T H A Y GIAO TRU''''O''''NG Q U 6 C TU" GIAM (TU" TH^ KY XI DfeN NLFA D A U THt K* XIX) TRINH THI HA Tdm tdt Thay giao trudng Quoc Tu Giam dugc ggi la Giao quan, Hgc quan (thdi Nguyta ggi Giam than), do hai[.]
Trang 1(TU" TH^ KY XI DfeN NLFA D A U THt K* XIX)
TRINH THI HA
Tdm tdt: Thay giao trudng Quoc Tu Giam dugc ggi la Giao quan, Hgc quan
(thdi Nguyta ggi Giam than), do hai chuc quan Te tiru va Tu nghiep dung dau Mdi trieu dai, sd lugng cac vi Hgc quan nay co khac nhau, song deu kha nhat quta trong nhftng quy djnh cua nha nude ve tita cbi lua chgn, nhiem vu, trieu phuc, hinh thuc kiem tra dtah gia nang lyc eac Hgc quan ctag nhu cac che dp dai ngg cfla nha nude danh eho bg Nhirng viec Itai nay khdng chi the hipn su coi trgng cua nha nude doi vdi nhftng ngudi gift ttpng trach trdng nguoi, dao tao nhan tai cho dit nude, ma cdn khtag djnh cac trieu dai quta chu Viet Nam rat coi ttgng va de cao sy nghiep giao due Nho hgc
Tir khda: Thiy giao; Quflc Ttt Giam; Hgc quan; trieu dai quta cbi; giao due
Mddau
Quflc Tu Gitai dugc vua Ly Nhan
Tflng (1072 - 1127) xay dung vao nam
1076 Trai qua cae trilu dgi Ly, Trin,
Hd, Le Sd, Mac va Le - Trjnh, Qudc Tu
Giam lufln la trung tam giao due Nho
hgc cia quflc gia Dgi Viet tgi kinh thtah
Thtag Long Dta nam 1803 cflng vdi
viec djnh dfl d Hul, trieu dinh nha
Nguyen da lap trudng Quflc Tir Giam d
day vdi tta ggi Qudc hgc Dudng
Trudng Giam cd vai trd quan trgng
trong viec dao tao va eung cip dgi ngfl
tti thttc Nho hgc (c6 hpe vi) cho chfl dp
quta chu tiling uong tap quyln Cac
trilu dai quta chu Viet Nam rit cd y
thttc trong viec myln chpn dpi ngu thay
giao (Hpc quan) vtta cd tam vtta uyen
thtai v l ttinh dp dl gitag dgy tgi Quflc
Ttt Gitan Vgy dpi ngu thiy giao trudng
Giam bao gflm nhiing thtah phin nta?
tieu chi lya chpn chtte quan b6 lam thay giao trudng Giam ra sao? Nha nude cd nhung quy djnh gi eflng nhu che do dai ngp nhu the nap ddi vdi hp? Bai viet nay
se gdp phta lam rd dieu dd
L Hg thSng chu-e Hgc quan tru-dng Quoc Tu- Giam
Dudi thdi quan chi, nhflng chuc quan tham gia quan ly va gitog day d Qudc Ttt Giam thudng duge ggi la Hge quan, Hgc chinh, Giao quan (thdi Nguyen ggi
la Giam thin, ttong bai viet nay gpi ehung la Hpc quan) He thflng Hgc quan nay bao gflm nhilu chuc quan gitt vi tri, vai ttd khac nhau ttong trudng Quoc hgc
va do dd, d mdi trita dai se cd nhiing quy djnh rieng ttong tieu chi myen chgn
ca v l phim trgt va dttc hgnh
'*' Thac sT, Vipn Su hpe, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam
Trang 2Thdi Ly, sach ehinh su cho biet vao
nam 1076, vua Ly Nhta Tong cho chgn
quan vien vto chtte biflt chtt bfl vao
Quflc Ttt Giam dl hau vua va thai ttt
hgc, ma ehua ed ten chtte quan cy thfl
Theo ghi chep cua Dgi Viet sic ky todn
thu, mai den nam Thieu Long thu 15
(1272), vua Tran Thanh Tflng xuflng
chieu "tim ngudi tai gidi, dao due thflng
hieu kinh sach lam Tu nghiep Qudc Ttt
Giam""' Nhu vay, phai din thdi Trin
nha nude mdi eho dgt chtte Tu nghiep
lam ngudi ding dau Quflc Ttt Giam
Tita chuan lya chgn dfl bfl chtte Tu
nghiep la cac bae dgi than cia trilu
dinh, hfli dfl ca hai yeu tfl tai cao va dttc
trgng, tita chi nay vin dttgc cac trieu
dgi quan chfl ve sau ke tuc Trong 7 nam
tfln tgi (1400 - 1407), nha Hfl tilp tyc
xep dat chuc Tu nghiep de trflng eoi
trudng Giam Nam 1400, Hd Quy Ly da
cho Nguyin Phi Khanh (1355 - 1428)
ngudi xa Nhi Khe, phfl Qudc Oai, trin
Son Nam (nay thuflc huyen Thudng Tin,
Ha Ndi) dam nhiem chtte vy nay
Giup viec cho quan Ttt nghiep, nha
Tran eho dat chtte Trg giao Quflc Ttt
