TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM s6 3(68) nam 2015 J KET QUA SÛ DUNG BAI TAP TINH HUONG TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC 10 d MOT S6 TRl/OfNG TRUNG HQC PHO THONG TREN DIA BAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH PHAN TH! THU HI^N[.]
Trang 1J KET QUA SU^ DUNG BAI TAP TINH HUONG TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC 10 d MOT S6 TRl/OfNG TRUNG HQC PHO THONG
TREN DIA BAN THANH PHO HO C H I MINH
PHAN TH! THU HI^N* TOM T A T
Chiing toi da sir dung bdi lap linh hudng (BTTH) de thue nghiem suphgm trong dgy hgc 26 bdi Sinh hgc 10 tgi 3 truong trung hgc pho thdng (FHPT) a Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh (TPHCM) Ket qud kiem tra trong qud trinh thuc nghiem suphgm cho thdy: ve hi$u qud linh hgi tri thicc: lap thuc nghiem (TN) luon cd diem so cao han lap doi chimg (DC);
vi Id ndng: phdt huy tdi da ndng luc cua ngudi hgc, tgp dugc cho hgc sinh (HS) cdc thao tdc lu duy ca bdn vd tdc phong nghien ciru tu phdt hien vd gidi quyet edc vdn de dgt ra trong hgc lap li thuyet vd gdn li thuyet vdi cdc linh huong xdy ra trong thuc tien; ve tinh thdn, thdi dg hgc tap: HS a lap TN to ra chu dgng, tieh cue tu luc, hung thii vd sdng tgo trong hgc tap han HS a lap DC
Tir khda: bdi tap tinh hudng, ddi chung, thuc nghiem, Sinh hpe 10, trung hpc phd thdng
ABSTRACT
Results from the application of situational assignments in teaching Biology for !&'' graders
in some high schools in Ho Chi Minh City Situational assignments were used in the pedagogical experiments in leaching 26 Biology lessons for 10 graders in 3 high schools in Ho Chi Minh City Results from the experiments show that in terms of knowledge acquisition, experimental groups always had higher performance than controlled groups; in terms of skills, learners' competences have been maximized and their basic thinking skills as well as research skills in identifying an solving problems in learning theory and connecting theory to real-life situations have been trained; in terms of learning aptitude, learners in experimental groups demonstrated more activeness, self-reliance, interest and creativity than those in controlled groups
Keywords: situational assignments, controlled group, experimental group Biology
10, high school
1 Dat van de gia tinh kha thi cua day hpe bdng BTTH
Dd kiem ehung gia thuyet khoa hpc ma dd tai da dd xudt
eua vide day hpc Sinh hpe 10 d trudng ¥)h tai dupe TN su pham ddi vdi
THPT bdng BTTH, ehung tdi da thu thap ede bdi day hpc Ii thuydt trong "Phdn I thdng tin, sd lieu dd xu Ii cac kdt qud thuc Gidi thidu chung vd thd gidi song", "Phdn nghidm bdng thdng kd xdc sudt; tidn hanh II Sinh hpe te bao" vd "Phdn III Sinh phan tich dinh tinh vd dinh lupng de danh hpc vi sinh vdt" thupe ehuong trinh Sinh
• ThS, Trub'ng Dai hpc S u phgm TPHCM, Email: ptthuhien2003@gmail.com
Trang 2hpe 10
2 Phuotig phap nghien cihi
2.1 Chpn tnrdng, Idp thuc nghiem
