Tai lieu tham khao 1 Nick Dowling (2013) Review of Literature and Data Collection Relavant to APEC Skills Mapping Project 2 Robyn Iredale Phillip Toner, Tim Turpin and Manuel Femandez Esquinas (2014),[.]
Trang 11 Nick Dowling (2013) Review of Literature and Data Collection Relavant to APEC Skills Mapping Project
2 Robyn Iredale Phillip Toner, Tim Turpin and Manuel Femandez-Esquinas (2014), Skill Mapping Region Report
3 APEC Skills Mapping Project http://hrd.apec.orgrtndex.php/APEC_Skills_Mapping_Project)
4 improving Connectivity in Asia Pacific Region - Perspectives of the APEC Policy Support Unit, September
2013 - Advancing free Trade for Asia- Pacific Prosperity
PHAT TRIEN KY N A N G NGHE CHO NGl/Ol LAO DONG GIAI PHAP QUAN TRONG OE NANG CAO NANG LUC CANH TRANH QUOC GIA
TS Vu Xuan Hiing
Pho Vu trudng Vu Phdp che thanh tra - TCDN
Trong nhOng nSm gan dSy, xu the hgi nhap, qua trinh quoc ti hoi san xuit va phan cong lao dgng diSn ra ngiy cing sau rong Kinh ti tri thirc phit triSn manh, do do nhin lyc noi chung, lao ddng ky thuat not rieng cing trd thinh nhan td quyit dinh sy phit triSn cung nhw nang lyc canh
tranh cua moi qudc gia
Xac dinh vai trd quan trgng eua nhan l y c lao rieng dang cdn la "diem nghen" can t r d s y phat dfing ky thugt ddi v d i s y phat trien va nang lye trien, giam sut nang l y c cgnh canh cua qudc cgnh tranh qudc gia, trong Chidn luae phat trien gia V i n dd nay dang t r d thanh thach thuc Idn, kmh td xa hgi 2011 - 2020, Dang la da xac djnh ddi hdi c i n phai lap trung giai quydl trong thdi
"Phat trien va nang cao c h i t lugng ngudn nhan gian tdi
luc, nhat la ngudn nhan luc chat luang cao la _ i , _ „ , , „ *
mot dot pha chi^n \^oc Ai Igi thi canh tranh ^- ° " = " " ' ? • " "^ ''^ " = " 8 "' " ^ " = " S " S h e
quan trpng n h i t , bao dam cho phat trien nhanh, Nang l y c cua ca nhan d u g c danh gia t u hlpu qua va ben vung 'V) Trong Bao cao phat nhidu khfa canh khac nhau, trong dd hai ydu td (Worl Bank) da nhgn djnh: "Mgt l y e lugng lao Ky nang cija n g u d i lao ddng la s y thanh thgo, dfing cd ky nang la chia khda eho thanh cfing tinh thong vd eae thao tae, dgng tac, nghiep vu trong chuydn ddi kinh td va xa hgi d Viet Nam", trong qua trinh hoan thanh mpt cdng viec cu _ / , , , , thd nao do Ky nang giup n q u d l lao dfinq hoan
Tuy nhien hien nay, chat luang n h i n luc noi , , 1 ' „ ^ ^ i , , ° : , ^ r V
, - ' ul- • • • 1 a - ' •• thanh tot cong viec, quyet dmh tmh hieu qua
Chung, ky nang nghe cua nguai lao dong noi , ^ • ^ ' • ^
^' ' " " M • » cua cong viec
< V9n kl$n D91 hOi dgi bi^u todn qudc \hn thLr XI, NXB Chfnh tn quoc gia, 2011
Trang 2nang cung va ky nang mdm Ky nang cdng la
ky nang nghd nghiep - ky nang ky thugl cy the
nhu kha nang hgc v i n trinh do chuyen mfin cho
mdi cdng viec, nganh nghd n h i t dinh va kinh
nghifim Ky nang mdm thudng hieu la cae ky
nang khfing mang tfnh ky thuat, la kha nang va
cung c i p thfing tin hoac dich vu tdi khach hang
va ddng nghiep, lam viec hieu qua vdi l u each