Giam Sang thdi Lfl sa, viec hgc tap va
giao due Nho hpc dugc md rflng phat
ttien vdi quy md Icin va dgt tdi dinh cao,
do dd tita chuan tuyen chpn thay giao
trudng Qudc Ttt Giam dugc quy djnh
mgt each cy the, viec xIp dat, phin cflng
nhiem vu cua cae Hgc quan dugc td
chtte kha hoan chinh Muc Quan chuc
chi cia Lich trieu Hien chuang logi chi
cho bilt: thdi Lfl tai Quflc Ttt Giam da
cd cac chtte quan T I tuu, Tu nghiep, Tryc giang, Bac si, Trg giao va Giao thy Den nam 1467, tgi trucmg Giam bit dau dat chuc Ngfl kinh Bac sT (sau ddi thanh Ngfl kinh giao thu va Ngfl kinh hpc chinh), day la , chtte hpc quan chuyen nghien cira ve 5 bd sach kinh dien cia Nho gia (Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Kinh Djch, Kinh Lfl, Kinh Xuan Thu) Cflng trong nam nay, Nha nude da cap
ban in sach NgU kinh cho Qudc Tu
Giam Den thdi Le trung himg (1592 -1788), he thdng chtte Hpc quan trttdng Giam dttgc dat them kha nhieu, tdng sfl bien che cac vien giao quan tai trudng Giam dudi thdi Le la 15 ngudi'^', bao gflm: Tfl tttu (tdng Ttt phim) dttng diu trttdng Qude Tu Giam; Tu nghiep (Tdng ngfl pham); Ngfl kinh giao thy, Giao thy (ehtah Bat phim), Hpe chinh, Giam ba, Trg giao, Dien ba (tdng Bat phim) Dudi thdi Nguyen, khi trudng Qudc hgc mdi thtah lap (1803), trilu dinh Gia Long mdi chi dat 1 vien Dfle hpc (chanh
Tu pham) va 1 vien Phd dfle hgc (tdng Ttt pham) vtta lo viec dilu hanh, vtta phy ttach viee giang dgy Dfln nam Minh Menh thtt 2 (1821), Quflc hgc Dudng dfli ten thanh Qudc Ttt Giam,
' " (2004), Bgi Viit sir ky todn Ihu (Bdn khac
ndm Chinh Hoa 18 - 1697), t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc
xahpi,HaNpi,tr.39
"' Vien Sil hpe (1977), Le triiu quan chi (tai
lieu tham khao), Nxb Van hda Thong tin Ha Npi, tr.66 - 67
Trang 3eung vdi viee xay dyng co sd vat chat
nham lam cho Qudc Ttt Giam ttd thanh
trung tam giao dye Nho hgc cia ca
nude, trieu dinh da cho bd chuc Dfle
hgc, dat lgi chtte Te tim va Ttt nghiep
lam chuc quan cao nhat cia trudng
Nam 1822, vua Minh Menh cho dat
them d ngfli trudng Quflc hgc nay cac
chtte Hgc chinh, Giam thtta, Diln bg,
Difln tjch, 10 vj nhgp luu thu Igi vtta la
chtte quan giang day, phy giup Te tin,
Tu nghiep
Cac trieu dgi quta chfl Viet Nam cdn
cho dat them vifln dai than kiem Hnh
cflng viec d Quflc Tu Giam de dfle thuc
Hgc quan trudng Giam lam tdt chtte
trach, nhiem vy cua minh, dflng thdi "de
cho hgc trd kinh theo khudn phep,
khflng dugc gta nhdn nhu quan d Giam,
pham hgc trd 4 phuang deu duge den
Giam hgc tap, hing thtog 4 khda tap
vto"'^' Chtte quan nay, thdi Lfl sa ggi la
D I digu, sang din thdi Le - Trjnh va
Nguyin gpi la Tri Quflc Ttt Giam
Nhu vay, he thflng Hpc quan trudng
Quflc Ttt Giam thdi quta chu bao gdm
nhilu chtte quan khac nhau, duge co cau
thtah ba bd phan: quan ly, giang day va
chuc quan giup viec cho giao quan dgy
hgc d mfli mgt trilu dai, tuy sd lugng
cac chuc Hge quan d trudng Giam cd sy
tiiay doi theo hudng ngay cang hoan
thien hon, song diu kha tiiflng nhit
trong viec phai lya chgn nhiing ngudi
uyta thtai, dire do dl nim gitt nhflng
chtte vy quan ttpng nay
2 Mgt so quy djnh cua nha nude dfli vol Hgc quan trirdng Giam
2.1 Tiiu chi lira chgn
Hpc quan trudng Giam gift ttpng trach rat Idn trong viec dao tgo bfli dudng nhta tai quflc gia, do vay tieu chuan lya chgn cac chtte nay, dac biet la hai chtte Te tttu va Tu nghiflp ddi hdi rat chat che ve dttc do va tai ntog Do dd, cac Hpc quan dimg dau trudng Giam phai la nhtmg ngudi cao tudi dugc trgng vgng trong sfl cae quan dai than, la ngudi thdng hieu Nho giao, thay giao dfl Tien si ed trinh dp uyen tham va dttc dp Thdi Ly, ttieu dinh mdi chi chpn nhitng vita quan chtte biet chtt bfl vao Quoc Ttt Giam ma chua cd chtte quan
