GIA TR! VA HAN CHE TRONG NQI DUNG VA PHU ONG PHAP GIAO DUC CUA K H 6 N G TCF NGUYEN TH| HOA PHtfONG'''' Tdm tat La nha giao due Idn cua nhan loai, Khdng Tu da dd lai cho mudn ddi sau mdt he thdng quan di[.]
Trang 1GIA TR! VA HAN CHE TRONG NQI DUNG
VA PHU-ONG PHAP GIAO DUC CUA K H 6 N G TCF
NGUYEN TH| HOA PHtfONG'
Tdm tat: La nha giao due Idn cua nhan loai, Khdng Tu da dd lai cho mudn
ddi sau mdt he thdng quan didm giao due kha dac sic, dac bidt la quan didm vd ndi dung va phucmg phap giao due Trai qua hon 2.500 ndm tdn tai, quan diem
dd van cdn dnh hudng ddn su nghiep giao due d nhidu nudc tren thd gidi, trong
dd ed Viet Nam Ngi dung va phuong phap giao due ciia Khdng Tu vira khong tranh khdi nhiing ban ehe nhat dinh can phai khic phuc, vua chua dung nhirng gia trj can tidp tuc phat huy nham gop phdn tich cue vao su nghidp ddi mdi giao due d nude ta hien nay
T^ khda: Gia trj; han che; ngi dung giao due; phuong phap giao due;
Khdng TQ
Khdng Tu (551- 479 TCN) Id ngudi
sdng Ijip ra Nho giao - hge thuydt tridt
hgc chinh trj - xa hdi d Trung Qudc thdi
Xuan Thu, ddng thdi la nhd gido dye Idn
eua nhdn loai Cd thd ndi, trong Ijch su
giao dye phuong Ddng, Khdng Tu Id
ngudi diu tien xay dyng he thdng quan
diem giao due khd ddc sdc md ddn nay
vdn cdn dnh hudng khdng nhd den sy
nghigp ddi mdi gido due d nudc ta
1 Gia trj trong ngi dung va phuong
phap giao due ciia Khdng Tii'
1.1 Gid trj trong npi dung gido due
Mye dich gido due eua Khdng TQ
trudc hdt Id lam cho mgi ngudi thdng rd
djio Iy dd xd hgi trd ndn hQu dao, con
ngudi trd ndn nhdn nghTa, trung ehinh,
bidt irng xu vd thyc hidn nghTa vy eua
minh ddi vdi gia dinh va xd bgi Vdi
myc dich dd, ndi dung gido dye eua
Khdng Tu chu truang day cho con
ngudi rat phong phu, gdm nhOng didm
CO ban sau:
Thu nhdt, gido due dgo dire, nhdn cdch vd dgo ly ldm nguai
Trong eudn Ludn ngir, ed 39 Idn
Khdng Tu ndi tdi due, didu dd cho thdy mdi quan tdm Idn nhdt eua dng ddi vdi vide gido hda dao dQe cho ngudi hge, trong do ngi dung ea bdn duge dng dd cap nhidu nhdt Id nhdn, DQc nhdn la pham tru trung tdm trong ndi dung gido due cua Khdng Tu, bdi dng coi dQe nhan Id bae thang gia trj eao nhdt trong thang bdc dao dQe con ngudi, edn ede pham chat khdc, nhu: tri, dung, trung, hidu,.,, eung dugc Khdng Tu chu y tdi, song, dng quan nidm ehung chi Id nhung
bd phdn cua dQc nhdn
' ' Thac sT, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam
Trang 2Nhan dugc Khdng TQ nhic di nhdc Iai
nhidu Idn ttong Lugn ngir va duge dng
gidng cho dd tQ khdng lue ndo gidng liie
nao, song cdt Idi ciia chfl nhdn la ldng
thuong ngudi Id ydu ngudi vd eoi ngudi
nhu ban than minh Ong vidt: "didu gi
minh khdng mudn thi cting dimg dem dp
dung cho ngucri khdc"; "minh mudn lap
thdn thi ciing giup ngudi khdc lap than,
minh mudn thanh dat thi cung giup ngudi
khac thdnh dat" Khdng Tu chu truong