la thanh vien cua nhom, hpc hoac dat di^gc
ky nang ky thuat can Ihldl dd thyc hien nhiem
vy tao mdm tin ddi vdi ngudi quan ly va ngudi
hudng d i n , hidu va thfch nghi vdi nhung quy
t i c van hoa tal doanh nghiep Ky nang mdm la
thudc do hieu qua cao trong cfing viec
Bao eao phat trien Viet Nam nam 2014'^',
Worl Bank da chf ra bp 3 ky nang cua ngudi lao
dgng bao gdm: Ky nang nhgn thuc, ky nang xa
hgi va hanh vl va ky nang ky Ihual Nhdng ITnh
v y c nay bao gdm cae ky nang cong viec eu the,
phu hgp eho eae nganh nghd cy the, cung nhu
nhau eo y nghTa quydt dinh den thanh e6ng tren thi trudng lao dgng, cy thd:
- Cac ky nang nhgn thdc bao gdm Ky nang sij eung nhu t u duy giai quydt v i n dd thfing qua eac kidn thuc da co Cac ky nang nay bao gdm kha nang dpc, vidt va tfnh loan, va m d rong den
ea nang lye hidu d u g c cac y l u d n g phdc tap, hgc hdi t u kinh nghiem, va phan tfch v i n dd si> dung cac quy trinh l u duy Ifi-gfc
- Cae ky nang xa hgi va hanh vl bao gdm cac
td e h i i ca nhan co t u a n g quan ddn Ihanh cong tren thj trudng lao dfing nhu cdi m d de trai nghiem, tan tam, h u d n g ngoai, bidl each tan dfing va s y dn djnh vd cam xuc
- Cac ky nang ky thuat bao gdm s y kheo leo dh
s u dung cae e6ng cy, thidt bi phuc tap cho den cac kidn Ihuc cu the llfin quan ddn cfing vlecv^ eac ky nang trong cac ITnh vuc chuyen ng&nh, nghd cu the (Hinh 1)
Hinh 1 M6 hinh qua trinh hinh thanh ky nang
T d nhung quan nifim neu tren vd ky nang, co
thd hieu ky nang nghd la td hgp cua cac ky nang
ky thuat Do vgy, viec phat tridn ky nang nghe
eua ngudi lao ddng khong ehi quan tam Idl ky
nang ky thuat ma cdn phai tidp tuc hoan Ihlpn, phat tridn cae ky nang nhdn thuc, ky nang hanh thai dfi trong sudt hogt ddng nghd nghiep
' Ngan h^ng Th4 giai (2014) B^o cao phat tri^n Viet Nam 2014 - BSo cSo tSng quan, http //www.worldbank.o,
^'A 22 1 S6 dac biet thing 10/2014
Trang 3lyc canh tranh qudc gia
Theo "Bao cao nang lyc canh tranh loan c i u
2013 - 2014" (GCI) do D l l n dan Kinh td Thd gidi
(WEF) cfing bd dau nam 2014, nang lyc canh
tranh cua Viet Nam dung t h d 70/148 qudc gia
xdp hgng, ndu so vdi nam 2013 thi da lang 5
bac, song van d mat b i n g t h i p , chgm cai thien
va t h i p han nhieu qudc gia Irong khu v y c d u g c
xdp hgng (Vf dy: Singapore (thu 2), Malaysia
(24), Brunei (26), Thai Lan (37), Indonesia (38)
va Philippines (59) Cac qudc gia trong khu v y c
Dfing Nam A ed xep hang sau Vidt Nam la L i o
(81), Campuchia (88) va Myanmar (139) {^)
Bao cao Nang lye eanh tranh loan c i u 2013
- 2014 la kdt qua khao sat nang lyc canh tranh
eua cac nen kinh td loan cau, duge WEF tidn
hanh khao sat vdi 148 ndn kinh td d y a tren bg
12 tieu chi la: (1) The ehe; (2) C a s d ha t i n g ;
(3) Mfii trudng vT mfi; (4) He thdng y td va giao
dye phd thdng; (5) Dao tgo va gl^o due dai hgc;
(6) Hipu qua cua thj trudng hang hda; (7) Hlpu
q u i cCia thj trudng lao dgng; (8) S y phal trien
cua thi trudng tai ehinh; (9) Tidp lhu cdng nghg;
