Jcni CflCH GIQO DUC 9̂ VU ONG QUOC RNH ^ vn MOT SO GOI*MO DOI V6l VI€T NRM Phung Difu Anh Bui Bich V a n " Tom tat Vuang quoc Anh (Anh) let qudc gia cd lich su gido due lau dai hdng trdm ndm va la cdi[.]
Trang 1Jcni CflCH GIQO DUC 9^ VU:ONG QUOC RNH
^ vn MOT SO GOI*MO DOI V6l VI€T NRM
Phung Difu Anh Bui Bich V a n "
Tom tat: Vuang quoc Anh (Anh) let qudc gia cd lich su gido due lau dai hdng trdm ndm
va la cdi ndi cua nen gido due hien dgi tren ihi gi&i Trong qud trinh phdi triin lrong thi ki
XX, dgc biet lir cudi nhimg ndm 1970 den nay, Chinh phu da tien hdnh nhgn Ihuc lgi vai tro,
su menh cua gido due vd coi gido due la nen idng cua moi su phdt trien xd hoi Chinh phu Anh da cd nhieu chuang trinh cdi cdch, doi m&i giao due, vai cdc muc lieu cu the, dugc thuc hien nhdm chdn hung todn dien nen gido due ddt nu&c Nhicng thay doi vd cdi cdch ndy da lam cho nen gido due Anh phdt trien hodn thien han, Ird thdnh mot trong nhiing nen gido due tdi nhdt the gi&i, Ihu hul dirge sd lugng l&n du hoc sinh tren the gi&i den hoc tgp Bdi viet ndy xem xet nhimg cdi cdch quan lrong, cd dnh huang l&n den giao due & Anh vd ggi m& mdi sd kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong qud Irinh tien hdnh doi m&i gido due hien nay
Tv khoa: gido due, cdi cdch gido due, Vuang qudc Anh, VielNam
1 Khai quat ve he thong giao due
Vtrtmg quoc Anh
Tic nam 2013, giao due tai Anh la bit
bugc ddi vdi dp tudi tir 5 den 18 (truoc do la
tir 5 den 16) va dugc cung cap qua hai hinh
thirc: trudng cdng l$p va truang tu thuc
Nuoc Anh c6 hai h$ thdng rieng biet cho
cac khda hpc va bang cap: mpt cho Anh, xii
Wales va Bic Ireland va mdt cho Scotland, mdi hinh thiic deu tuong thich voi nhau Cho toi dd tudi 16, nhiing mdn hpc cua hpc sinh dugc xac dinh bdi chuong trinh qudc gia va mdt sd mdn hpc bat bupc nhu tilng Anh, toan va khoa hgc
* Ths, Vien Han lam Khoa h^c xa hgi
Vift Nam
Trang 248
Sff do 1: H^ thdng gido due cua Vtr&ng quoc Anh
N*!"* Bgi hgc
Wm3 (c?rh Iranh flau
taii2 ' via)
Tnf&ng bgc 6
Gidctdi^c ndng cao dib ngu'O'i IrucTig Bianh
(Giai flii«n ih
Ininghoc)
Truong mam noiV m i u giao
•i^.d6
r^j-14-<B,a^2ii
= ^ 1 ;
>!>^rM^
^Baamfb
i.,^—5-Q
1^
•{;
S^
•o>
l - ^ J
NgiKri tnpcmg IhJtnh
(Ifln IB
\i% lu6i bit b u ^ dl
C^*D
So dd cau tnic nen giao due Anh cho
thiy nin giao due Anh dupc phan theo cac
cap nhu sau:
- Gido due ca bdn - Primary education:
Danh cho hpc sinh cd dp tudi tir 5 den U,
thdi gian hpc 6 nam Cac mdn hgc bat bugc
la tilng Anh, toan va khoa hgc
Gido due pho thong trung hoc
General Certificate of Secondary Education
(GCSE): Danh cho hgc sinh cd do tudi tir 11
din 16, thai gian hpc 5 nam Tit Idfp 10, hpc
sinh bat dau hpc chuang trinh chuan bi cho
ki thi GCSE Ki thi gdm tir 9 din 10 mdn
hpc, bao gdm cac mdn hgc ca ban (core
modules) va cac mon hpc tu chpn (optional
modules nhung khdng qua 3 radn) Khda hpc
GCSE kit thuc vao cudi nam Idfp 11 GCSE