Chung tdi chpn 3 trudng THPT tai
TPHCM gdm ede trudng: Trung hpc
Thue hdnh (Qudn 5) thupc Trudng Dai
hpc Su pham TPHCM, THPT Nguydn
Hidn (Qudn 11) va THPT Luang Thd
Vinh (Qudn l)ddTN
Tai Trudng Trung hpc Thue hanh
thupe Trudng Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM,
ehdng tdi chpn 2 Idp (1 ldp DC va 1 Idp
TN)
Tai Trudng THPT Nguydn Hidn,
chung tdi ehpn 4 Idp (2 ldp DC va 2 ldp
TN)
Tai Trudng THPT Luong Thd
Vinh, chung tdi ehpn 4 ldp (2 ldp DC va
2 Idp TN)
Chung tdi chpn Idp TN vd ldp DC
tai mdi trudng eo sd lupng, dieu kidn, ket
qud hpc tap, trinh dp, nang luc nhdn thdc
eua HS tuang duong nhau
2.2 Bo tri th uc ngh lent
O ldp DC, gido an dupe thiet kd
theo hudng ddn eua sdch giao vien (GV)
Ci ldp TN, gido an dupe thidt ke
theo phuong phdp sd dung BTTH da dd
xudt
Cdc Idp TN vd DC cd cung GV
giang day, ddng deu vd thdi gian, npi
dung kidn thdc vd he thdng cdu hoi kidm
tra, danh gia
Sau mdi chuang, chung tdi tidn hanh kidm tra chdt luong ITnh hpi kien thuc cua HS d cd hai nhdm TN va DC vdi eung thdi gian vd eung dd kiem tra (8 bai kidm tra)
3 Ket qua thue nghiem su pham va
ban luan
Dd ddnh gid ket qua hpe tap thdng qua vide ndm vung ndi dung kidn thuc bdi hpe the hien d chat lupng ITnh hdi kien thuc cda hpc sinh (HS), chung tdi tidn hdnh thiet kd va sd dung 8 dd kiem tra ddnh gia ket qua hpe tap cua HS d cd hai ldp TN vd DC bang cde cau hdi ty ludn vd trac nghidm Cac Idp TN vd DC dupe sd dung eung loai dd nhu nhau Cae bdi kiem tra d ldp TN va ldp
DC dupe chdm theo thang didm 10 va chdm cung mpt thdi didm Cudi cung phdn tich ket qua thu dupe dd ddnh gid vd mat dinh lupng vd dinh tinh
3.1 Ket qua phdn kiem tra trinh dp linh hgi kien thirc ciia HS
3.1.1 Phdn tich dinh luang
Kdt qua phan phdi tdn suat diem, phan phdi diem tan suat luy tich, dd thi dudng luy tieh, phdn loai theo hpe luc, eae tham sd dac trung d Idp TN vd DC ciia 3 trudng THPT thuc nghiem duoc trinh bay d ede bang 1, 2, hinh 1 vd eae bdng 3, 4 sau day:
Trang 3Bdng 1 Phdn phdi tdn sudt diem ciia nhdm lap TX vd DC tdng hgp 8 idn kiem n-a
Lo'p
TN
DC
S6
bai
1517
1499
% So HS dat dilm Xi
2
0,53
0.73
3 2,18 4,6
4 6.33 7,94
5 10.55 23,08
6 14,96 19,01
7 20,37 17,88
8 19,18 11,94
9 16,08 10,34
10 9.82 4,48
Bdng.1
Lop
TN
DC
Phdn phdi diem tdn sudt liiy tich
s6
bai
1517
1499
ciia nhdm lap TN vd DC tdng hap 8 Idn kiem Ira
% So HS dat diem Xi tra xuong
2
0,53
0,73
3 2,71 5,33
4 9,04 13,27
5 19,59 36,35
6 34,55 55,36
7 54,92 73,24
8 74,1 85,18
9 90,18 95,52
10
100
100
Tu bang 2 chdng tdi ve dudng luy tieh eiia Idp TN vd DC nhu hinh 1
•3
H
too
90
-'0 ;
iO 4
.0 -r
10 \
10 -j
20
10
0 - a—
—
/
7
—
10
- • — T N
- • - O C
Bidm kidm tra
Hinh 1 Do thj dudng liiy tich ciia nhom lap TN vd DC tong hgp 8 Idn kiem tra
Trang 4Bdng 3 Phdn logi theg hgc luc cda nhdm lap TN vd DC tdng hap 8 lan kiem tra
Lop
TN
DC
Phan
io^i
Tan
suat
% S6 HS
Kem (2)
0,53
0,73
Ylu (3-4) 8,51 12,54
Trung binh (5-6)
25,51 42,09
Kha (7-8)