(10) Quy mo thj t r u d n g ; (11) Mdc do phat tridn
kinh doanh; (12) S y ddi mdi (Hinh 2),
Mi>c d$ phat tnen / /
kmh doanh j / /
Quy mo / / (c^(
lh| tnfd'ng \ \ \ ^ K
Ti^pthu \^ \
cflng ngh# ^v \ ,
Phdt tnln
th| tnrong tdi chinh
- 0 - V i $ l N a m
^ ^
Hi$u q u i cua
th| tru'&ng lao dpng
^v Mfll tru'ong
^ \ \ h$ thong y te ) ^ p ) vd gido due
r / / ph3 thong
/ / eao tgo va
/ gido dye dai hgc
Hieu qua cua th| In/ong hang hda
- O - C^c nuii'c cung trinh dfl
d u g c xdp vao nhdm nude dang phat tridn d glai
doan d i u (factor dnven economy) (3 glai doan
nay, 60.% nang lyc canh tranh d u g c quydt djnh bdi 4 trong sd 12 nhdm chi tieu neu tren la: The chd, C a s d ha tang, Kinh id vT mfi, Y id, Dao tao coi la ydu kem nhdt eua Viet Nam lai n i m trong
4 ydu td n6u tren la: C a s d ha t i n g (thu 82 vdi 3,7 didm), Dao tgo va giao due dgi hgc (thu 95 vdi 3,7 didm) va Tidp thu cfing nghe (thu 102 vdi 3,1 diem) Ba ehf llgu ydu kem nay ed quan
he mat thidt, hdu c a vdi nhau va ngudn gdc sau
n h u vay, se that la d§ hieu khi giao due, dao lao ydu kem khdng chi l^m cho 2 chi lieu khac ydu kem, ma cd the lam eho nhidu ydu td khac nda cGng CO the ydu kem
Phan tich vd nang lye eanh tranh cac chuyen gia deu cho r i n g , nang suat lao dgng la ydu td trung tam cdt Idl eua nang lyc cgnh tranh Nang
s u i t lao dfing la kha nang tgo ra cac hang hoa
va dich vy eo gia trj thdng qua vipc s u dyng cac ngudn luc con ngudi, vdn va ngudn lyc t y nhien cua mgt qudc gia va la dgng lyc d i n d i t
s y thinh v u g n g ben vung
Td chuc Nang s u i t Chau A - APO vua mdi cdng bd ban Bao cao Nang
s u i t nam 2012('') vd tinh hinh nang
s u i t cua cac qudc gia chau A Theo sd ligu cdng bd trong Bao eao, nam 2010, Singapore la qudc gia co nang s u i t lao ddng cao n h i t , dgt 89,9 nghin USD/ ngudi lao dgng, Nhgt Ban dat 63,9 nghin USD, Han Qudc dat 57,7 nghin USD, Malaysia dgt 35 nghin USD, Thai Lan dgt 15,3 nghin USD, Philippines dai 9,4 nghin USD, Indonesia dat 9 nghin USD, Lao dat 4,8 nghin USD Nang
s u i t lao dpng cua Viet Nam dat 5,3 nghin USD, ehi bang 5,9% nang s u i t lao ddng cua Singapore
Nang s u i t lao dfing t h i p , d i n den thu nhap cua ngudi lao dgng t h i p g i n nhu
la mgt he qua t i t ydu cua chudi phat trien
Hinh 2 Bleu do nang lyc c^nh tranh cua W^t Nam
Nguon: WEF-2014
' WEF, The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - 2014 - http //www wefomm org/reports/global-compelitiveness-report-2013-2014
' APO Productivity Databook 2012
^'4
Trang 4nam 2014, d^n sd Vlel Nam tfnh den cudi nam
2012 dat 87,8 tri^u ngudi va co tdng thu nhgp
0,38% GDP loan cau, tfnh tmng binh thu nhgp
binh quan d i u ngudi dat 1.381 USD mfit nam
Con sd nay duge xem la mpt budc tien Idn
b u d c vao ngudng thu nhap Irung binh Tuy
nhien, thdng ke eua WEF trong vong han 20
dang phat tridn Igi chau A ngay mdt xa V^o thgp men 90, thd ky 20, thu nhgp cua ngudi lao dgng Viet Nam gdn nhu t u a n g duang vdi cac