la each danh gia qua trinh hpc tap cua hoc sinh phd thdng trung hpc va anh hudng true tiep den su lira chpn cac khoa hpc tiep theo cua hpc sinh tai Anh Chiing chi GCSE co thang dilm tir A* la cao nhit din G la thap nhit IGCSE (International GCSE) la chimg chi tuong tu voi GCSE nhung dugc quoc te cdng nhan Khi hoan thanh chiing chi GCSE, hpc sinh cd the di lam hoac tiep tuc theo hgc chuang trinh cao han de vao cac trudng dai hgc
- Chirng chi A (A-levels): Danh cho hpc
sinh sau khi da liy chiing chi GCSE voi diem s6 tir A* din C df 5 mdn hpc tra len v6i thai gian hpc 2 nam hoac 18 thang Day la mpt khoa hpc dugc nhieu hpc sinh a Anh va hpc sinh qudc tl lua chgn dl cd thi dugc cac
Trang 349
Hien tai, A-Levels dugc chia ra thanh
hai p h i n AS va A2 d l hgc sinh cd thi chpn
lua nhieu mdn hpc va viec danh gia qua trinh
hpc tap cua cac em dugc chinh xac hon
Phan AS, hpc sinh thudng chpn 4 mdn hpc,
moi mdn co 3 hpc phan va hgc sinh se thi cac
mdn hpc lua chpn vao cudi nam thii nhit
Phan A2, hpc sinh chpn ra 3 mdn trong sd
nhirng mdn da hgc tai bac AS d l hgc chuyen
sau hon Mdi mdn hgc ciing cd 3 hgc phan
va hpc sinh se thi cac mdn A2 vao cudi nam
thii 2 Thang diem cua cac ki thi AS va A2 la
tir A den E, diem trugt la diem U Vdi mdi
mon hgc, 3 hpc phan A2 se dugc cgng voi 3
hgc phan AS de tao thanh mgt mdn A-Level
day dli Ket qua cua mdn A-Level day dii
nay la dieu kien de xet tuyen vao dai hpc
Vai viec thiet ke chuong trinh nhu vay, cac
hpc sinh hpc A-Levels ngoai viec chuyen sau
vao cac mdn hgc lira chgn de phuc vu cho
'• vi?c tuyin sinh vao dai hpc cdn dugc cung
c i p cac kt nang c i n thiet khac de chuyen tir
bac hpc phd thdng len dai hpc
- Gido due dgi hoc - Bachelor Degree
danh cho liia tudi tir 18 trdf len, hpc 3 den 4
nam Mdi nam hpc, sinh vien se phai hpc
mpt sd mdn hpc b i t bugc va dugc chgn mgt
sd mdn lua chpn Ket qua hpc ciia moi nam
hpc se dugc tinh vao diem tdt nghiep dai hpc
Chuang trinh thac si Master's
Degree: Khac vdfi chuang trinh thac sT cua
mpt sd qudc gia, cac khoa hpc thac si a Anh
di thing vao dao t^o chuyen sau nen thudng
chi keo dai 1 nam Hinh thiic hpc cua cac
khoa thac sT tai Anh bao gdm nghe giang tren
Idfp xen lan thao luan va hpc theo timg nhdm nhd Diem tdt nghiep thuang dugc lay tir diem thi cudi nam ket hgp voi cac diem trong qua trinh hgc Ket thiic khoa hgc, cac hpc vien se phai chuan bi mpt bai
luan tir 10.000 d i n 15.000 tir dh dugc c i p
bang tdt nghiep
Chuang trinh tien si - Doctorate:
Khoa tien sT la mdt chuang trinh nghien ciiu keo dai it nhat la 3 nam va ket thiic bang mdt luan an khoang 70.000 tir Ban luan an nay phai cd the xuat ban dugc va phai chiing minh dugc nhimg nghien ciiu, phat hien mai
2 Nhirng cai each quan trong trong giao due nirffc A n h
2.1 Phdt trien gido dtfC todn dien (Luat Gido due ndm 1944)
Trong lich sir giao due cua Anh d i u t h i
ki XX, Luat Giao due nam 1944 (cdn dugc biet den la Butler Act) cd gia tri anh hudng quan trpng nhat den he thdng giao due va nd thay the tit ca cac luat truac do' Giao due chinh quy dugc miln phi cho tat ca tre em va cac CO quan quan ly giao due dia phuong phai dam bao dap img nhu cau hpc tap ciia bat cit ai Luat Giao due nam 1944 ciing da quy djnh viec phat trien nhiing gia tri tinh