ydu thuang con ngudi ndi chung, nhung
khdng phai ydu ai cung nhu ai ma cd su
phdn bidt than, so, quy, tidn Quan didm
nay khde vdi chu truong ydu ngudi khdng
phdn bidt cua Mac TQ, eung khde xa tu
tudng tu bi cua Phdt giao chi mudn tim
each giai thodt chung sinh dd dat dugc
hjrah phQc vinh hing d edi Nidt ban
Cd thd ndi, quan nidm vd ndi dung
gido due dQe nhan trong vide gido due
pham chat dao due cua Khdng Tu cho
ddn nay vdn edn nguydn gid tri nhan vdn
cao cd cua nd, Dae bidt trong xd hdi ta
hidn nay, khi su tde ddng manh md cua
kinh ,te thj trudng, vide chay theo Igi
nhuan vd tinh thyc dyng da Idm dnh
hudng khdng nhd ddn dao dQc, loi sdng,
nhdn cdch con ngudi thi vide giao dye
dQc nhdn, gido dye con ngudi bidt ydu
thuang ngudi khdc nhu ehinh bdn than
minh edng ed y nghTa hem bao gid hdt
Ngoai dQc nhan, Khdng TQ edn chu
trgng ddn Id Le theo Khong Tu khdng
phdi Id mdt tieu chuin dao due hodn
toan dgc lap md Iudn gin lidn vdi nhdn,
la hanh vi bidu hien ra ben ngoai cua
con ngudi khi thyc hidn nhan, Theo Khdng Tii, eon ngudi can cd Id dd Idm quy tie, chudn muc, dd tidt chd ldng dye, sua trj ban than,
Muc dich cua vide thyc hdnh theo Id cdn dd gifl diing nhiing tinh cam cho thich hgp vdi dao trang Ld dugc thyc hidn nham nan ducmg, chi Idi cho eon ngudi thyc hidn dao nhdn trong mgt chimg mye nhit djnh, trdnh ty do thai qud Ndu hanh dgng ty do thai qua thi mic phdi sai Idm; qua cung khdng dugc, thieu eung khdng ndn, Khdng TQ noi:
"Cung kinh md khdng bidt Id thi met nhge, can than md khdng bidt Id thi nhiit nhdt, dung cam md khdng bidt Id thi loan, thdng thin md khdng bidt le thi Idm phdt y ngudi khac", Ld ludn dugc BChdng TQ xem nhu Id khudn vang thudc nggc dd didu chinh hanh vi, thai do va cdch cu xu cQa con ngudi trong gia dinh
vd ngoai xd hgi
Trong quan nidm cua Khdng TQ, le khdng chi Id Id gido, nghi thQc ky cuong quy djnh ra cd danh, cd khi dirt khoat
ma quan trgng hem la dQc cua con ngudi sdng dung vdi danh va khi, dung vdi Id gido, nghi thuc ky cuong xd hdi Ndi theo ngdn ngfl ngdy nay, dd Id tinh ddng cap, tinh trat tu, tinh ky ludt rgng khdp, chat chd ddn khdc nghiet Song, vdi tinh hinh xd hgi loan lac duong thdi thi vi?c ddt ra Id vd day cho ngudi hgc tudn theo
Id Id quan didm hdt sQc tidn bd Sau ndy,
d nhflng thdi ky ljch su khac nhau, le dugc khai thae d nhidu khia canh khac nhau ca tich cyc Idn tidu cyc
Trang 3Trong ndi dung gido due dao due cho
hgc trd, ngoai nhdn Id, Khdng TQ cdn
ehu ttgng day nhQng chudn myc dao
dQe, nhu: tri, dung, trang, tin, hidu,
dd,., Theo Kh6ng TQ, nhdn cdch ngudi
qudn tu Id nhdn each Iy tudng, dd Id sy
thdng nhat cua nhan, tri va dung Tri la
bidt ngudi, biet phdn biet dung sai, hay,
dd; dung la khdng sg set, khdng sg
cudng quydn, bao l y c , Theo Khdng
Tu, dat duge ba phdm ehdt nhdn, tri,
diing, ngudi hgc da dat dugc dinh cao