39,55 29,82
Gioi (9-10)
25,9 14,82
Bang 4 Cdc tham so ddc trung ciia nhom lap TNvd DC tong hgp 8 Idn kiem tra
Lop
TN
DC
Cac tham $6 d^c trung
X±m
7,14 ±0,05
6,35 ± 0,05
S^
3,32 3,26
S 1,82 1,81
C,(%) 25,29 28,5
td
11,29
Cac de kiem tra duoc xay dung va
thdng nhdt ddp dn ehdm didm Qua chdm
bai, chung tdi de dang phan loai eae mde
dp kdt qud hpc tap cua HS
Kdt qud xd li bdng thdng kd xdc
sudt eae dde trung thdng ke gida TN vd
DC dupe tdng hop cua 8 bdi kidm tra cho
thdy, hi^u qua eua day hpe bang BTTH d
khdi Idp TN ludn eao hon so vdi ldp DC
Diem trung binh X eua Idp TN Id
7,14 eao hon ldp DC la 6,35, he sd bidn
thidn d Idp TN Id 25,29 nhd hon Idp DC
Id 28,5, didu nay chdng td dp phdn tan d
ldp TN giam so vdi ldp DC
Ti Id HS kidm tra dat loai trung
binh va ydu kem cua Idp TN la 34,55 it
hon so vdi Idp DC Id 55,36 Ngupc lai, ti
Id HS eua Idp TN dupe diem 7 trd Idn la
65,45%, trong khi do d khdi Idp DC ehi
dat 44,64%
Dudng luy tieh d ldp TN ndm bdn
phdi va phia dudi dudng luy tich ldp DC
Dd khdng djnh kdt qua trdn la do
ngdu nhidn hay dp dung phuang "phdp
thuc nghi?m, de tai tidn hdnh tinh dai
lupng kidm dinh tj va kiem dinh gia thiet:
td cac thdng sd trdn ta cd td = 11,29 vdi mde y nghia a ^ 0,05, 1^= 1,96 Do do,
td > ta chung td su khae nhau gida X cda Idp TN vd X eua Idp ddi chung la cd y
nghia thdng ke Diem trung binh eua ldp
TN cao ban ldp DC khdng phdi Id do ngau nhidn ma do dp dung phuong phdp dayTN
Nhu vay, viec xdy dung vd sd dung BTTH theo cdc bien phap de xudt dd to ehuc day hpe Sinh hpc 10 da budc dau dem lai hidu qua, giup eho HS cd khd nang tu duy logic, gdp phdn ndng cao khd nang ITnh hpi kidn thdc, khae sdu kien thde cho HS
3.1.2 Phdn tich dink tinh
Vide su dung BTTH trong day hpe Sinh hpc 10 da cd tde dung tich cue hda hoat ddng nhdn thde, tao dupe hung thu eho HS trong hpe tap bp mdn Cu thd: Cae BTTH ndu ra da kieh thieh tinh tieh eye sang tao, tim toi eua HS HS ludn dupe ddt trong trang thdi ed van de ndn edc em khdng edn thu ddng tidp thu
Trang 5bdi hpc md trd thanh ngudi ehu ddng
tham gia gidi quydt tinh hudng dd linh hpi
tri thde mdi
Khi dupe hdi vd phuong phdp hpc
tap dang thyc nghiem, da sd HS d ldp TN
cho rdng: viec sd dung eae BTTH trong
day hpc mdn Sinh hpe 10 giiip cdc em dd
tidp nhan kien thue mdi vd ghi nhd sdu
sdc ban Nhung didu lam cac em thda
man hem chinh la ed dupe sy hung thd
trong hpe tap Cac em nhan thay nhdng
ndi dung cua van dk dupe gidi quyet rat
cdn thiet va cd tinh thye tien eao Do dd,
bdi hpe trd ndn gin gui vdi eac em hon
Mdt sd HS khdc cdn cho rdng khi GV td
ehde day hpe bdng BTTH, HS n h ^ thdy
bdn thdn hpc duac nhidu didu hon nhu:
cdch giai quydt mpt van de khi gap phdi
trong hpc t^p, each khai thde ngudn thdng
tin de giai thich van de, each trinh bdy
vandd
Chdt lupng dinh tinh baf lam cda
Bdng 5 Kit qua ddnh gid cdc Id ndng
HS hoc Ip dupe kha ndng gidi quydt vdn
dd d eac cdu hdi van dyng HS su dung edc thao.tde tri tue nhu phdn tich, so sanh, tdng hpp, khdi quat hda dd tra Idi cau hdi