than, dao diic, van hda a mdi diia tre 'Qh
giiip phat trien th§ chat tdt a tre em, Chinh phu hd trg nang cao chat lugng giao due, ren luyen the chat, hd trg mdf rpng co hpi va dieu kien cho tre em va thanh nien tham gia cac mdn the thao Truong hgc phai dam bao
Trang 450
viec hgc sinh trong trudng cd che dp an udng
dinh duong, an toan va hgp ly
Luat Giao due nam 1944 quy dinh trach
nhiem ciia co quan quan Iy giao due dia
phuang trong viec dap iing nhiing nhu cau
xa hdi va phiic lgi, huang den sir phat trien
toan dien ciia tre Tre em phai dugc dam bao
cd CO hgi tdt nhit dl phat huy hit nang luc
ban than Cac nha giao due phai hieu nhung
dac dilm rieng biet cua mdi ca nhan ciing
nhu nhijng trd ngai den thanh cdng cua mdi
dira tre Nhiem vu eua cac co quan quan ly la
phai cung cap tit ca eac cdng cu ho trg can
thiet vi su thanh cdng ciia hpc sinh Luat
Giao due nam 1944 da thuc su cd y nghia
lich su quan trgng trong viec phat trien giao
due df Anh Tuy nhien Luat nay van cdn tdn
tai nhieu bat cap va he thdng giao due dugc
tiep tuc cai each 6 nhirng luat tiep theo
2.2 Loai bd chinh sach tuyin chpn hpc
sinh (nam 1965)
De cd dugc he thdng gido due nhu ngay
nay, Chinh phu Anh da vugt qua dugc tinh
bao thii dac tnmg de quyet tam cai td he
thdng giao due 6 nhiing nam 1945, he thdng
giao due df Anh dugc phan chia thanh ba he
thdng va di theo chinh sach tuyin lira tir rit
sdfm Khoang nam 11 tudi, tit ca tre em Anh
d§u phai trai qua mpt ki thi vao cudi bac tiiu
hpc de phan loai trinh do hpc sinh Nhiing
hpc sinh nao qua dugc ki thi nay moi duge
vao hgc cac trudng trung hpc chuyen biet gpi
la truang trung hpc phd thdng (Grammar
School) Hgc sinh 6 nhihig trucmg chuyen
dugc chgn vao cac trudng dai hgc danh tilng sau khi tdt nghiep
Nhiing hpc sinh khdng qua dugc ki thi phan loai nay phai di hgc nhiing trudng ggi
la truang tnmg hpc phd thdng mai (secondary modem) co trinh dO thap hem nhilu, hoac phai hpc df truong ki thuSt Ki fiii
df nam 11 tudi da quyet dinh phan ldn tuong lai hpc tap va nghe nghiep ciia diia tre So vci trudng chuyen biet, truong trung hpc phS thdng va trudng kl thuat it n h ^ dugc sir quan tam ciia Chinh phu hon, it duge diu tu
ve ngudn lire hon va it co ddi ngii giao vien
cd nang luc hon Tam ly hgc sinh thi rdt v^ phai hgc d nhirng trudng secondary va trudng kl thuat dugc danh gia la "nhut chf Sir phan loai trinh do hgc sinh va miic do uu tien dau tu giiia trudng tnmg hpc phd thdng
va trudng trung hpc phd thdng mdi d Anh trong giai doan nay kha gidng vdi sir chenh lech timg tdn tai giira cac trudng cdng lap va trudng ban cong Viet Nam trong nhiing nam trudc day
Kieu he thdng phan loai nay dugc xem
la chi uu tien cho hgc sinh xuat sic, cho ting lap "thugng luu, quy tdc", gay lang phi rat ldn ve ngudn nhan luc tilm tang, va U nguyen nhan dan din bit binh ding trong x5 hdi Nam 1965, Cdng Dang da quyit tam cai
td he thdng giao due cua dit nudc va giao due Anh da chuyin sang mdt he thdng gido due khdng tuyen chgn, huy bd nhirag trudng trung hgc phd thdng mdi va thanh lap h?