cua viec ren luyen nhdn edeh ngudi
quan tu, Ong ndi: "Dao qudn tQ cd ba
didu: ed nhdn, tQc la chdng Io budn; cd
tri, tQc Id chdng Iam lac; ed dung, tQc la
chdng sg set Trong dd, nhdn cd tinh
ehdt bao ham, bdi theo Khdng TQ thi
"ngudi nhdn dt hdn cd dung, ngudi
dung chua chic dd cd nhdn", Ngoai ra,
Khdng Til cdn day eho ngudi hgc cae
phim chit trung, tin, hidu, dd, Trung la
Iam hdt bdn phan, trung d ddy cdn dugc
hidu Id "trang thQ" tQc Id didu gi minh
khdng mudn thi dung Idm eho ngudi
khdc, didu gi minh mudn thi cung mudn
cho ngudi khde "Trung thQ" la tQ ta
suy ra ngudi Khdng Tu khuyen ngudi
hgc iiy "trang thQ" Idm phQong phap
vd con dudng chu ydu dd dat ddn nhdn
vd khdi phyc le, ddy cung chinh Id ehu
truang tu thdn ma dng quan tam day
cho cde dg tu,
Ben canh due trang, Khdng TQ edn
coi tin Id pham chit ma ngudi quan tQ
cdn cd Theo dng "ngudi qudn tQ Id
ngudi cd dao dQc doan trang, uy
nghidm, nhdt la h^ng vd tin" Tin Id mdt trong bdn vin de co bdn trong ngi dung gido due eua Khong Tu "vdn, hanh, trang, tin", Ong cho ring: "ngucri ma khdng tin that, ta khdng bidt ngudi dy lam vide gi eho nen dugc", Tuy nhidn,
trong Lugn ngir, Khdng Tu it ban vd tin
ma ehu ydu bdn vd nhdn Id, hidu, dd Khdng TQ eoi "hidu dd la gdc eua dao nhan, gay dyng dugc gdc, tQ dd cd dao ly" Chinh vi thd ma didu ddu tidn eac dd
td cua Khdng TQ phdi hgc dd la dao hidu Khi hgc ttd hdi vd hidu, dng day rdng: "dao hidu la kinh cha me"; "Id ed thd nudi cha me, lam vide khd nhge vi cha me nhung phdi vui, sac mat phdi tuoi" Ong day ngudi hgc: "khdng ttai dao hidu, khdng trdi Id phdi nhat la ddj vdi cha me phdi dung Id" Khdng Tu dd chi cho ngudi hge thdy myc dieh cua vide hidu thudn vdi cha me khdng phdi chi d vide nudi duong cha me md chinh
Id d tam ldng thanh kinh vdi cha mg Ong ndi: "Ngdy nay ngudi ta ggi nudi ndng sdn sdc cha me la thd cha me, nhung ddi vdi chd vd ngua ngudi ta eung phdi nudi ndng chdm sdc nd Ndu nhu ddi vdi cha me md khdng kinh thi
su chdm sdc ddi vdi cha me ed khdc gi ddi vdi vide sdn sdc nudi ndng chd ngya?" Cd thd ndi, quan nigm eua Khong TQ vd vide giao due hidu, dd nhdn Id, trang, tin ed y nghia hdt sue sau sic, da gdp phdn xdy dyng nen nhflng dao ly tdt dep trong traydn thdng vdn hda phuang Ddng ma ngdy nay vdn nguydn gid trj
Trang 4Thir hai, dgy van hoa, chinh tri
Vdi muc dich day cho con ngudi ttd
ndn nhdn nghia, trung chinh, hinh thdnh
ndn nhdn cdch todn didn, Khdng Tu chu
traang day thi, thu Id, nhac, djch, xuan
thu: thi dd day vd chi; thu dd day vd
vide; Id dd dgy ve due hanh; nhac dd day
vd hda; djeh dd day ve am duong; Xudn
Thu dd dfiy ve danh phdn Trong dd,
Khdng TQ ehu ydu tap trang day cho
hgc trd thi Id, nhac, bdi theo dng, ddy Id
ba mdn hgc khdng thd thidu dd giup cho
eon ngudi thdu sudt didu nghia, thuin
thyc didu nhdn Ngodi ra, Khdng Tu cdn