3.2 Ket qud ddnh gid cdc ki ndng dgt dugc tir vi^c hgc bdng BTTH cua hgc sinh
Trong TN day hpe bdng BTTH, chung tdi dd cd gdng tim each ddnh gid cac
kT ndng cd dupe tu vide hpc bdng BTTH cua hpc sinh nhdm ldp TN didng qua 3 kT ndng eo bdn dd dupe nghien euu Vi?c ddnh gid dupe thyc hidn qua 8 bdi kiem tra bdng he thdng cac edu hdi ed chua dung npi dung can hdi lidn quan ddn 3 kT ndng Thuc nghidm tren 190 HS trong 26 bdi d^y hpc kien thuc mdi d chuong chucmg trinh Sinh hpc 10 vd qua 8 bai kidm tra trong ca qua trinh Uiyc nghidm Kdt qua thu dupe trinh bay d bdng 5
CO dugc^ tir vi^c hgc bdng BTTH ciia HS
STT
1
Kj nang
Phat hi?n va nhan
dang van d8 nay
sinh tir BTTH
Mvc do dat diroc cua timg kl nang
Chua phat hi^n va nhan dang dugc cac van dl nay sinh
Phat hien va nh^n dang dirge rppt
so yeu cau ciia BTTH Phdt hien va nhan dang dugc dSy dii yeu cau ciia BTTH nhung chua bi6t Ii giai
0 miJc dp van dyng dugc: Phat
hi^n va nhSn dang dugc day du yeu cau ciia BTTH va biet li gidli mot so CQ sa ichoa hoc
C) muc dg vgn dune thuan thyc:
MDI
MB2
MD3
MD4
MBS
Kk luan
SLd^t dmyc/tong so nghiSn ciru
0/2260
230/2260
580/2260
554/2260
896/2260
%
10,18
25,66
24,51
39,65
Trang 6STT
2
3
KInang
De xuat cac gia
thuylt (v6 kiSn
thuc cd lien quan,
ve lap moi quan h?
giua kien thdc co
Ii8n quan vdi y£u
cdu cua vi^c giai
quylt BTTH, ve
hudng giai quyet
BTTH)
Bao cao va kiem
djnh ket qua tir
yeu cau BTTH
MiTc dQ dat diTQ'c ciia tung ki nang
Phat hien va nhan dang dugc day
du yeu cau ciia BTTH va bilt li giai ddy du ca sd khoa hoc
Chua biet de xuat gia thuyet
So bp de xuat dupe gia thuyet nhung chua day du: Giai quydt dupe mpt so yeu cau cda BTTH
De xudt dupe gia thuylt: Giai quyet dupe day dii yeu cau cua BTTH nhung chua biet li giai tuong minh gia thuylt
6 miic dp v|n dung dupe: Giai quyet dupe day du yeu cau cua BTTH va bilt li giai mpt so ca sd khoa hoc
d miic dp v^n d\ing thuan thuc:
Giai quyet dupe day dii y%\x cau
cua BTTH va bilt li giai dSy dii ca
sa khoa hpc Chua biet rut ra kit luan tu cac minh chdng trinh bay
Kit lu^ln chua hoan thi$n: Ket luan dugc mgt so yeu cau eua BTTH Ket lu|n dupe day du yeu cau cua BTTH nhung chua bilt li giai mpt each tudng minh tren ca sd cac minh chung
d miic dg v|n d\ing dupe: Ket luan dugc ddy du yeu cau cua BTTH va bilt li giai mpt so ca sd khoa hgc chu yeu tu yeu cSu BTTH
O miic dg v^n dung thuSn thyc:
Ket luan dugc diy dii yeu cau ciia BTTH va biet li giai day dii ca sd khoa hgc tren co sd cac minh chiing neu ra
MDI
MD2
MD3
MD4
MD5
MDI
MD2
MD3
MD4
MD5
Ket luan SLd^t
du^c/tong s6
nghien cuu
0/2260
650/2260
872/2260
563/2260
175/2260
0/2260
438/2260
567/2260
864/2260
391/2260
%
28,76
38,58
24,91
7,74
19,38
25,09
38,23
17,30
Ghi chu:MD: muc dg
Trang 7K6t qua bang 5 cho thay:
- VS IcI nang phat hien va nh^n dang
vjn ii nay sinh; S6 HS bilt chic chSn,
bi& 6 mile do van dung duoc, biet 6 miic
do van dung thuSn thuc chiSm 89,82%,