cu the Den thdi Trta, chinh quyen da cho dgt chtte Tu nghiep dimg dau trudng Giam, va chtte quan nay dugc giao cho dai thin cfla triflu dinh, nhttng ngudi dttc trgng, tai cao, uyen tham kinh sach dam nhiem, song sfl lugng cy the nhu thi nao khong thay tu lieu ghi chep
rd Ttt thdi Le sd trd di, viee tuyin chgn Hgc quan trudng Giam dugc quy djnh mgt each rd rtag ea vfl sfl lugng va phim ttat Cy the nhu sau:
Ti lieu: la chtte quan dttng dau trudng
Quoc Ttt Giam, ttat Tdng Ttt phim, cd chuc ntag nhiem vy tuong ducmg vdi Hieu trudng cua mflt tirudng Dgi hpc ngay nay
'^' QuIc su quan trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc li/e, t.3, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, tr.39
Trang 4Tu nghiep: ttt thdi Lfl sa trd di, day la
chuc quan dttng thtt hai d trudng Giam,
ttat Tdng ngfl pham (thdi Trta, Tu
nghiep dttng dau Quflc Tu Giam) cd
nhiem vu giup viee cho quan Te tuu ca
trong quta Iy va hogt ddng dgy hpc d
trudng Quflc Tu Giam
Thdng thudng nha nude thudng
dung vien dgi than trong trieu dinh
kiem lanh gitt chuc vu Te tuu va Tu
nghiep, chi yeu dat mdi chtte mdt vien
nhung eflng ed lie dgt hai vita de kiem
lanh mflt trong hai chtte vy nay Su
sach cho biet vao nam 1463, trong danh
sach eac quan Iai lam cflng viec thi
Dinh cd 2 Te tttu la Le Niem va
Nguyta Ba Ky, nam 1496 stt cflng ghi
tta hai vj Te tuu la Han lam vien Thtta
chi Dflng cac Dgi hpe sT kiem Quflc Ttt
Giam Tl tttu Than Nhta Trung va Lgi
bg Thugng thu kiem Quflc Ttt Giam Te
tin Le Nhuan Ttt ntta sau thfl ky XVIII,
chat lugng gitag day va hgc tgp trd nen
sa sit, van chuong trudng Giam khdng
cdn la mau myc ntta, dl khac phyc tinh
ttgng nay, chinh quyln Lfl - Trjnh cho
tang them quan TS Tin, Tu nghiep dl
cung trflng coi, quan Iy viec giang tap
Nam 1756, chfla Trjnh Doanh cho Nhft
Dinh Toan eflng kiem chuc Tl turn vdi
Nguyin Ba Lan; nam 1767 chua Trjnh
Sam ha lenh cho T I tudng Nguyen
Nghiim lam chtte Trung Thtt giam, Vfl
Mita gio chtte T I tuu, Le Quy Ddn va
Phan Le Phien lam Tu nghiep
Triflu dinh Nguyin vin tiep tyc kl
thtta va duy tri he thflng chtte Hgc quan
nhu thdi Le sa va Le trung hung Qudc sic qudn triiu Nguyen cho biet ttt ddi
vua Minh Menh den gitta ddi vua Ty Due, trilu dinh eho dat 1 vien Te tiiu, 2 vifln Tu nghiep cflng quan Iy dita hanh
va giang day d ttudng Giam, nhtmg t i nua sau ddi vua Ty Dttc trd di, chi duy tri 1 vifln Tu nghiep So vdi thdi Le, pham trgt cua chtte quan gift chuc Tl tuu va Tu nghiep thdi nay cao hon: chic
Te tim cd ham Chanh ttt phim, chtte Tu nghiep cd ham Tdng tii pham"''''
True gidng: la chuc quan dttng dudi
hang Tu nghiep, tuong duong hang Giao thy, trat Chanh bat phim Day la chtte quan lam nhiem vy gitag dgy Kinh thu va phu giup cho quan Te tuu (3 thdi
Le so, Giam sat Ngy stt Nguyen Cu Dao (Tiln sT khoa thi nam 1442) da timg gift chtte nay
Bdc sT: la chftc quan do ngudi thflng
hilu kinh nghia dam nhta, duge dgt t i thdi Le so, cd nhiem vy truyln day kiln thttc Nho hgc cho hgc trd, dflng thdi cdn
cd the la cfl vin chinh trj va dien le cho trilu dinh quan chfl Thdi Le sa, vao khoa thi nam 1442, Quflc Ttt Gitai Bac
si Nguyin Ttt Tan da gitt viec dgc quyen thi cho vua nghe va xet djnh dfl cao thap cho thi sinh Nam 1448, An phfl Phd stt Thien Trudng (Nam Djnh)