chu trgng gido dye kidn thuc "lye nghd"
cho hgc trd Ngoai le, nhac edn cd sa
(tap bdn), ngy (eudi ngya), thu (vidt, ve)
vd sd (tinh todn) Didu nay tuy ed khde
vdi ndi dung gido due eua chQng ta hidn
nay, song, so vdi thdi cd dai each day
hon hai muoi 15m the ky, thi quan nidm
dd vd ndi dung gido dye eua Khdng Tu
Id hdt sQc tidn bd Su tidn bd iy cdn the
hidn d chd, thdng qua ndi dung giao dye
eho ngudi hgc, Khdng Tu muon ddo tao
ndn nhflng eon ngudi cd van, cd chit dd
hdnh dao, dd ra Idm quan, de gdp phin
cdi tao xd hdi, xdy dyng mdt xa hdi cd
tdn ti trat ty Cho ndn, trong ndi dung
giao dye, Khdng Tu hdt sQc chu trgng
day cho ngudi hgc ttach nhidm, nghia
vy cua ed nhdn ddi vdi gia dinh va xa
hdi Con ngudi phai "tu than - td gia - tri
qudc - binh thidn ha" trade hdt phdi tu
than, tuc la phdi ty sua minh, ty hodn
thign bdn than Bdi theo Khdng Tu,
mudn thidn ha thdi binh thi trade hdt
qudc gia phdi thjnh ttj; mudn qudc gia
thjnh tri trudc do nha nhd phai em dm; mudn gia dmh em i m thi trade hdt mgi ngudi phdi biet tu than, Ngi dung ehu ydu dd day ngudi hgc tu than la thi, thu
Id va nhac, "Thi dd Idm hung khdi tdm hdn, Ld dd sira pham cdeh cho diing ddn, Nhac dd thdnh tyu dQe hanh ciia ngudi qudn tu", Theo BChdng TQ, ngudi quan tu phai Id con ngudi todn didn, dat dao, dat due, tinh thdng Id, nhac Dd cung chinh Id mdu ngudi ma Khdng TQ mong mudn hgc ttd dat tdi
Cd thd ndi, so vdi giao dye hidn dai thi ndi dung gido dye cua Khdng Tu cdn nhidu han chd, song so vdi duong thdi thi ngi dung gido due cua Khdng Tu kha todn didn, bao gdm cd ngi dung gido dye dao dQc, vdn hda, chinh tri,,, 6ng la ngudi ddu tidn xay dyng duge ndi dung giao dye cd he thdng, cd mye dich rd rdng, phu hgp vdi thyc tidn xd hdi thdi biy gid,
1.Z Gia trj trongphirrmgphdp giao due
Khdng Tu khdng dung tir "phuong phdp day hge" de chi cdch thuc gido hda cua minh Ong chua thyc su ndu Idn khdi nidm hoac xay dyng thdnh mgt khoa hgc vd "phuang phdp gido dye" nhu ngdy nay, Nhung qua nhQng cdu ghi chep trong cde thu tjeh cd, sdch co vd
dde bigt trong saeh Lugn ngU thi "cdch
hgc" va "each day" ciia dng duge dd cjp khd ro net Tir sy tong hgp va phdn tich cdc tdi lieu, chung ta cd thd khdi qudt mgt sd phuong phdp gido dye ca bdn ma ngdy nay vdn cdn gid trj sau sdc, cd the van dyng dd gdp phin doi mdi phuang phdp d£iy hgc d nudc ta
60
Trang 5Thii nhdt, ve phucmg phdp dgy
Trong qua trinh gido hda hgc trd,
Khdng TQ da su dyng nhidu cdch thQe
d?iy hge khdc nhau, ngdy nay ggi Id
phuang phdp day hgc, Nghidn euu Lugn
ngU, chung ta thdy Khdng TQ dp dyng
cdc phucmg phap day hge cd chu dich,
hgp ly vd khoa hgc,
Tu ehd hidu hgc trd, tuy vao tinh
cdch, dQe hgnh, hodn canh, ttinh do hidu
bidt cua timg hge trd ma Khdng Tu cd
each giao due phu hgp, Cho ndn, Khdng
TQ mdi ndi: "Tu ngudi bye trang trd Idn
mdi day dao ly chd cao Tu bye trung