A (khoang 700 - 800 USD theo ty gia v^o thoi didm dd), nhung ddn thdi diem cua nam 2011, thu nhgp cua Viet Nam dang t h i p han trung binh cua cac ndn kinh td dang phal tndn khdc tal eh§u A khoang 2.000 USD (Hinh 3)
GDP (PPP) per capita (inl'l $), 1990-2012
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Hinh 3: GDP (PPP) per capita, 1990-2012
CQng lien quan ddn nang lyc canh tranh cua
Viet Nam, trong Bao cao phat then con ngudi
2013 do Chuang trinh Phat tridn Lien hiep qudc
(UNDP) cdng bd(5), Vipt Nam xdp thu 127 tren
186 n u d c d u g c khao sal, dung trong nhdm
cac nude ed muc phat trien eon ngudi (HDI)
trung binh HDI d u a c tfnh loan d y a tren 3 chf
sd thanh phan la thu nhap (GDP binh qu§n d i u
ngudi linh theo ngang gia sue mua), tudi thg
Irung binh va giao dye Theo xdp hgng, HDI cua
Viet Nam t h i p han cua cac nude trong khu v y e
nhu Singapor (thu 18), Malaysia (64), Trung
Qude (101), Thai Lan (103), Philippines (114),
Indonesia (121) va cao han Campuchia (137),
Lao (138)
Ve c h i t lugng lao dong, Iheo bao eao khao sat cua C h u a n g trinh Phat trien Lien Hgp Quoc (UNDP) nam 2007(^), cac ehu doanh nghl?p Viet Nam cho r i n g khi tuydn dyng lao dong, doanh nghiep phai dao tao lai hau hdt lao dOng
d cac c i p bgc khac nhau n h u hgc nghd, dgi hgc, sau dai hgc; lao dgng r i t han chd vd ngogl ngu, nang luc td chuc va quan 1^ Ket qua khao sat vd "Thidu hyt lao dfing ky nang d Viet Nam" do Vlpn Khoa hgc Lao dgng
va Xa hdi va Tdp doan Manpower thyc hi?n nam 2011 cho thay lyc lup-ng lao dgng trong dO tudi cua Viet Nam Idn, nhung khong dap dng
d u g c yeu c i u cua hg; 1/4 doanh nghiep cho
I MMno Ifrlyl " r ^ T T ^^''^'^P'"^^' ^^^P"^ ^013 by the United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
UNDP (2007)- ChtSn lifij-c cong nghiep cua cdc doanh nghf$p Ifrn nh^t Viet Nam, NXB Hbng DOc
Trang 5quan tam tdi c h i t lug-ng cfing viec va thidu ky
nang giao tidp; mfit ty le nho han thi cho r i n g
lao ddng khdng biet duy tri mdi trudng lam viec
an toan, sach se, kem thfch nghi vdi s y thay
dol, ydu vd quan ly va hoan thanh nhiem vy
eung nhu tidp thu, dng dyng cac thdng tin mdi;
nhdm ky nang bj bd qua gdm ngogl n g u , vi tinh,
hidu bidt vd tal chfnh, kha nang sang tao va tgo
dpng lyc cho n g u d i khac
Nhung hgn chd vd c h i t lugng dao tao nghd da
lam eho nang s u i t lao ddng, lhu nhgp eua ngudi
lao ddng Viet Nam v.v t h i p han so vdi mgt
sd nudc trong khu v y c va chinh didu dd da gdp
p h i n lam giam nang lye cgnh tranh qudc gia
Nhu vgy, trong nhidu ydu td, giao dye dao tgo
ndi Chung, dao tgo nghd noi rieng co anh hudng
Idn ddn nang lyc cgnh qudc gia D d nang cao
nang lyc eanh tranh, ngudi lao ddng phal co ky
nang nghd gldl, didu dd se giup hg tang nang
s u i t lao dgng, t u do lang lhu nhgp Nhung de
CO ky nang nghd gldl ngudi lao dfing khfing chf
qua dao tao theo nghTa thdng t h u d n g ma phal
dao tgo cb c h i t l u p n g , dap dng yeu c i u cua thi
trudng lao dgng, n h i t la nhung ddi hdi cua s y
ph^t tridn khoa hgc cfing nghe Nang lyc cgnh