la Phan Phu Tien dugc ctt gitt chuc Quflc Ttt Giam Bac sT Dfln thdi Le ttung hung cho bd chtte quan nay
"' Npi cac trieu Nguyen (2005), Khdm dinh Bgi
Ngm hgi diin su li, t.4, quyln 102, Nxb Thujn
Hoa, Thira Thien Hue, tr.476
Trang 5Trg gido: la chuc hgc quan giflp Quflc
Tu Giam Bae sT truyen thy Nho hpc, chtte
quan nay thuflc ham Tdng bat pham
Gido Ihu: ban vj thip ban Quflc Tu
Giam Bac si va Trg giao, trat ham Tdng
bat phim (ngay nay tuong duong vdi
tfln ggi Giao su d trudng Dgi hpc), cd
nhiem vy phu giflp quan Te tttu va Tu
nghiep vfl xay dyng ehucmg ttinh hpc,
xep dgt ljch hpe
Ngu kinh hoc chinh: la ten gpi khac
cia chuc quan Ngfl kinh bac si dudi ddi
Le Thtah Tflng Sach Dal Viet sic ky
todn thu eho biet: vao nam 1467 Vua Le
Thanh Tflng eho dgt chtte Ngu kinh bac
sT, chuyfln nghien ciru ve 5 bg sach kinh
dita cia nho gia Tuy nhien, khi lam
cupc cai each hanh chinh, flng da cho bd
chuc danh ay, dat Ngu kinh giao thy
(ham Chanh bat pham) va Ngu kinh hpc
chinh (ham Tdng bat pham) Nha Le
trung himg cho bd chuc Ngfl kmh giao
thy, chi de Iai Ngu kinh hpc chinh lam
nhiem vy gitag dgy hpc trd
Hgc chinh: la chtte hgc quan dttgc dat
dttdi thdi Le - Trjnh, lam nhiem vu dgy
bao hpc trd Quan che ddi Bao Thai eho
dat chuc quto nay trgt Tdng bat pham
Day la nhung chuc quan tryc tiep
tham gia giang day dao sach Thanh
hiln, ren tap van bai cho hpc trd
trudng Giam Hd trg chp cae Hpc quan
nay, trilu dinh cdn eho dgt them cac
chtte quan khac nhu: Giam ba la chtte
quan phy trach cae loai so sach trong
trudng, cd ham Tdng bat pham; chtte
Diln bg (trat Tdng bat pham), cd
nhiem vy gift viec van ddc, van thu trong trudng Giam; Diln nghia (la chuc quan cd nhiem vy tra ettu kinh dien, kinh nghia dl phy giip viec day hpc cho cae giang quan)
Dau triflu Nguyin mac dfl vua Gia Long cflng ed y thttc xay dyng, tfl chtte nen giao due Nho hpe phat ttien, nhtmg phai den ddi vua Minh Menh, he thdng cae Hpc quan trudng Giam mdi dugc xep dat mgt each cy thi Vao nam 1822, vua Minh Menh eho dat 3 vien Hgc chinh ham Tdng lyc pham (nam 1827 giam xuflng chi cdn 2 ngudi) chuyfln phu trach viec gitag tap cho cae Tdn sinh Nam 1827, Minh Menh eho dat thflm 2 vifln Giam thtta ham Chanh that pham, 2 • ien Dien ba ham Tdng that pham, 2 vien Dita tjch ham Tdng citu phim va 10 Vj nhap luu thu lai"' Trong
do, Hgc chinh cd nhiem vy theo vien Giam dudng ehuyta gitt viec gitag dgy hpc tap Giam thtta cd nhiem vy dem eac thuflc vifln dfl lam mpi sy vy Quflc hpc; Dien ba va Diln tjch deu eoi gift kinh sach, sd bg, cdn nhflng Vj nhap luu thu lai thi le thupc vta Giam dl sai phai lam viec cdng'"
Cflng nhu chuc quan Te tira, Tu nghiep, cae Hpc quan nay phai dugc bfl dyng ttt nhflng ngttdi thflng hieu Nho giao, cd due hgnh, kinh nghiem lam viec '^* Nam 1850, vua Ty Dire rut bdt si quan nay xuong con moi churc mpt ngudi va chi con 6 Vi nhap luu thu lai
'•*' (julc sir quan trilu Nguyen (2004), t.2, sdd,
tr.919
Trang 6lau nam song ve trinh dp thi khflng yeu
ciu cao nhu Te tiru va Ttt nghiep Theo
le bfl dung chtte quan nam Dttc Nguyen
thu 1 (1674) dudi thdi Le - Trjnh, cac
chuc Giao thy, Hpe chinh Giam bg,
Diln bg dugc bd dyng tu Nho sinh trung
thttc va Giam sinh lam viec d Quflc Ttt
Giam lau nam va nhieu lan thi tring
nhilu truong (thudng 15 nam la lau
nam, tiling 10 trucmg) do quan Qudc Tu
Giam bao ctt Trong khi dd, chtte Te tttu
va Tu nghiep chfl yflu dugc tuyen chgn
tu nhiing vj quan cao tufli, la eae dgi
thin dugc ttgng vgng trong trieu, kien
thue Nho hgc uyen tham
Tham gia quan ly va giam sat hogt
dflng trudng Giam cdn cd chtte De dieu