trd xudng chd ndn gidng day dao ly chd
cao sidu" Va eiing khdng phai ngdu
nhidn md dng traydn thidn dao cho
Trgng Cung, traydn nhan dao cho Nhan
Uydn, Phdn Tri Hgc trd eua dng dugc
chia lam bdn khoa: khoa due hanh phdi
kd den Nhan Uydn, Mdn Tu Khidn,
Trgng Cung; khoa ngdn ngu ed Td Ngd,
Tu Cdng; khoa chinh trj cd Nhidm Huu,
Quy Lg; khoa van hgc cd Tu Du, TQ
Ha.„ NhQ vdy, dd day hgc ed kdt qua,
Khdng Tu dd can cu vdo ddi tugng day
hoc, tuy theo trinh do hgc van, tinh
cdch, to chdt cua ngudi hge de ed ngi
dung va phuang phap day thich hgp
Chinh phuang phap ndy se giiip cho
ngudi hge phdt huy dugc kha ndng cung
nhu sd trudng cua minh, phdt huy dugc
tinh thin hgc tap tich cyc Tuy vdo ddi
tugng ma day hay day hgc phai edn eu
vdo ddi tugng, phai phu hgp vdi ddi
tugng Phuong phdp nay hidn nay vdn
dugc eoi trgng vd ap dyng khd phd bidn,
Trong qua trinh day hge, Khdng Tu
thudng hay su dyng phuang phap ndu gucmg, Ong thudng dua ngudi xua ra Iam guong, lay nhan cdch eua cac bdc thdnh hidn dd tde dgng ddn hgc ttd, lay
md hinh "quan tQ", "tidu nhan" dd ndu guong cho hge trd phdn ddu theo mdu hinh tdt, tranh trd thdnh ke xau, Dong thdi bdn thdn Khdng Tu Id mgt ngudi thdy mdu mye, mdt tim guong vd nhdn each dao dQc cung nhu tinh thdn hgc tap cho ngudi hgc noi theo, Phucmg phap ndy ngdy nay vin cdn gia trj vd mat thyc tidn, vdn dugc dp dung trong day hgc hidn dai Hd Chi Minh timg khang djnh:
"Mdt tdm guong sdng cdn ed gid ttj hon
100 bdi didn vdn tuydn truydn" Cd thd ndi, edeh tdt nhat dd gido due ngudi khac la ty minh trd thanh tam guong sang Dieu nay van dugc van dung trong day hgc ngay nay, NhQng nam gdn ddy, nganh giao dye nude ta da day manh va nang eao hidu qud cudc van dgng "mdi thdy, cd gido Id mdt tam guong dao dQc,
ty hgc vd sang tao", dd la mdt minh chung eua vide van dyng nhung gia trj mang tinh thyc tidn trong phuang phap gido dye cua Khdng TQ ddi vdi giao due
d nudc ta hidn nay
Khdng Tu edn dae bidt eoi trgng phuang phap ggi md tri phan dodn cua hgc trd Day la phuang phap ed the phat huy tdi tm khd nang tu duy, khoi day sy
nd lyc, ty gidc va vai trd chu ddng cua ngudi hgc Trong qua trinh giang day, Khdng TQ thudng ydu cau hgc trd phdi
Id ngudi ddt van dd trade chQ khdng phdi la thdy: "Ndu ngudi ndo khdng hdi phdi Idm gi thi ta khdng bidt phai ldm gi
Trang 6eho hdn" Khi hge trd hdi rdi thi dng
thudng "chi ggi Idn mdt mdi rdi &^ ngudi
ta ty minh phdi suy nghT ra md hidu lay"
Nghia Id thay chi khoi ggi chQ khdng ttd
ldi hdt, cdt dd cho hgc trd ty mmh suy
nghl ma tim ra edu ttd Idi Khdng Tu chi
gidng gidi hoac ggi md tri thuc cho hge
ttd khi nhu edu hgc hdi, nhu edu phat
bidu y kidn hay suy luan phan dodn cua
hge ttd trd ndn bQc xQc Ndu hge trd
chua khao khat mudn bidt, chua hd then
vi khdng bidt thi dng chua day bao Ong
chu traang "ke ndo khdng cd cdng tim
kidm thi ta chdng ehi vd, kd ndo khdng