Trang 5thdng nhthig trudng tnmg hpc tdng hgp^
Nhu vay, nhiing trudng trung hge tdng hgp
phai nhan t i t ca hpc smh khdng phan biet
nang I\rc, hay thanh phin xa hdi Khi chuyin
t u he thdng giao dye t u y i n lira va phan
Ioai hpc sinh tir sdm sang h? thdng giao
due khdng t u y i n lira, cac nha lanh dao
Anh hy vpng r i n g se loai bd dugc mdt
trong nhirng bat cap ciia giao due Anh v l
bat binh d i n g va chenh lech trinh do giiia
hge sinh cac trudng
2.3 Luat Cdi cdch Gido due ndm 1988
Truac su phat trien va thay ddi khdng
ngimg cua the gidi trong giai doan nay,
Chinh phu Anh nhan thay chuong trinh dao
tao cua nha tnrdng can dugc md ra cho
nhiing mdi quan tam rpng hon cua tit ca
nhihig ai ed lgi ich chinh dang trong dd gdm
ca nha nudc, phy huynh hpc sinh, nhung
ngudi chii sir dung Iao dpng, chir khdng chi
la giao vien va cac nha giao due
Sau do, Sach Trang ve Giao due do Bd
Giao due va Khoa hgc, Ban Su vu xii Wales
trinh Nghi vien Anh (thang 3/1985) ciing
nhin manh: "Chinh phu nhgn dfnh rdng,
thdnh tich trung binh cua hgc sinh nu&c ta
chua dgt tieu chudn cdn thiet vd chua the
thich img v&i nhu cdu ciia the ki XXI Gido
due trong nhd truang cdn phdi lam nhiiu
viic hem nira de lap tre cd the thich nghi v&i
nhu cdu cita d&i sdng lao ddng h-ong th&i dgi knhudt"^
Trong thdi gian nay, hon 100 Uy ban
Giao due dia phuang d Anh va xit Wales da
dua ra rat it hudng dan cho npi dung giang day trong nha trudng Ndi dung chuong trinh
la do ddi ngii giao vien timg trudng tu xac dinh, cimg vdi cac nha xuat ban, cac du an cai tien chuang trinh d cap qudc gia, va nhiing sang kien cu the d dia phuong trong tung mdn hpc cu the Bao cao cua co quan thanh tra giao due qudc gia ve tieu chuan qudc gia, chuong trinh dao tao va nhung nghien cim so sanh qudc te bit d i u Iam diy len nhihig mdi quan ngai ve chat lugng ciia nha trudng va tinh chat thilt thuc cua nd ddi vdi the gidi hien dai
Do dd, nam 1988, Qudc hdi Anh thdng qua Luat Cai each Giao due (Education Refonm Act - ERA)^ (Luat 1988) gdm hai phin rieng biet Mgt nira cua bg luat nay lien quan den chuang trinh dao tao qudc gia va viec td chiic thi cir lien quan Nd da dua chuang trinh dao tao cua nha trudng tit ehd
la mOt "khu vudn bi mat" chi cd tre em va cac giao vien den chd trd thanh san choi cdng cgng trong dd nha nude khuyen khich, tham chi bat bupc phu huynh hpc sinh va cac thanh phan khac nira phai danh thdi gian ma xem xet Mdt nua cdn lai la nhimg nd lyc phi
^ Xem them: The history of Education in England
http:/Avww.educationengland.org.uk
'Eric Bolton (1993) "Imaginary Gardens with Real
Toads" In Clyde Chilty and Brian Simons, eds.,
Education Answers Back (London: Lawrence &
* Din theo: Lir Dat, Chu Min Sinh (chu bien) Cdi cdch gido due a /(n/i.Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, 2009,
tr.l4
^ Xem them: The history of Education in England
http://www.educationengland.org uk/documents/index.ht
Trang 6tap trung hda he thdng giao due bang each
giao ngan sach ve eho timg tnrdng (chii yeu
la uy nhiem quan ly tai chinh cho iiy ban
quan tri bao gdm cha me hpc sinh va cac
cdng dan trong cdng ddng)
Trudc khi Luat 1988 ra ddi, Chinh phii
Anh kiem soat giao due dai hpc (GDDH)
thdng qua cap dieu le hoat ddng va dieu tiet
GDDH thdng qua viec tai trg Tir nam 1918,
Uy ban Cip kinh phi dai hpc (University
Grants Committee - UGC) - mpt co quan
