhim phat triln tu duy khai quat cho hpc sinh trong day hpc Vat ly lop 10 THPT
I VAI TRO SO DO TU DUY TRONG DAY HOC VAT LY
L l So* do t u duy
So dd tu duy (cdn ggi la ban dd tu duy, Mind Map, vilt tdt la SDTD) la mdt edng cu td ehiic ttr duy Ky thudt tao ra loai ban dd nay dugc ggi la Mmd Mappmg va dugc phat triln bdi Tony Buzan vao nhflng ndm 1960 Nd la mdt phuong tien gM chep day sang tgo va rit Meu qua theo dung nghia cua nd SDTD la mdt ttong eac each phan anh hmh thiic hoat ddng cua nao bd thdng qua cac lien kit Lien kit d SDTD ed vai ttd nhu cae hen kit cua cac naron thin kinh [4]
Hinh 1 Su luang tu vi cdu tnic cdc naron thdn kinh vd SDTD
Trong day hgc, SDTD giup ngudi hgc h? tiidng kiln tiidc mdt each de dang, phat ttien dugc ky ndng khai quat hoa va phat huy tinh sang tao frong hoc tap Nhftng uu diem eiia SDTD tieu bilu nhu: dl ndm dugc frgng tam bai bgc, dd tdn tiidi gian ghi chep han so vdi kilu ghi chep tmyin tiiong, tilp tiiu kiln tiiirc mdi linh hogt va hieu qua, giiip ngudi
Tap chi Khoa hpc va Giio due, Tnrong E)ai hpc Su pham Hue
Trang 2hge ty tin ban vao kha nang cua minh, tgo hung thii cho hgc sinh; hge smh hieu va nhd kiln tiiiie lau hon Do dde dilm cua SDTD la tinh he tiidng nen nd giiip phat ttiln tu duy cho ngudi hge nhu M duy he thdng, tu duy khai quat, tu duy logic, tu duy tdng hgp , ragt each Meu qua
1.2 Vai trd cua su dd tu duy trong day hgc vSt Iy
Thuc tl yeu ciu ngudi hge khdng ehi ed kien thirc ma cdn phai cd tdc do tu duy cao, kha ndng tgo ra su gia tang kien thiic mdi tir nhung kiln thiie dd cd Dieu dd ddi hdi qua trinh tu duy sang tgo, khai quat cao, cd tinh Iinh hoat va cd he thdng SDTD la cdng cu dap ling dugc nhung ddi hdi dd
De nhgn thiic dugc eae sy vdt, hien tugng mdt each chinh xac, sau sac va dg nhd lau ben, ttong dgy hgc vgt Iy can huy dgng cang nMeu ca quan cam giae cua hgc sinh (HS) vao qua trinh nhdn thiic cang tdt Vat Iy la mdt bd mdn ddc thii bdi nd gdn liln vol thuc tien ddi sdng hang ngay KM HS phai vdn dung nhflng kidn thiie (dinh Mat, khai niera, thuyet ) da hge de giai thich cae su vat Men tugng thi ddi hdi HS phai cung cd dugc eac kien thiie va tim duge mdi lien he giua cac kien thuc da hgc Igi vdi nhau Chinh vi khdng Iam dugc dieu nay, nen HS gdp nhieu khd khdn ttong hgc mdn Vat Iy Theo ket qua khdo sdt, mdt ti Ie khdng nhd HS cbo rang radn vdt ly cd qua nhieu kien thiic, lam
hg rdi rdm kM phai tilp nhan va tai hien Tinh hinh dd keo dai Iam eho HS trd nen thu dgng, hgc tgp ddi phd de tM cir Sa dd tu duy se la cdng cu giiip HS cung cd, dn tap va
he thdng hda kien thiic mdt each mgch lac, dl nhd nhat so vdi eae phuang tien khac Nhu vay, su dung SDTD ttong tiln ttinh dgy hge Vgt ly khdng ehi giiip HS ndng cao hieu sudt, hieu qua hgc tap ma cdn hudng vao viee hinh thanh cho HS nang lyc tu duy, nhit la tu duy khai quat de hgc tap sudt ddi [3], [5]
2 s t r DUNG SO D 6 T U DUY DE PHAT TRIEN TU DUY KHAI QUAT CHO HOC SINH
2.1 Dinh hirong chung
Thue te dgy hgc hien nay eho thiy, hgc sinh hgc tap cdn thu ddng, ghi nhd kiln thiie mdt each mdy mdc ma chua chti y ren luyen ky nang tu duy Hge sinh hge kiln tiuic nao thi cd gdng thudc long kien thiic dd, hge bai nao thi biet bai dd, cd lap cdc phin ndi dung ciia mdn hge ma ehua cd sy lien kit kien thuc vdi nhau, do kha ndng tu duy logic,