bde Id dugc hi tudng cua minh ta chdng
khai sdng eho, ke ndo dd bidt rd mdt gde,
nhung chang cdn cQ vao do dd bidt ludn
ba gde kia, thi ta chdng day"
Ngdy nay, trong day hgc ngudi rit
ehu trgng sy tuong tac giQa thiy vd trd
Thay phdi tao ra mdt mdi tradng hgc tap
thdn thidn, cdi md, giup hgc trd chu
dgng kham phd tri thQe Dieu ndy chung
ta thay ro trong each day eiia Khdng Tu
thdng qua phuang phdp hdi - ddp, cdn
ggi la phuang phdp dam thoai Todn bd
sdeh Luan ngir dd ghi Iai su ddi dap giQa
Khdng TQ vd hgc trd, giQa eac hge trd
vdi nhau Khdng Tu Iudn bidt ldng nghe
hgc trd, thdm ehi nhdn ldi khuydn hay
ldi trach cua hgc trd Nguge lai, hgc trd
mac du rit kinh trgng thay nhung khdng
sg set, nhut nhat md thing thin trao doi
vdi thdy nhQng thdc mic mgt cdch ehan
thanh, thdy trao ddi vdi trd mgt each ty
nhidn Thiy vd trd cung ban luan, trao
ddi vdi nhau mdt cdeh binh ddng de
cung tim ra dao ly, chQ khdng phai
thuydt giang mdt chidu, thdy ddng vai trd tnmg tdm nhu thudng gap trong phuang phap thuydt gidng traydn thdng Day la phuang phap day hoc khd hiiu hidu, tao dugc mdi truang hgc tap thdn thien, tao nidm vui ttong hgc tap cho ngudi hgc, giup ngudi hge phat huy vai trd chu ddng, tich eye, Ngdy nay, ttong day hgc hien dai phuang phdp nay rdt duge eoi trgng, Didu nay cho thdy nhimg gid ttj ttong phucmg phdp gido due cua Khdng Tu Id khdng thd phd nhgn,
Thu hai, ve phuang phdp hoc
Khdc vdi ldi ra dudng tim mdn sinh kidu Mac Djeh hay Socrate, Khong Tii mong mudn hgc ttd trade hdt phdi ty tim ddn vdi thay dd thd hien sy ham muon duge hgc, Ty giae tim ddn vdi thiy, ty giac hgc hdi, dd Id ydu cdu trade tien cua Khdng Tu ddi vdi hgc trd, Trong qua ttinh day hgc, Khdng Til khdng chi chu trgng each day md cdn chu y djnh huijng each hge eho hgc trd, Theo dng, vide hgc tap phdi ludn gan lidn vdi suy nghl, dn tap vd thyc hanh, Khdng Tu cho rang: "Hgc md chdng chiu suy nghl thi chdng dugc thong minh, Suy nghl md chdng chju hgc, thi ldng da chang ydn dn", Cho ndn, hgc la phdi tu duy, suy nghl, tu cdi ndy suy ra eai khdc, tu edi bidt rdi suy ra cai cdn phdi hgc, Bdn canh dd, hgc phdi gdn lien vdi dn tap, dn cu dd bidt mdi Theo
Khdng Tu: "Ngudi nao dn \^i nhihig
dieu da hgc, do nai dd ma bidt thdm nhflng didu mdi, ngudi iy cd thd ldm thdy thidn ha", Khdng TQ rat lo ngudi hgc khdng bidt hudng vao qua khQ md
Trang 7"on cd" dd tim lai nhirng dinh cao cdn
dat tdi, Cho ndn, dng mong mudn cde dd
tu ciia minh hgc ddn ddu thi tap ddn ddy
ngay, hgc didu gi thi tap ngay dieu ay,
Cach hgc, theo Khdng TQ Id phdi phdi
hgp gifla ly thuyet vdi thyc hanh "hgc
nhi thdi tap ehi, Hge ma khdng thye hanh
sd khdng ed tdc dyng gi, vi vdy md ngudi
hgc phai bdn ehi tu hge, hge dd Qng
dyng, dd "hdnh dao" giup dcri ciiu ngudi,
Bdi vi, "hgc rdng md khdng Idm duge
vide gi thi hgc rgng ed ieh ehi dau?"