va Tri Qudc Ttt Giam sy Myc Quan
chirc chi trong Lich trieu hien chuang
logt chi cho biflt Dfl dieu la chuc quan
cao hon chtte Tl tttu, Ttt nghiflp, chuyfln
dflng dai than khflng ctt vta hay vd de
kiem nhiem chtte quan nay Stt sach cho
biflt: vao nam 1448 cd Tu Khau Lfl
Khic Phuc dugc gift chtte De Dieu; nam
1469 cd dng Le Niem khi dugc thang
len lam Thai bao Binh chuang quan
qudc ttpng su (Te tudng) da dugc vua
Le giao kiem them chuc De dieu Quflc
Ttt Giam, sau do khflng thay stt sach ghi
them nhan vat nao gift chuc vu nay nua,
dieu dd chttng td ttt ddi Hflng Due ttd
di, trita dinh da cho bai bd chuc quan
nay Tuy nhien, den thdi Le - Trjnh va
thdi Nguyin Igi tiep tuc stt dung chuc
quan nay khi ca hai trieu dgi cho dgt
chtte Tri Quoc Tu Giam sy - mpt chuc
kiflm nhiem giao cho cae dgi thta lam cflng viee tuong ty nhu D I dieu Qudc Ttt Giam bufli diu Le so"' Nam 1838, vua Minh Menh quylt djnh chpn hai dai thto kiem Hnh eflng viec cia Quflc Tu Giam, giao cho Thai bao Van minh dien Dgi hpc si Trucmg Dtog Qui va Hiep bien Dgi hpc si Le Van Dttc thay nhau lam, theo dd thtog chin Le Van Due phy trach, thang le do Truang Dang Que phy trach (din nam 1841, vua Thieu Trj
cu Ddng cae Dgi hpc sT Vfl Xuta Can thay thi dgi than Lfl Van Dttc)
2.2 Nhiim vu ciia cdc Hpc quan Sach Lich trieu hien chuang logi ehl
cfla Phan Huy Chu viet kha rd ve nhiem
vy cfla chuc quan dung dau trudng Giam: "(Cae vita Tri giam sy, Tfl tuu,
Tu nghiep) phung menh trdng coi nhi Van Mieu, rta luyen si tu, phai ehita chi truyln nam truoc, hing thang theo dung ky eho tap lam vto, de gay dung nhan tai, giup viec thuc dung cho nude"'*' Nhu vay, nhung ngudi dttng dau Quflc Ttt Giam cd hai nhiem vu co ban: trflng coi Van Mieu thd Chu Cdng, Khflng Tu, cac vj A Thanh, Tien hien tien nho va ren tap si ttt, dao tao nhto tai
''' Sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viit Nam do Ngo
Dire Thp chil biSn ghi: vao nam 1761 Nguy6n Nghiim giir chirc Thupng thu bp Cong Nhap thj B6i tyng dae trach dung dau QuIe Tu Giam Co
15 day la chiic Tri QuIc Tir Giam Nguyin Quang (Huy) Nhuan (1678 - 1758), Nguyin Hoan (1713 -1792) cung timg dam nhan chic vy nay
' " Phan Huy Chu (2007), Ljch triiu hiin chuang
logi chi, Myc Quan chiic chi, t.l, Nxb Giao
dyc,HaNpi,tr.586
Trang 7cho dat n u a c Viec dao tao nhan tai do
dira tren quan niem: "Hien tai la nguyen
khi cua quoc gia, nguyen khi thinh thi
the nude manh roi len cao, nguyen khi
suy thi the nuac yeu roi xuong thap"*^'
Trong do, voi tu each la nguai dung dSu
Quoc Tijr Giam, Te tuu khong chi la
chuc quan chju trach nhiem toan tnrong
Giam thuc hien dung chii truong chinh
sach do vua va trieu dinh ban xu6ng ma
con true tiep giang day hpc tro cac bO
Ngu kinh, Tu" thu cung cac sach Thanh
hien khac*'"* Cac Hgc quan khac: Tu
nghiep, True giang, NgO kinh hoc chinh,
Hoc chinh, Trg giao, Giao thu vua giup
viec cho quan Te tiiu, vira lam nhiem vu
dao tao va tuyen lira nhan tai thong qua
viec giang bai, ren tap van bai cho Giam
sinh theo chuang trinh giang t|ip nha
nuac quy dinh*' *
Khong nh&ng vay, Hgc quan truong
Giam con co trach nhiem lira chgn, bao
cu nhihig Giam sinh xuat sac de trieu
dinh xet duyet b6 ra lam quan nhu chi
du sau day ciia vua Minh Menh thu 6
(1825): "Qu6c Til Giam la noi chijra
nhan tai, gan day dat sinh vien cho an
luong h^u, b6i duong gay dung cung da
chu dao lam; cac Giam sinh Toa giam
tru6c sau, dSn nay tham nhuan an trach
giao hoa, cung d^u da c6 thanh tai Vay
ha lenh T^ tiiu, Tu nghiep liy cong bang
ken chgn 30 nguai hgc van rpng van