s6 HS biSt Idiong chjc chto chiSm
10,18%, khong c6 HS khong bilt phat
hien va nhan dang vin Si nay sinh Nhu
vay, da s6 HS biet phat hi?n va nhan
dang van de nay sinh
VS kT nang ik xuit cac gia thuylt
(gia thuylt ve icien thuc co lien quan, gia
thuylt thilt lap m6i quan he giOa kiln
thuc CO lien quan vai yeu cau ciia vi?c
giai quylt BTTH, gia thuylt hudng giai
quylt BTTH): S8 HS bilt chic chin, bilt
a miic do v ^ dung dugc, biet cr miic dp
van dung thuin thuc chilm 71,23%, s6
HS bilt khong chic chin chilm 28,76%,
khOng CO HS khong biet de xuat cac gia
thuyet Nhu vay, da so HS biet de xuat
cac gia thuyet
- Ve kit luan: S6 HS biet chic chin, biet o miic dp van dung dupe, biet a miic
do vjn dung thuin thyc chiem 80,62%, s6 HS bilt khong chic chan chilm 19,38%, khong co HS khong bilt kit lu^n Nhu vliy, da s6 HS bilt ket li4n vin
dl
3.3 Bdnh gid cda HS sau khi day hgc Sinh hgc 10 bdng BTTH
Qua phan tich, danh gii ket qua TN theo ca hai chi tieu dinh lupng va dinh tmh, chiing toi nit ra kit luan nhOng tac
dpng su p h p i theo m\fc dich TN ma
chiing t6i dl ra buoc dau co hieu qua Tuy nhien, dl Idling djnh phuong an TN Ishong chi CO hieu qua dii voi viec hinh
thanh vk ren luyen kT nang giai quyet
BTTH ma con co tac dung tich cue dii voi vi?c nang cao chat lupng hpc t^p bp mon, ching toi tiln hanh thu thap y kien danh gia cua HS sau TN kit qua thi hi$n
o bang 6
Bdng 6 Kit qud thdm ddy kiin ciia HS sau khi dgy hgc Sinh hgc 10
bdng bdi tgp tinh hudng
Cau hoi dieu tra Cau 1 Qu4 trinh hoc co sir dung BTTH, HS cam thay:
- Rit thich
- Thich
- Khong thich
CSu 2 HS nhan thay tac dung cua d^y hpc bing BTTH doi vdi ban than la:
- Giiip HS ITnh hpi kiln thiic mod
- Phat trien tinh tich cue va tu duy sang tao
- Ren luy?n kT nang van dung kiln thilc da hoc
- Giiip HS hi kilm tta, danh gia viec ITnh hoi kiln thilc cua ban than
Til?
(%)
52,63 42,11 5,26
92,63 97,37 87,89 73,68
Trang 8TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCIVI
Cau hoi dilu tra Cau 3 HS tu- danh gia thai dp hoc t^p theo phirong
BTTH cua minh theo cac npi dung sau:
phap day hoc bang
- Hirng thii hpc tap
- Tap trung chii y nghe giang
- Kien tri giai quylt BTTH
- Tranh lu|in s6i n6i
- Khong tham gia giai quyet BTTH
Tile
(%)'
96,32 94,74 78,95 73,68 4,21
Ve vai tr6, tac dung ciia viec sir
dung BTTH: Hau het HS cam thay rat
thich va thich hpc theo each thiic nay (co
toi 94,74% rit thich va thich, chi co
5,26% HS khong thich) Qua trao dii
tr\rc tilp, li do HS dua ra la khong dil thoi
gian vi BTTH kho HS cung cho ring
theo each hpc moi, cucmg dp hpc tap cao
hon, thW gian hpc tjp it hon nhieu, truac
day trong gio hpc mon Sinh hpc HS cam
thay qua lau het gio vi phai nghe GV
giang bai, bay gia trong khi hpc co sii
dyng BTTH, HS cam thiy thai gian troi
nhanh, luon ban khoan suy nghT, muon
hoi, muon biet
Ve tac dung ciia day hpc bang
BTTH dii voi HS la giup HS ITnh hpi
kiln thilc mai chilm 92,63%, phat triln