tu duy he thdng va tu duy khai quat cdn ban che Su dung SDTD se giiip HS khic phyc nhung vin dl tten, phat ttien dugc ndng lyc tu duy, nhdt la tu duy tdng hop, tu duy khdi quat, gdp phan nang cao hieu qua hgc tap
Cd thi ap dyng SDTD dl phat ttiln tu duy khai qudt cho hgc sinh frong tit ca budc cua tiln frinh dgy hgc, tu khdu dat vdn de vao bai din cung ed, kilm tta kiln thuc Trong qud trinh tim kiera kien thue, HS phai xir h tai lieu, tim kilra fri thiie, eg xat vdi thye te budc HS phai dgng nao, M duy, van dung ngdn ngfl, thgm cM ea xiic cam, tirtii cam
de cMem ITnh Vi vdy, khi sii dung SDTD ngudi hgc cd khd ndng phan tieh, tdng hgp,
so sanh de giai quylt vdn de dat ra dl dang han va kM dd lam eho nang lue tu duy dugc
Trang 3dao sau kiln tiiuc, tu duy sang tao, tu duy khai quat dugc phat triln, ndng lyc lam viec ddc Igp eiia HS dugc nang cao Day chinh la mue tieu ddi mdi phucmg p h ^ day hgc Mdn nay
2.2 Quy trinh cu thg
Theo Trin Huy Hoang, thiel kd mdt bai dgy hge gdm cae budc: [I]
1 Xae dinh mye tieu bai hge
2 Xac dinh kiln thiie ca ban va logic Mnh thanh kien thuc
3 Tao nhu cdu hung thii nhdn thiic
4 Td chuc cac hoat ddng dgy hgc, xac dinh cde Mnh thuc td chiic day hge
5 Xac dinh cac phucmg phap dgy hge
6 Lya chgn phucmg tien dgy hge phu hgp vdi ndi dung bai hgc
7 Xac dinh hinh thiic cung cd, danh gid, va bai tap van dung
Nhu vay, xay dyng mgt tien frinh dgy hgc ro rang, cM tiet, phii hgp vdi kha nang \a
dieu kien day hgc, phu hgp vdi trinh do hge sinh se giup dgt dugc muc dieh dgy hgc
Nen chu frgng phdt ttiln tu duy khai quat dl HS cd thi he thdng, khai quat hod kien
thiic nhdm ITnh hdi kiln thire tdt hon
Chung tdi dl xuit tiln ttinh van dyng SDTD 3B ren luyen tu duy khai quat eho HS nhu
sau:
1 Xac dinh muc tidu bai hgc: Xae dinh mye tieu cua bai hgc nhdra xac dinh phuang hudng, tieu chi dl quylt dinh vl ndi dung, phuang phap, phuong tien day hgc, cung nhu
hinh thiic kiera tta, danh gia Meu qua sau bai day
2 Xac dinh kiln tinic ea ban va logic hmh tiianh kiln tiiuc: Khdi lugng fri tiiuc vat ly
rat phong phii, edn phai lya ehgn eac kiln thuc eo ban sao cho dam bdo hai hod giua yeu
can ve tmh khoa hgc, muc tieu bai hgc, nang luc tilp nhgn ciia HS va quj thdi gian Cdn
chii ttgng tim cac radi lien quan, sy lien he giua cdc kien thire vdi nhau Xac lap mdi
quan he gifla cac ndi dimg thdng tin theo yen ciu he thdng khai quat boa Xem xet cac
kien thiie rdi rgc ttong mdt tdng thi chung dl lam ca sd van dung edc phucmg p h ^ rem luyen tu duy cho HS
Trang 4J:!X^^„ - > » ? ^ r c ° t n - j T a n ^ ' n t l ^ ' ^ ^ ^ - ^ ' - T ^ ' ^ - ^ " " ^ ' ' ' " ^ ^
Xac dinh v4n de chung
cua cac thdng tin
Xac lap m6i quan h#
c:ija cdc thong tin
Hinh 2 Quy trinh xdc Igp sir lien he kien ihuc
3 Tgo nhu can hung thu nhdn thiic: Tao nhu eiu hirng thu nhdn thiie khdng ehi d phin
md diu ma phai tiln hanh ttong sudt ea tilt hgc Cin lua chgn Mnh thirc phu hgp de tgo hiing thu hge tap ttong moi kiln thuc, mdi mye
4 Td chiic cdc hogt dgng dgy hgc, xac dinh cac hinh thiie td chirc dgy hgc: Xac dinh cac hogt ddng cua HS, tu cac hogt ddng cua HS ma xac djnh cac hogt ddng dgy ciia GV Viec lya chgn cac hogt ddng day hgc phai dara bao cae yeu eau: td ehiic dugc cac hoat ddng nhdn thuc eho HS, dap ung dugc muc tieu, ren luyen ky nang tu duy cho HS Trong do, cdn van dyng SDTD vao eae vi tri tMch hgp cua bai hgc de ren luyen tu duy cho HS