chuang hay co thi dung dugc ma tau
len"*'^^ Vi vay vao nam 1693, de thuan
ti?n cho viec giang day, chinh quyln Le
-Trjnh ban hanh chi du cho cac vi T6 tuu,
Tu nghiep, Giao thu, Ngu kinh bac sT a luon trong truang Giam de ngay thuang huang din Giam sinh hgc tap
Trich "Bai ky de danh Tien s f nam Nham Tuat, nien hi^u Dai Bao thii 3 (1442), do Than Nhan Trung soan nam 1484 dcri Le Thanh Tong,
dan X.\x: (1978), Tuyen tgp vdn bia Hd Ngi, quyen
1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi Ha Noi, tr.65
"*" Le Quy Don trong Kien vdn tieu luc co ghi
chep ve sach hoc truang Quoc TCr Giam nhu
sau: Tir thir (Luan Ngir, Manh Tii, Dai hpc, Trung dung); Ngu kinh (Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu,
Kinh Dich, Kinh Ll, Kinh Xuan Thu), Ngpc ducmg van pham, Van hien thong khao (sach dai Nguyin g6m 348 quyln), Van tuyin (sach dai Luong gom 602 quyen), Cuong muc (sach dcri Tong gom 592 quyen), Tinh Iy dai toan (sach dai Minh g6m 70 quyln), Thieu vi thong giam (sach doi Tong, tiet yeu bp "Tir trj thong giam" cua Ty: Ma Quang, 20 quyen), Sach hpc
de cuang (Sach thoi Nguyen), Noc trai thap khoa sach luprc (sach dai Minh), Ta Thi Xuan Thu, Chu ll quang nghTa (sach thai Thanh gom
66 quyen) Nhu vay, giao trinh chinh thuc cua trucmg Qu6c Tu Giam la Tu thu, Ngu kinh
*"' Chuong trinh hpc tap bao gom: ngay miing mpt va ngay muai lam hang thang, Hpc quan din Giam de giang cac Kinh truyen 2 ky Ngoai
ra, hang thang hpc tro phai trai qua mpt ki tieu
tap (thi cac hpc tro) viec nay do Giao thu va
Hpc chinh phu trach Vap bon thang trpng cua
nam (trpng xuan - thang 2; trpng h^ - thang 5;
trpng thu - thang 8; trpng dong - thang 11), hpc
tro co mpt ki dgi tgp do Giam quan phu trach
Bai t|p giap cho cac Giam sinh co the lam ngay tai lap trong ngay phai xong, hogc co the dem
ve lam, mSy hom sau npp de thay cham Bai lam cua cac tro dupe thSy cham theo loi phan loai thanh 3 loai: uu (bai hang gioi), binh (bai hang binh) va thur (bai hgng thuang); trong loai binh chia thanh 3 loai: thu mac (bai co dogn hay), thu coc (bai thupc loai xoang), bai kem bj phe liet Trong so nhun§ bai doat logi uu, th5y giao chpn mpt so bai xuat sSc nhat de dpc trong buoi binh van ciia ca trucmg _
"^' Qu6c su quan trilu Nguyin (2004), t.2, sdd,
tr.397
Trang 8Nbu vay Hoc quan truong Giam
khong cbi co nhiem vu dao tao nban
tai cho dat nuoc, ma bo con co trach
nbiem lira ebon, bao cir nhitng Giam
sinh xudt s5c de trieu dinh xet duyet bo
ra lam quan
2.3 Sal hach gido chiec
Hpc quan tnrong Giam phai trai qua
mot ki khao bach (thoi Nguyin gpi la
sat bach giao cbiic) vita de danb gia
nang lire bpc quan tot xau, vira la co so
de nba nuac co hinh tbirc thirong phat
phii hpp Sach sit cho biet, vao nSm
1435 truac hien tupng cac giao quan
hay noi xau lan nhau, vua Le Thai T6ng
da sai cac giao chirc a Quoc Tir Giam va
cac Lp ciing vol nhOng quan va dan co
bpc van deu tap bap de thi a Van Tap
Duang, rfii can cir vao day de xet ky de
b6 dung hoac sa thai, cban giao chiic
nao khuylt sS lay nhiJng quan va dan da
thi do ma bo dung vao"" Tiep do vao
nam 1467, vua Le Thanh Tong da cho
khao thi va sa thai Dong cung Thj giang
Vu Nguyin Tiem va Ta Buu o Phung
Nghi ducmg*'"''
Den tbcti Nguyin, viec danh gia nSng
lire Hpc quan trucmg Giam, nhat la quan
Te tim, Tu nghiep duac cac vua Nguyen
rat quan tam, chu yeu dita vao ket qua ki
khao bach hpc tro, dua vao so ngach d6
hoac so ngucri vi pham trucmg quy trong
ky thi Huang dl co hinh thiic thuong
phat phii hpp (tang hoac cit, giam trir