tnmg gian giiia Chinh phii va trudng dai hpc,
dugc giao thuc hien nhiem vu nay Do Chinh
phu thanh lap, UGC cd thanh vien phan ldn
la ddi ngii hgc gia tir cac trudng dai hpc va
cd hai nhiem vu ehinh: Thic nhdt, dien giai
va thuc hien cac chien lugc GDDH khai quat
cua Chinh phu nhu quy md cua he thdng, can
ddi cac nganh dao tao; Thir hai, de xuat ten
Chinh phii khoan tai chinh cap cho cac
trudng de hoan thanh muc tieu
Luat 1988 da giai thi UGC (hoan toan
vao nam 1992) va thay the bang Hdi ddng
Tai trg dai hpc (Universities Funding
Council - UFC) UFC bao gdm nhilu thanh
vien bdn ngoai hon va sii dung cac phuong
phap tai trg cd tinh tudng minh (dua vao
edng thiic) va cd the giai trinh Lin diu tien
trong Hch sir GDDH nude Anh, hdi ddng
dilu hanh trurdng dai hpc chju trach nhiem
hoan toan ve tinh trang tai ehinh ciia trudng
va cd the tuyen bd pha san Chinh sach nay
ciing quy djnh hpi ddng dieu hanh trudng dai
hpc cd nghTa vu giai trinh doi vdi UFC vl
viec thuc hien quan ly tai chinh UFC cd thi
dat dudng dai hgc vao tinh trang bi giam sat khi tinh hinh tai chinh cua nha trudng co nhung diu hieu khdng an toan Chinh sach cai each nay dugc coi la su giai phdng trudng dai hgc khdi he thdng lap ke hoEich quan Heu, loi thdi va nudc Anh ciing trcr thanh qudc gia tien phong trong phong trao xda bd phuong phap quan ly chi tiet ciia nha nudc ddi vdi ca sd GDDH
Tuy nhien, do Luat 1988 va cac cupc cai each xuat phat tir Luat nay dugc tien hanh dua tren viec truyen ba tu tudng chinh tri cua chii nghTa Thatcher trong he thdng giao due
va tap trung vao viec bien cac nha giao due thanh "cac nha san xuat" va hpc sinh/sinh vien thanh "ngudi tieu thu" nen cung chiu nhieu ph§ phan ve viec bien giao due thanh thi trudng Md hinh nay tilp tue dugc cac chinh phu ke nhiem ciia ba Thatcher tien hanh va ddng vai trd dinh hudng eho sir phat trien ciia giao due Xuat phat tir tu tudng cua phe canh hiiu va gan lien vdi cac nguydn tac
ve tu nhan hda, chii nghia ca nhan va thi trudng tu do, cai each giao due d Anh tii nam 1988 nhan manh viec coi hpc sinh/sinh vien la ngudi mua giao due kiln thitc -nhiing thii dugc phat triln va cung cip nhu mdt san pham ciia thj trudng
O Fulton (2002), "Higher Education Governance in the U.K: Change and Continuity" In A Amaral, G
A Jones, &, B Karseth, Governing Higher Education:
National Perspectives on Institutional Governance
Trang 72.4 Lu^t Gido due d^i hpc vd Ngudi
l&n ndm 1992 (Father and Higher
Education Act 1992/
He thdng giao due dai hgc (hay cdn
dugc gpi la bac cao) ctia Anh vl eo ban bao
gdm hai loai hinh ldn la nhdm trudng dai hpc
va nhdm phi dai hgc (giao due cdng ddng
bac cao hay cao dang cdng dong) Luat phap
nudc Anh cung quy dinh ro, chi cd nhdm
trudng dai hpc mdi co quyen dpc lap trao
hpc vi cho hgc vien, ngudn kinh phi chii yeu
la nha nudc (dinh ki cung cap qua UGC)
Cac trudng cao dang cdng ddng hay cao
dang kT thuat dugc cap vdn hoat ddng va bi
quan ly bdi chinh quyen dia phuong Ve mat
hpc thuat, cac trudng nay khdng dugc quyen
cip bing cho cac chuong trinh do trudng
giang day ma de nghi viec cap bang len Uy
ban c i p bing hpc thuat qudc gia (Council
for National Academic Awards - CNAA)
Hiu hit cac quyet djnh co ban ve tai chinh
va bd nhiem nhan su cac trudng nay deu phai
xin y kiln tir co quan hanh chinh va iiy ban
giao due dia phuang Hdi ddng dieu hanh
trudng hiu nhu khdng cd quyen luc gi