Rd rdng, each hge theo Khdng TQ Id
sy kdt hgp gifla hgc vd tu duy, suy nghl,
dn tap vd thyc hanh kidn thQe da hgc
Cd thd ndi, "hgc" vd "tu", "hge" va
"tdp", "hgc" va "hdnh" ddu thd hien tinh
chu ddng, tich cyc, ty gidc cua ngudi
hgc, Ndu "tu" dem Iai sy hidu bidt sdu
sic ve nhQng didu da hgc, thi "tap" se
hinh thdnh ndn ky ndng, sy van dung
Iinh boat vd nhuin nhuydn nhQng kidn
thue da hgc Trong "hge" bao hdm sy
suy nghl vd thye hanh, luyen tap, nguge
Igi trong thye hdnh, luyen tap eung bao
hdm sy suy nghl, tu duy cua ngudi hge
Nhu vdy, phuang phdp hge ma Khong
TQ djnh hudng cho ngudi hgc da the
hign mdi lidn hg cd tinh thdng nhit gifla
"hge", "tu", "tap" vd "hanh" Cd thd ndi,
eho ddn nay khdng phai nhd gido due
ndo cung nhdn thQe vd thyc hign dugc
didu do Ndi nhu vdy dd thiy duge mat
tich eye trong phuong phdp hgc rnd
Khdng TQ day cho ngudi hgc van cin
dugc vgn dyng trong ddi mdi gido due d
nudc ta, ddc bigt Id ddi mdi phuong
phdp hgc trong giai doan hign nay
2 Han che trong tir tirdng giao due cua Khdng Tir
2.1 Han che trong npi dung gido due
Khdng TQ chu truang dung ducmg Idi
"nhdn trj", "dQe trj" dd thi hanh "dao" cua minh nhdm dn djnh xa hdi, lap Iai trat ty Id phdp, xdy dyng qude gia thdi binh, thjnh trj, Ndi dung gido due cua dng nhdm phyc vy cho myc dich chinh tri Vide xdy dung miu ngudi hodn thidn khdng phai vi chii thd con ngudi ma vi myc dich chinh trj, cho ndn ndi dung gido due cua Khdng Tu, nhat la ndi dung gido due vd Id, trd ndn cQng nhdc
vd bdo thu, Ndi dung gido dye vd nhan mang tinh dp dat tu bdn ngodi vao y thQc eua ed nhdn md chua ehu trgng tinh
ty giae cua mdi ed nhdn trong vide hidu
Id vd thyc hanh nhdn, Tuy da dua ra mgt he thdng cdc chudn myc dao due edn cd dd hinh thanh ndn nhdn each hodn thidn, ehu y ddn gido dye tinh than cdt cdch, dao ly nhung ndi dung giao due cua Khdng Tu vdn cdn ndng vd dao due img xu Cdc vdn vd ty nhidn, vd khoa hgc ky thuat, vd lao dgng san xudt,
vd kinh td,, hdu nhu ehua dugc dua vao gidng day; Ong cdn ddnh gia thdp cdc gid trj vat chit, thidn vd cdc gia trj tinh than, thidu quan tdm den vide img dung tri thue vao cdc ITnh vye lao dgng san xuit He qud tat yeu cQa ndi dung gido dye iy se tao ndn nhQng eon ngudi ed tri thQc thidn lech, thidu tinh nang ddng vd nhay ben trong cudc sdng Do vdy, ndn gido dye iy thi khd ed thd dao tao duge mau hinh con ngudi phdt tridn toan didn Mde du so vdi duong thdi thi ndi dung
Trang 8gido dye cua Khdng Tu kha todn didn,
bao gdm cd ngi dung giao due dao dQe,
van hda, chinh trj nhtrng so vdi ndi
dung gido due cua phuong Tdy thdi ky