Diem qaan ttgng nhdt cua budc nay la cdn pbai Iam cho HS cM ra dugc mdi lien hd giiia
kien thiic dang tiep nhdn vdi cac kien thiic khac, tfl do cd cai nMn toan didn, khdi cjuat
Do dd, ddi hdi ky nang xae lap quan be thdng tin de tir dd cd mdt gia tri nhan thiic nhdt dinh Day chinh la budc ca ban cua 1^ ndng tu duy khai quat Cdc kiln thiic phin ca hgc deu Ken cjuan vdi nhau theo mg trat tu logic cd the chip nhan dugc Do dd, cd the chi ra mdi quan he chung - rieng, toan the - chi tiet va the Men bdng SDTD GV cdn chudn bi mgt sd cau hdi mang tinh khdi quat cac kien thiie theo dinh hudng y dd xdy dyng tien ttinh giang day
5 Xac dinh cac phucmg phdp dgy hge: Cd nMeu phuong phap day hgc ddc thii cua vdt
ly nhu phuang phap thyc ngMem, phucmg phap md hinh, phucmg phap tuong tu va mdi phucmg phdp ed mdt kha ndng rieng Vi vdy trong thuc tiln dgy hgc, GV sir dung phdi hgp nhieu phuong phap day hge vdi nhau
6 Lya chgn phucmg tien dgy hge phu hgp vdi ngi dung bai hgc: Phuong tien day hgc bao gdm phuang tien tinh thdn nhu cac khai Mem, dinh luat, dinh ly ma HS da dugc hgc va phucmg tien vat chdt nhu dung ey tryc quan, dung cu flu ngMem, eac tu li?u
Trang 5Viet va van di^ngdui?c cac cong ihirc van i6c
ac ihm gia i6c, quSng duong, toa do
Chi ra dir^c thi niio li chuyen dpng thang deu H TRONG DAY HOC VAT LY
Cac kiin thirc tiSn
quan, kiSn thirc dS hpc kg
- He quy chieu
- Phuong tinh chuydn dong
thang deu
-Toe dp
- Quang duong
Cac kj4n thi>c c v ban
Van tfic tuc then
Toe dp trung binh
Quang duong
Chuyen dpng nhanh din if
deu, c h ^ dan deu {
Tai lieu, thong tin thu thgp, cac vi dij thipc t l
- O 16 bat dau chuyen dong
- Xe d ap dang chay ngung
id HS Iam bai, hgc bai, igi hieu qua mong mudn
n nhieu ki6n thuc ttong 'hua ke eac tiidng lin da
sdu, chi ed tM hgc vet
Viec cung ed phai giup h^c sinn suy nghi cac kien thuc da ti^p nhan vd cd su lien he
vdi cac bai ni chuy^n dong ihang bien d6i f= ^^^ ^'f^ vao mdt tinh hudng quen tiiudc hodc
mdt tinh hufi ihi dai lucmg nao la fliay d6i? 1 qud nhit de cung ed la su dung SDTD de h6 thdng cac kic
khai quat thd
kien thuc trong oat
Nhu vgy, tuy
• Van tPC tbay ddi se din d€n
nhQng dieu gi? cac kien thuc vira hgc, HS vira ren luydn tu duy
tim ra duge tinh chat ehung nhit lien he eua cac
Vecto gia toe the chgn vi tri, thdi diera de sir dung SDTD phu hgp Xac dinh su dyng SDTD vao vi tri nao, thai diem nao cua tidn trinh day hgc la do
yeu eiu[||H}i^dj^ y^M^ ttS^Mft M^ va phuang phap eiia GV Cd tiid dim^
SDTD de rad bai, day mdt dan vi kien thiie rihu khai mem, dinh ludt, hoae la de cung cd mdt rauc, ciing ed toan bai de cd the phat trien tu duy khai quat eho HS mdt each hieu qua
23 Van dung sa dh tvt duy vao timg bai hgc
Trong tiing bai hgc, ren luydn TDKQ cho HS dugc tiiyc Men Iiic md bai, timg doan hay cudi bai Tuy thudc vao muc tieu, phucmg phdp, ndi dimg kidn thiic, GV sir dyng SDTD
de kich tinch tu duy ddc lap, sang tao, khai quat cua HS
Chiing tdi liy bai "Chuyin dgng thdng biin ddi deu" de minh hog
Trang 6lUong
ng cd va ren Iuy?n TDKQ cho HS Meu
lg khdng phan phdi tiet dn tgp, nen GV
a qua trinh dn tap HS cd the sii dung ndi phin dd dugc hgc
p HS khai quat hoa kidn tiuic bdng cac
6i deu khdc van tdc ttong ehuyen dgng
Cd chuyen dgng deu nao ma lai cd gia tdc khdng?