Tuy nhien, tir nhihig nam 1960, dap irng
sir gia tang ciia nhu cau giao dye sau trung
hgc, cac tnrdng cao ding nay da xuat hien rat
nhilu va ngay cang the hien vi the cua mpt
trudng dai hpc va do do, su kiem soat tir ben
ngoai da can trd sir phat trien thanh mpt ca
sd GDDH that sir Cac trudng nay, cho dii da
dugc cdng nhan la nhiing td chiic dgc lap
khdng cdn chiu su quan ly true tiSp cua chinh quyen dia phuong trong Luat Cai each Giao due nam 1988, nhung den nam 1992, Luat Giao due Dai hpc va Ngudi ldn mdi cdng n h ^ cac trudng nay la trudng dai hpc
va do dd mdi cd dii tham quyen de cap bang Dac tnmg ndi bat nhat ciia Luat nam 1992 nay la cac trudng khdng hoEit dpng theo dieu
\t ma theo hinh thirc cdng ty vdi cac quy
dinh boat ddng do hdi ddng dieu hanh trudng quyet dinh^ Hdi ddng dieu hanh trudng do
Bd trudng Giao due quyet dinh va sau dd tu duy tri Hdi ddng cd nhiem vu va quyen quyet dinh khdng chi nhiing van de tai chinh
va ngudn luc ma ca xac djnh sii mang giao due ciia trudng Tuy nhien, Luat ciing quy dinh, Chinh quyen ed quyen dat ra mdt sd ddi hdi ddi vdi cac co sd GDDH nhu: phai lam thda man "khach hang" ciia minh nhu sinh vien, ngudi tuyen dung sinh vien tdt nghiep, ca sd hgp ddng dat hang dai hpc nghien ciiu va cac thanh vien cdng ddng Cac cupc khao sat ve miie do "thda man cua khach hang" ciing la mpt sd chi bao ve thanh qua hoat ddng ciia cac dai hgc
2.5 Luat Gido due ndm 2002 vd nhirng cdi cdch dudi th&i Thu tu&ng Tony Blair
Trong gan 15 nam tien hanh cai each giao due theo Luat 1988, giao due nudc Anh
da cd nhiing budc tien ro ret Tuy nhien da xuat hien nhieu yeu cau phai cai each giao due do nhung mdi quan ngai ve chuan kiln thuc ciing nhu chat lugng hpc tap ciia hpc
' Further and Higher Education Act 1992, "Nt
Trang 854
smh ngay cang thap Mdt vai bao cao da phe
binh cac trudng vi eac chuin thip va ngay
cang yeu kem Nhieu ngudi ciing xem kit
qua hoat dpng yeu kem cua nin kinh tl so
vdi cac qudc gia khac la do lire lugng lao
ddng dugc dao tao kem va thieu kl nang can
thiet Trong sudt mgt thap ki cam quyin lanh
dao tif 1997-2007, Thu tudng Tony Blair da
nd luc tien hanh cai each giao due tren co sd
ke thua nhiing cai each quan trgng ciia chinh
phii ciia Dang Bao thu trudc do Cai each
dugc tien hanh tren dien rgng vdi viec xay
dung tai lieu cap qudc gia, dao tao nhan luc
theo tang bac, su dung he thdng ve trach
nhiem giai trinh de dua ra nhung kit qua va
thanh tra trudng hgc, bat dau kiem dinh
trudng hgc de dam bao rang viec ap dung
nhiing hoat ddng ddi mdi cd hieu qua hon
Chinh phii xay dung mdt chuang trinh dao
tao giao vien va td chiic mdt chuong trinh
quan he cdng chung toan qudc dl danh gia
cao su nghiep giang day va trien vpng cua
giao vien^
Chat lugng giao due dupc danh gia qua
ket qua cac bai kiem tra, cac nha giam sat
giao due ciia Chinh phu true tiep xudng giam
sat va tim ra nguyen nhan dan den chat
lugng bai kiem tra kem ciia hpc sinh Nhiing
trudng cd thanh tich yeu kem ciing dugc
kilm tra ki: ddng cira mdt sd trudng hoat
Xem them:
http://www.educationsector.org/publications/educatio
n-reform-lessons-en gland
ddng kem hieu qua, xay dung lai tir dau mdt
sd trudng Chuyen gia giam sat giao due di
ra soat chit lugng giao due ciia timg trudng hpc it nhit ba nam mdt lan, kiem tra mdi trudng giang day va nang luc cua ddi ngii lanh dao trudng hgc va dua ra nhiing ggi y can phai sira ddi