tilth tich cue va tu duy sang tao ciia HS
trong viec tim kiSm kien thiic mai chiem
97,37%, v ^ dung kien thiic da hpc de
giai quylt BTTH chilm 87,89%, giiip HS
hf kilm tra, danh gia viec ITnh hpi kien
thuc ciia ban than chilm 73,68%i Trong
qui U-inh giai quylt BTTH, HS co dip
trao dii, tranh luan vl npi dung kien thiic
CO ban, the hi^n vln hiiu bilt, kinh
nghiem cua minh
v l thai dp hpc tap ciia HS khi day
hpc CO su dung BTTH:
+ 96,32% HS hiing thii hpc tap + 94,74% HS tap trung chii y nghe giang
+ 78,95%o HS kien tti giai quylt BTTH '
+ 73,68% HS tranh luan soi nli + 4,21% HS khong tham gia giai quylt BTTH
Chi CO 4,21% HS khong tham gia giai quylt BTTH Qua trao dii true tilp^
li do HS dua ra khi khong tham gia giai quylt BTTH la khong du thoi gian, kho
dl xuit cac gia thuyet Nhimg dai da s6
HS lai cho ring viec giai quyet BTTH da lam cho hp khong con tiep thu kiln thilc
li thuylt mpt chilu, hp phai tu luc tim toi kham pha tri thiic chinh trong cac BTTH,
do do hoat dpng nhan thilc cua hp tich cue, chu dpng hem €6 the noi ring, sil dung BTTH trong day hpc da thuc su giiip HS phat huy vai tro chii thi tich cue, chu dpng trong hpc tap, nghien cuu de chilm ITnh kiln thilc, ren luyen kT nang,
kT xao
Tom lai, viec su dung BTTH de to chiic day hpc Sinh hpc 10 bing BTTH da buoc diu dem lai hieu qua Vi vay, neu xay dung dupe he thong cac bai tap tinh
121
Trang 9hulng CO chit lupng kit hpp voi phuong
phap sii dung chiing phu hgp thi se dem
Iji hieu qua cao trong day hpc, gop phin
nang cao chit lupng hpc tap mon Sinh
hpc 10 noi rieng va chit luang hpc tap
noi chung o trucmg THPT
4 Ket luSn
Qua phan tich dinh tinh, dinh lupng
kit qua thuc nghiem t ^ 3 truong: Trung
hpc Thuc hanh thupc Truong Dai hpc Su
pham TPHCM, THPT Nguyin Hiln va
THPT Luong The Vinh vao nam hpc
2013 - 2014 cho thiy: chit lupng linh
hpi tri thiic Sinh hpc 10 cua HS o khoi lop TN cao hon DC; kiln thiic Sinh hpc
10 ciia HS ITnh hpi dupe khong chi day dii, vOng chic ma con bli duong dupe nang luc phat hien va giai quylt BTTH
Tu do cho phep kit luan: gia thuyet khoa hpc ciia dl tai dat ra la hoto toan diing dan, kha thi va hieu qua, do la: day hpc Sinh hpc 10 6 trucmg THPT hSng BTTH
se nang cao chat lupng day hpc bp mon
va bli duong nang luc phat hien va giai quylt BTTH cho HS
TAI U$U THAM KHAO
1 Phan Diic Duy (1999), Sir dung bdi tap tinh hudng su phgm de ren luy$n cho sinh vien kjndng dgy hgc Sinh hgc, Luin an Tien sT, Truong Dai hpc Su ph^im Ha Npi
2 Trin ^a Hoanh (2000), Phdt trien cdc phuang phdp hgc tap tich cue trong bg mdn Sinh hgc, Sach hoi duong thucmg xuyen, chu ki 1997 - 2000, cho giao vien trung hpc
CO so, Nxb Giao due, Ha NSi
3 Tran Van Kien (2006), Van dung tiep can gidi quyet vdn de trong dgy hgc di truyen hgc d trudng trung hgc phd thdng, Luan an Tien sT Giao due hpc, Truong Dai hpc Su
pham Ha Npi
(Ngiy T6a som nhin duQC bii: 22-12-2014; ngiy phin biin dinh gii: 15-3-2015;
ngiychSp nhin ding; 23-3-2015)
122