Khi van tdc chi thay ddi do Idn mdt each ddu dan theo thdi gian nhung hudng khdng thay ddi thi tich chat ehuyen ddng eua vdt nhu the ndo?
Khi van tde chi thay ddi hudng theo thdi gian (do Idn khdng ddi ) thi tich chdt chuyen ddng cua vat nhu thd nao?
Tir dd, HS ren Myen tu duy va phat tridn dugc tu duy khai quat Mdt sa dd thd hien hd thdng kidn thirc Ididi quat nhu sau:
Trang 73.K£TLUAN
HS su dung dugc edng eu SDTD de tdng hgp nhirng kien tinic mdi radt each khoa hgc
se phat huy het kha ndng lam viec ddc Igp ciing nhu boat ddng nhdm de ty tim kidm
kidn thiic cho ban than KM hgc sinh ty tira kiera duac kien thirc eho rieng minh tM cam
thiy phin chin han, kha nang tiep thu bai nhanh hon, tii dd tu duy khai quat cua HS duge ren luyen va phat trien
GV cd thd ap dung duge SDTD trong tit ea cae budc eua qud trinh dgy hge nhdm phat huy dugc tinh tieh cyc, chu ddng, sang tao, giup HS phat trien nang Iyc, tiem ndng Budc dau hinh thanh cho HS kha ndng khai quat hoa ttong viec tiep nhdn thdng tin lam
CO sd cho viec ty hge va Iam viec sau nay Chiing tdi tin tudng rang kdt qua day hgc thuc ngMem theo tien trinh ttong bai bao nay se cd kdt qua kha quan gdp phan nang cao chit lugng day hgc d trudng phd thdng
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Trin Huy Hoang (2010) Thiit ki bdi dgy hgc vdt ly Bai giang hgc vien cao hpc,
DHSP Hu^
[2] Ngo Van Hung (2009) Quy trinh he tiiong hod noi dung kiin thiic ttong day hpc smh
hpc a ph6 thong Tap chi Khoa hoc Gido due, S6 47 (8/2009)
[3] Pham Cdng Thdm (2009) Td chirc hogt dgng dgy hgc vai su ho trg cua Mind Map ehucmg dong dien trong cdc moi trudng vdt ly 11 ndng cao Luan van Thgc si Giao
due hpc, DHSP - Dai hpc Hui
[4] Tony Buzan (2008) Sa dd tu duy, NXB T6ng hgp TP Hd Chi Mmh
[5] Thai Duy Tuyen (2008) Phucmg phdp dgy hoc truyin thdng vd doi m&i NXB Giao
due Ha Npi
Title: DEVELOPING STUDENTS' GENERAL THINKING IN TEACHING PHYSICS BY APPLYING MIND MAP
Abstract: Mind map is a type of note taking using colours and pictures to broaden and deepen one's ideas In teaching physics, mind map will help students to generalize the lesson, systematize the knowledge, and apply knowledge The article discusses the applying of Mmd Map to develop students' general thinking in teaching grade 10 physics
TS TRAN VAN THANH
Tmcmg Dai hpc An Giang
ThS LEDUYNHAT