Vdi muc dich hoan thien cac cai each, Luat Giao due nam 2002 da tao nen nhung dot pha thdng qua cac dac diem chinh:
Quyen dugc ddi m&i: Trudng hoac co
quan quan ly giao due dia phuang cd the xin mien khdng thi hanh mdt van ban luat nlu van ban do can trd viec tien hanh y ttrdng ddi mdi de nang cao chuan ciia trudng
Gidnh quyen tu chit: Nhirng trudng
da dat dugc cac chuan cao cd the cd them quyen Unh hoat trong mdt sd ITnh vue ciia Chucmg trinh hpc Qudc gia va trong viec quan ly can bp, giao vien
- Lien kel giita cdc tru&ng: Mdt sd
trudng cd the lien ket va sir dung cac dich vu cho trudng minh va cho cac trudng khac
- Quyin dirge trao cdc khodn trg cdp:
Can bp cip cao vl giao due ciia chinh phii cd nhieu quyin hon trong viec trao eac khoan trg cap
Cong tdc qudn ly: Quan ly d cip
trudng dugc tu chu nhieu hon trong tuyin sinh, cho thdi hpc va theo doi chuyen can: Dilu chinh lai cac quy dinh vl tuyin sinh, cho thdi hpc va khilu nai Bit bupc thanh lap cac dien dan tuyin sinh
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- Quyen can thiep: Bd Tre em, Trudng
hge va Gia dinh Anh cd nhieu quyen hon
trong viee tien hanh cac bien phap ho trg
nhiing trudng yeu kem, bao gdm ca quyen
dinh chi cdng tac don vi quan ly ciia tnrdng
Hudng den tu chu, Hnh hoat va dam bao chit
lugng
- M& rong cdc tru&ng chuyen biet: Cac
trudng chuyen biet sir dung chuang trinh hpc
quoc gia cdng thgm mdt sd mdn
Tgo ra logi hinh truang Beacon
(nhiing trudng xuat sac cimg vdi cac trudng
yeu hon de nang eao thanh tich thdng qua
quan he hgp tdc, lien ket)
- Dua ra danh hieu "Gido vien dgy
gioi" (dugc danh gia bang cac tieu chi, dugc
tra luong cao hon va cd trach nhiem hd trg
nhirng giao vien khac)
- Dua ra logi hinh tru&ng m&i, vdi ten
gpi "City Academies", khdng thudc su quan
iy ciia cac co quan quan ly giao due dia
phuong va dugc cac ben lien quan cap vdn
- Thdnh lap nhOng "Khu vue hdnh dong
vi gido due " tai cac vimg khd khan
2.6 Luat Gido due nam 2010 vd cdi
cdch hpc phi dffi hpc
Cude khiing hoang kinh tl 2008 da
khien Chinh phii Anh tiln hanh cat giam chi
tieu cdng nhim giam bdt su tham hut tai
chinh va kich thich tang trudng kinh te Mpt
trong nhiing bien phap dugc tien hanh ngay
sau do la tang hgc phi ddi vdi GDDH Ngay
9/12/2010, Qudc hgi Anh da thdng qua du
luat cai each hpc phi ddi vdi GDDH va cit giam ngan sach cho giao due Ludt dugc thdng qua da lam day len lan sdng bieu tinh, tham ehi la bao ddng giiia hang chuc ngan sinh vien d Anh va canh sat^'', ciing nhu sir tranh luan gay gat cua cac hpc gia, cac nha giao due ve sir thay ddi ban chat va muc dich cua GDDH d Anh hien nay
Cai each ve ngudn quy cua GDDH la mdt trong nhiing cai each dang chu y nhat, theo dd, Chinh phii se cat giam ngan quy danh cho cac trudng dai hpc trong cac khda trudc du bi, nhimg se tiep tuc hd trp d miic
dp thap hon cho cac nganh khoa hgc tu nhien,
kT thuat, CO khi va toan hpc Ngudn thieu hut
se do hpc phi tang bii dap Do vay, trong cac nam hpc tdi day, phan Idn nhiing nganh hgc
ve nghe thuat, nhan van, khoa hgc xa hdi se khdng cdn dugc Chinh phu tai trg true tilp
ma thay vao do se la ngudn hd trg tai chinh tir hpc phi cua sinh vien