Iranh quoc gia t h y c s y trd thanh thach thue
khfing chi d l i m vT mfi ma con la thach thuc
tryc tidp ddi vdi dao lao nghd Do vgy, quan lam
phal tridn dao tao nghd, nang cao c h i t lugng
dao tao se la dot pha quan trong de nang cao
nang lyc canh tranh qudc gia
3 Giai phap phat t r i e n ky nang nghd, nang
cao nang l y c canh tranh
Ky nang nghd eua ngudi lao dgng ed y nghTa
quan trgng ddi vdi viec x^y d y n g mot ndn kinh
te gia tri gia tang cao, sde eanh tranh cao Mac
du dao tao nghd la chua du, nhung se khdng
cd each nao dd lidn len ndu thidu mdt lyc lugng
lao dgng ky thuat tryc tidp d u g c dao tgo idt, dap
dng d u p e nhung doi hoi cua mot ndn kinh te
hign dai, phuc tgp, nhung v i n dd dat ra la lam
thd nSo dd xay d y n g dup'c mdt lyc lugng lao
dong n h u vay De glal quydt van de neu tren,
t h y c hien chu truang ddi mdi can ban toan dien
bleu toan qudc l i n thu XI eua Dang, Irong thdi gian tdi, dao tgo nghd c i n tgp Irung vao mgt sd glal phap sau:
Thif nhit li doi m&i quan If nha nuvrc vi dao tao nghi Giai phap nay t | p trung vao viec sda
ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu cua Lugt Dgy nghd
g i n vdi viec hoan thien c a che, chinh sach vd dao tgo nghd, hgc nghd, c a c i u Igl he thdng giao dye nghd nghiep Theo do, se didu chmh
ca trung c i p chuyen nghiep va gop trung c i p nghd, trung c i p chuyen nghiep vao mgt trinh dfi Luat Giao dye nghd nghiep se t h y c hien nhung ddi mdi vd myc lieu dao lao nghd (myc tieu dao tao nghd cua l u n g c i p trinh do theo sat yeu cau cua tung bgc trinh do ky nang); td chuc, quan ly dao tao nghd (dao tao nghd Iheo
md dun); dao tao nghd g i n vdi doanh nghiep, xac djnh doanh nghiep la chu the cua hoat dgng dao lao nghe va mfit sd chinh sach khac v v
Thu" hai la xay dwng khung trinh dd nghi quoc gia Xay d y n g khung trinh do nghd qudc gia
t u a n g thieh vdi khung trinh dg giao due qufic gia, hoan thien khung trinh do ky nang nghd qudc gia; ban hanh cac tieu chuan ky nang nghd qude gia cho eac nghe phd bidn
Thir ba li phit triin chwang trinh, giao trinh
Xay dyng va ban hanh chuong Irinh, giao trinh dao tao nghd tren ca s d ll^u chuan nghd qudc gia ddi vdi cac nghd trgng diem qude gia; ddi vdi eac nghd c i p dp khu vuc va qudc id, lidp nhgn va s u dyng chuang trinh, giao trinh dao tao nghd cua cac n u d c tien lidn trong khu v y c ASEAN va qudc id phu hgp vdi thj trudng lao dfing Viet Nam
Thir tw li phit triin dgi ngu giao vidn va cin
bd quan ly dio tao nghi Glal phap nay tap
Irung chfnh vao viec c h u i n hoa dfil ngu giao vien dgy cac nghd trpng didm cap dp qudc gia
vd trinh dp dao tgo, ky nang va s u phgm nghd; giao vien dgy cac nghd trpng diem c i p dd khu
v y c va qudc i d vd ky nang nghe va nang lyc
s u phgm cija cae n u d c lien tidn trong khu v y e ASEAN va cac n u d c phat tridn tren the gidi trong nam 2014
Trang 6bi dio tao nghi Xay dyng va ban hanh tifiu
c h u i n ca s d v§t c h i t , danh muc thidt bl dao
lao nghd ddi vdi cac nghd trgng diem qufic gia;