luong, bong, thang giang cdp bac) Theo
quy djnh nam Minh Menh thir 6 (1825)
vl viec khao khoa hoc tro 6 Kinh thi;
"Nlu ai van ly khong thong va bo giSy trSng viet khong du quyln thi giao huan phai chieu luat bSt img xet nhe ma nghi xii Ngay vao trucmg con co nhitng te ay thi Te tiiu, Tu nghiep ciing bj chieu luat
vi lenh, tiiy so quyen nhieu hay it ma nghi xur Hoac co nguoi khong chiu yen phan lam on ao, thi Te tiru, Tu nghiep
va cac giao huan co trach nhiem bj giang phjit theo tbii bac"*"' Nam Minh Menh thii 10 (1829), trilu dinh quy dinh: doi voi d6 hjng Cii nhan neu triing
4 ngutri thi Te tiiu, Tu nghiep dupe thuang ky Iuc 1 thii, neu triing 16 ngudi thi T I tim va Tu nghiep duoc gia 1 cap; dpi voi do h?ng Tii tai neu triing 20 nguoi thi Te tiiu, Tu nghiep dupe ky Iuc
1 thii, neu briing 80 ngutti thi T I tftu va
Tu nghiep duac gia mpt cdp Nlu si nhan khpng triing mpt nguoi nao thi hpc quan tai chiic 1 nam bi phat b6ng 6 thang, t^i chiic nam ru9i bj pbjit bong 9
' ' Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyin (1998), Khdm
dfnh Viil sir thdng gidm cuang muc, t.l, Nxb
Giao dye, HaNpi, tr.872
'''" V6 sir ki?n nay, Bgi Viet sir ky todn thu (Bdn
ehep nhu sau: bay gicr Nguyin Tilm cung Buu hau Dong cung hpe Vua ngir den Dong eung hoi ehu nghTa hom truac the nao Thai tir dem nhitng lai Nguyen Tiem da day dl tra loi Vua liln sai ra ba de che, chieu, bilu bat bpn Tilm
va Buu thi d Phung Nghi dircmg Bpn Tilm diu
Vua xem xong, phe rang: dang torn! va qud trach Lji bo Thucmg thu Nguyin Nhu Do, Dong Cung quan Tr4n Phong va Do Ngir sii dai TrSn Xac vl tgi bao cir bjy
" " Qudc sir quan trilu Nguyin (2004), t.2, sdd
tr.451
Trang 9thang, tai chftc 2 nam bi phat bong 1
nam, tai chirc 3 nam thi bi giang 1 cSp
Trong truang hap sT nhan lam bai khong
thanh van ly, hay bo trdng khong dii bai
thi quan Te tiiu, Tu nghiep bi xii nang
hon cac chirc giao quan khac: neu co 1
nguoi thi Giao thu bi phat bong 6 thang,
nlu CO 3 nguoi thi giam mot bac; tpi chi
giang den 3 cap luu la thoi; Te tuu, Tu
nghiep thi giam 3 bac, tpi giang den 4
cap thi d6i di"" Sach Dgi Nam thiec luc
con cho biet: vao nam Thidu Trj thii 2
(1842) trong danh sach Tii tai trucmg
Thira Thien co nguoi ten la Nguyin
Phiic Tuang, vi tpi mao dting hp nha
vua nen bi sai each bo ten trong so Tu
tai doi lam Nguyin Van Tuong, bj xu
tpi dp 1 nam'"', cac giap quan tit cap
tinh, huySn, cac quan truong Giam, Bo
Ll va vien Do sat bi phan biet giang,
phat Nha Nguyen ciing dac biet nghiem
cam hanh vi gian lan cua Giam quan
Nam 1853 vua T\r Diic quy djnh Hoc
quan nao nhan ctta dilt lot, giii gam
rieng se chilu theo le phdm hanh kem
xii each chiic, khong duac b l dung nita
Nlu so tham tang nhieu, thi tinh theo so
tang theo mirc nang xur tpi
3 Chi do dai ngS diinh cho Hoc
quan trutmg Giam
Cac trilu dai quan chii Viet Nam rat
quan tam den van de khuyen khich
giao due Nho hpc phat triin, vi the nha
nuac da thuc hien nhieu che dp dai
ngp khac nhau, trong do co Hpe quan
trucmg Giam
3.1 Cap lirffng
Duoi thoi Ly, cac quan trong ngoai kinh thanh deu khong dupe cdp luang bong, bat than nha vua moi thudng cho cac quan trong kinh thanh, con cac quan ngoai thi giao eho dan mpt mien de dat ngutri thupc vien thu thue rupng dat ao
ho danh vao dan cay, dan ca ma ldy lpi*"* Thoi Tran, vao nam Thien l/ng Cbinh Binh thii 5 (1236), moi djnh le cap bong eho cac quan van vo trong ngoai va cac quan a cung dien (tuy nhien quy chd chua ro) Den thdi Le so, dinh che ve lucmg bong ciia quan vien mdi duoc quy dinh mpt each cu thi va