Miic hpc phi tdi da cua mpt trudng dai hpc se do Chinh phii quy dinh Tit nam hpc 2012-2013, miic tran se tang gap gan 3 lan miic hpc phi hien nay (tir 3.290 Bang (khoang 5.000USD)/sinh vien/nam len 9.000 Bang (khoang 14.000 USD)/sinh vien/nam^ ^ Tuy nhien, neu tnrdng dai hpc nao thu Hen hpc phi hon miic 6.000 Bang (khoang 9.300 USD)/sinh vien/nam thi trudng do phai chju
"* Bieu tinh bgo lice chong tdng hgc phi 6
^w/).http://laodong.com.vTi/Tin-Tuc/Bieu-tinh-bao-luc-chong-tang-hoc-phi-o-Anh/24676
"Claire Callender (2011) The Cost-Cutting Reforms
of Higher Education in England International Higher
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thue thu nhap Khoan thui nay se dugc ddng
ngugc lai cho Bd Tai chinh de trang trai chi
phi Bd nay bd ra khi cho sinh vien vay tien
ddng hpc phi Ngudn tien danh eho giao due
dai hpc se bi cat 40%, giam xudng cdn 4,2 ti
Bang (khoang 6,6 ti USD) vao nam hge
2014/2015 Tuy nhien khoan tien 4,2 ti bang
nay se bao gdm cac khoan hd trg tai chinh
khac ma Chinh phii Anh danh cho nhiing
sinh vien cd thu nhap thap, trong dd cd chi
phi sinh hoat cho cac sinh vien thudc dien
han che ve thu nhap va tiet kiem, va Quy
Hpc bdng mdi vdi muc dich ho trg hgc phi
Va do do, canh cira dai hpc khdng khep lai
vdi nhirng sinh vien ngheo
Ket qua la mdt sd lupng ldn tai chinh
ciia cac trudng dai hpc se phu thupc theo su
lira chpn cua eac sirih vien Cac sinh vien s6
ed nhieu su lira chpn tdt hon vdi tu each la
ngudn cung mdi, bao gdm cac trudng dai hpc
tu va cao dang cdng ddng Dieu nay cho
phep hg budc vao thi trudng thdng qua
nhiing nguyen tac ddc lap dugc chinh quyen
dua ra va canh tranh hieu qua bang viec tang
chat lugng giang day, tang hieu qua hpc tap
trong khi van giam chi phi Dieu nay cung
phan anh mdt thay ddi cd tinh toan dien Rd
rang, chinh sach giao due tai Anh hien da
dich chuyen chi phi giao due dai hpc tir chd
do nha nude tai trg sang sinh vien hoac phu
huynh vdi quan niem "ai dugc hudng lgi
tai chinh tir giao due dai hgc thi nen diing
ra chi tra"
3 Mot so ket luan riit ra va ggi md
doi vdi Viet Nam
Trong hon 10 nSm trd Iai day, cum tir
"Ddi mdi can ban, toan dien nen giao dye
qudc dan", Chiin lugc phdt trien gido d^c Viet Nam din ndm 2020 (qua 14 Ian du thao) cimg vdi du thao Ludt Gido due Dgi hoc da
thu hiit dugc sir quan tam Idn ciia ca xS hdi Cac y kien tranh luan kha phong phii, tham chi cd liic trai ngugc, nhung ve ca ban, phan ldn deu khang dinh, de ddi mdi can ban va toan dien nen giao due nudc ta, can nhan thiic lai sii mang va muc tieu giao due va can thuc hien cac bien phap nhu: ddi mdi triet ly giao due; ddi mdi he thdng giao due qudc dan; ddi mdi ndi dung, phuang phap giao due; ddi mdi cdng tac xay dung dpi ngu nha giao, '^ Trong nhiing bien phap dd, kinh nghiem tir nhiing cai each, ddi mdi (ca thanh cdng lan han che) cua cae nin giao due tren the gidi, trong do cd giao due d Anh, la rit hiiu ich cho Viet Nam Dudi day la mdt sd ggi md dang luu tam nhat vl xay dung Luat Giao due, xay dung chuong trinh va vl GDDH
3.1 Nhd nu&c cdi cdch va diiu chinh gido due nhanh chdng thdng qua vi^c xdy
dung, hodn thiin cdc luat gido due
Nhiing phan tich d phin hai cho thiy su dieu chinh lien tuc cac cai each giao due thdng qua cac Luat giao due d Anh la mgt trong nhiing ylu td then chdt tao nen thanh
Xem thgm: Nguyin Minh Thuydt, Ho^ng H6a Binh (2011), "Bay giai phip d6i m6i giao due"; Nguyen
Quang Kinh (2011), "NhSn thiic lai sii mang \h myc
tieu giao due 1^ khai dAu cot 16i cua dfii moi c5n bin,
toan difn nen giio dye qu6c dSn" Tgp chi Khoa hpc