dy thi Khdng Tu chQ trgng gido dye vd
nhdn cdch, dao dQc nhidu hon, it chQ
ttgng gido dye tri thQc
2.2 Han chi trong phuang phdp
gido due
Phuang phdp gido dye eua Khdng TQ
ed nhidu gid trj tich cyc, song hau nhu
vai ttd eua ngudi thdy vdn la ehu dao
trong qud trinh day hge, Mgt sd phuang
phdp giao dye dugc eoi la tich cyc thdi
bdy gid hidn nay ndu khdng bidt van
dyng sang tao se ddn den sai ldm, qua
trinh day hgc se khdng ed hidu qud thdm
chi hidu qua nguge lai Vi du, phuang
phdp "dn cd nhi tri tdn" vdi nguydn tdc
"thuat nhi bdt tae" thi cd thd se din den
Idi hgc vet, thy ddng, thieu sang tao,
Ndu "dn ed" theo kidu thude ldng mgi
cdu chu eua "cd nhdn", thudt lai, lap lai,
lam y nguyen lai ma "bit tac", khdng
sang tao, khdng lam ra cdi mdi vd vide
qud dd cao "dn ed nhi tri tan" mdt each
phidn didn, mdt chieu thi didu dd se tao
ndn sy tri trd, bdo thu trong qud trinh
gido due vd trong ITnh vyc hoat ddng
tinh than ndi chung, Cach lani nay khd
ed thd chap nhdn trong ndn giao dye
hidn dai ngay nay,
Tuy edn nhidu ban ehd, nhtmg xet tdi
eung, dd eung Id mgt tit ydu lieh sQ, Vi
vdy, khi nghidn cuu tu tudng giao due
cua Khong TQ, chung ta can phdi nit ra
dugc nhflng han chd dd khic phyc vd
nhflng gid ttj de tidp thu va van dyng
Ngay nay, nhidu nhd gido dye trdn thd gidi da nghien ciiu va danh gia cao nhung gia tri trudng tdn ttong tu tudng giao dye cua Khdng Tu, Nhttng gid trj
dd dugc van dyng khdng chi trong linh vyc day hgc ma dac biet dugc de cao trong gido dye dao dQc, nhdn each cho thd he trd
d nude ta hien nay, dd dap Qng dugc ydu cdu cua sy nghidp ddi mdi cdn ban, todn didn giao dye vd ddo tgo, ddp img ydu ciu cdng nghidp hod, hign dji hoa trong didu kidn kinh td thj tmdng djnh hudng xd hdi chu nghia va hOi nhdp qudc td thi viec kd thQa va van dung sang tao nhiing kinh nghidm, nhflng gia trj trong gido due cua nhdn loai dd dugc thdi gian khdng dinh la didu cin phai lam Mdc dutu tudng giao due cua Khdng TQ ed nhflng han chd nhit djnh
do didu kidn ljch su vd lap tradng giai cdp nhung ndu bidt kd thQa mdt cdch chgn igc thi sd tidp thu dugc nhiing gia trj tieh cyc cho vide gido due ddo tao eon ngudi trong giai doan hidn nay
Tai li^u tham khdo
1 H6 Chi Minh (2000), Todn lap, tl, Nxb
Chinh trj qudc gia Ha Npi
2 Tran Trpng Kim (1971), Nho gido, Nxb
Bp Giao due - Trung tam hpc lipu, quyen thupng
3 Boan Trang Con (1996), Khdng Tii:, Nxb
Thuan Hoa, Hue
4 Doan Trung Con (2011), Tii- Ihir, Nxb
Thuan Hoa, Hue
5 Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam, Vdn ki^n Dt/i hgi dgi biiu todn qudc Idn thd XI, Nxb Chinh
trj quoe gia Ha Npi