ro rang, ngoai dupe cap tien hp cdn dupe cap ca dat the nghiep*'" Theo
Quan che thai Hong Buc thi quan Te
tiiu cd luong ca nam la 44 quan (mdi thang la 3 quan 6 tiln, 40 ddng), dupe cap 4 mau ddt the nghiep, 15 mdu rupng vua ban, 10 mdu rudng te; quan Tu nghiep luong ca nam la 36 quan (1 thang la 3 quan); chitc quan Ngu kinh
"" Qu6c su quan trilu Nguyin (2004), t.2, sdd,
tr.895 - 896
''^* Tdi dd la 1 trong Ngu hinh phat thoi xira, g6m: xuy (danh bang roi), trugng (danh bang gay), dd (vira bj danh vira phuc djch), iuu (luu day noi xa) Hi (gilt chet)
"*> Phan Huy Chu (2007), U.sdd, tr.642
<"' Vao nam H6ng Due thir 4 (1473), vua Le Thanh Tong djnh ro quy ehl bong loc cho cac quan trong ngoai, tien bong co khac nhau Tiep
do vao nam 1479, trilu dinh ban cdp rupng cho
cac quan vien, goi la rugng the nghiip ('a ruOng
dat cap cho vuong hau va cac quan to, dai minh
va dai con chau duac huong)
Trang 10giao thu dupe 21 quan tien ca nam (gdm
1 quan 7 tiln 30 dong mdi thang)*^"'
Din nam 1721, trilu dinh Le - Trinh eho
thue hien ehl dp ban an tii dan hu?, tien
gao va ngudi theo hau de tra lucmg cho
cac quan vdi mirc dp it nhieu khac nhau
Theo Quan che ddi Bdo Thai, "quan Te
tiiu dupe dSn lde 1 xa, chudn dinh tien
gian 150 quan, ngudi theo hau 15 ngudi;
quan Tu nghiep dupe dan lpc 1 xa,
chuan dinh tiln gian 100 quan, ngudi
theo hdu 10"*^" Bdi vdi cac Hpc quan
cd ham tit Lue phdm trd xudng den ham
Cuu phdm thi cho linh 60 quan tien quy,
kem 1 pham thi giam 10 quan, deu eho 8
ngudi theo hdu*'^'
Trilu dinh Nguyen tra luong cho Hpc
quan trucmg Giam bang tien, gap tien
xuan phuc, tiiy thep mdi ddi vua va pham
trat cua timg chitc quan ma cd miic quy
djnh khae nhau Cd the thay ro su thay
ddi nay qua sd lieu thdng ke sau day:
Quan Ham chanh Tit pham (Te
tiiu): theo I? dinh thdi Gia Long, bdng
ca nam thi tiln 60 quan, 60 phuong gao,
tien xuan phue 10 quan Nam Minh
M?nh thit 20 (1839): tidn luong ea nam
la 80 quan (titc nhieu ban trudc 20
quan), gao 60 phuong, tien ao xuan
phuc 14 quan Nam Tu Diic thii 8
(1855): tien tang cap an bdng len 40
quan, gao va tien xuan phuc khdng ddi
Quan ham tdng Tii pham (Tu
nghiep): theo le djnh Gia Long, bdng ca
nam 50 quan, gao 50 phuong, tien ao
xuan phuc 10 quan Theo chudc dinh ve
bdng nam Minh Menh thir 20, bdng ca nam 60 quan, gao 50 phuong, nhieu hon trudc 10 quan tien, gao nhu trudc, tien
ao xuan phuc khdng ddi Theo tang cap
an bdng nam Tu Diic thii 8 (1855) bdng
50 quan tiln gao 45 phuang (giam so vdi le Minh Menh la 10 quan tien va 5 phuang gao)
- Quan tdng Luc phdm (Hpc chinh): theo le dinh Gia Long, tien luang bdng
ca nam la 22 quan, gao 22 phuong, tien
ao miia xuan 6 quan; den nam Minh Menh thii 20, tien luong ea nam la 25 quan, gao 22 phucmg va tien ao miia xuSn la 6 quan, nhieu hem trudc 3 quan tiln Theo tang cap an bdng nam Tu Diie thii 8 (1855), bdng 18 quan tiln
- Quan chanh, tong That pham (Giam thita, Diln ba): theo le djnh thdi Gia Long, tiln la 20 quan, gao 20 phuong, tiln ao miia xuan 5 quan Theo chudc dinh ve bdng nam Minh M|nh thii 20, bdng ea nam tiln 22 quan, gao 20 phuang, tien ao miia xuan 5 quan, nhilu hon trude 2 quan tien, gao va tien ao miia xuan gia nguyen Theo tang cap an bdng nam Tu Ditc thii 8 (1855), bdng edn 16 quan tien
- Quan ham tdng Ciiu phdm (Dien tjch): theo 1? djnh Gia Long, tiln 16 quan, gao 16 phuang, tien ao mua xuan
4 quan Theo 1? djnh Minh Menh (1839), tiln 18 quan, gao 16 phuang, tiln ao miia xuan 4 quan, nhilu hon
»<''"™Phan Huy Chu (2007), 1.1, sdd, tr.645 - 648