ddi vdi cac nghd c i p do khu v y c va qudc td,
lidp n h | n v& ap dung tieu chuan ea s d vat c h i t ,
danh muc thidl bj dao tao nghd cua cac n u d c
lien tien trong khu v y c ASEAN va qudctd
Thir sau ia kiim dinh chit lu^ng dao tao nghe
vi danh gia dp chung chi ky nang nghi qudc
gia Thyc hlpn kiem djnh ca s d dao tao nghe
va kidm dinh chuang trinh; phat tridn cac trung
tam danh gia ky nang nghd eho ngudi lao dfing
g i n vdi d i u t u xay dyng cac nghd trgng diem d
eae ca s d dao tgo nghd, d mdt sd doanh nghiep
v^ mgt sd ea s d khac
Thir bay la gin kit giira dao tao nghi vai
thi truung lao ddng vi sy tham gia cua doanh
nghidp Doanh nghiep eo trach nhiem chinh trong
viec dam bao ky nang nghd cua ngudi lao dfing
trong doanh nghiep cua minh; tryc tidp tham gia
vao cac hoat dfing dao tao nghe (xay dyng tl^u
chuin ky nang nghd, xac djnh danh myc nghd,
xay dyng chuang trinh dao tao, danh gia kdt qua
hgc tgp cua hge sinh hgc nghd )
Thu" tim ia day manh hgp tac qudc ti vi
dao tao nghi Hgp tac vdi cac n u d c ASEAN
de tidn tdi cong nhan ky nang nghd giua eae
nudc, hudng tdi Cfing ddng ASEAN vao nam
2015 Khuydn khich cac ea s d dao tao nghd
trong nude m d rong hgp tac, lien kdt dao tgo
vdi cac ca s d dao lao d nude ngoai; lao hanh
lang phap ly thuan Igl dd thu hut eac nha dau t u ,
eac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai phat trien ca s d
dao tgo nghd c h i t lupng cao, hap lac dao tao
nghe tal Viet Nam
Nhu vgy co the thiy, de nang cao nang lye
cgnh tranh qudc gia can phai nang cao nang
s u i t lao ddng, tang thu nhgp cho ngudi lao
ddng IVIudn vgy, Nha nude c i n phal quan tam
han nua den phat tridn, nang cao c h i t lugng
dao tao nghe, nang cao ky nang nghd cho
ngudi lao ddng, thyc s y coi phat tridn dao tgo
nghd \i mot Irong nhung dot pha chidn luge,
gdp phan quan trgng dua nang lyc canh tranh
Viet Nam len muc l u a n g d u a n g vdi cac n u d c
trong khu v y c va the g l d l n
1 VSn ki$n D^i hgi dai bieu toan quoc lan thirXl cua Ding (2011), Nha xuat ban Chinh trj qu6c gia,
Ha Ndi;
2 Quyit djnh so 579/QD-TTg ngay 19/4/2011 ciia ThO tutmg Chinh phu, phe duy$t Chiin lui?c phit triin nhin li/c Viet Nam thoi ky 2011 - 2020;
3 Quyit djnh so 1216/QD-TTg ngay 22/7/2011 cua Thu tuxyng Chinh phu, phe duyet Quy hoach phat Men nhan lire Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020
4 Quyet dinh so 630/QD-TTg ngay 29/5/2012 ctJa Thu tu^ng Chinh phu phe duyet Chien luxjc phit triin day nghi thdi ky 2011 - 2020;
5 Vien Quin ly Kinh ti Trung uxmg (CIEM) (2010), Bao do ning It/c canh tranh Viet Nam nim 2009 • 2010;
6 Asian Productivity Organization (2012), APO Productivity Databook 2012, www.apo-tokyo.org
7 United Nations New York (2008), World Economic Situation and Prospects 2008
8 UNDP (2013), Human Development Report 2013, United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA
9 World Economic Forum (2013) The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - 2014, http://reports weforum.org
26 I So d$c biet thang 10/2014