T?p chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Bui Tien Huan NGHIEN CifV TONG QUAN VE GIAO DUG LICH StJ" UC TRONG TRU''''OfNG PHO THONG BOI TlfiN HUAN'''' T 6 M TAX Bdi bdo ndy gidi thieu bdi cdnh, qud Irinh nghien cdu vd cdc[.]
Trang 1NGHIEN CifV TONG QUAN VE GIAO DUG LICH StJ" UC
TRONG TRU'OfNG PHO THONG
BOI TlfiN HUAN'
T 6 M TAX
Bdi bdo ndy gidi thieu bdi cdnh, qud Irinh nghien cdu vd cdc kit qud dgt dugc ciia cdng cugc cdi cdch dgy vd hgc Ljch sir (LS) Uc bdc hgc phd Ihdng giai dogn 2000-2010 Nghien etiu ndy dugc Ihuc hien thdng qua viec tiep can cdc tdi lieu gdc dugc cdng bS tren cdc website chinh thiic ciia DEST, ACARA vd cdc nghien eiru ddng lin cdy dugc ddng Idi tren website cug HTAA, AHA vd cdc tgp ehl khoa hgc cd uy tin
Tir khda: qudc gia, giao due lich sit, lieh su Ue, day va hpe, trudng phd thdng
ABSTRACT
An overview of Australian history education in high schools
The article introduces the context, research process and results of the renovation in teaching and learning Australian history during the period of 2000-2010 The study was conducted through original materials officially issued by websites of DEST, ACARA and reliable studies in websites of HTAA, AHA and other
Keywords: nation, history education, Australian history, teaching and leaming, Mgh
school
1 Thye tr^ng giang day L|ch su* Uc
trong trirdng phd thong
Nude Ue nhiing nam dau the ki
XXI da chiing kiln su xudng ddc cua
viec day va hgc LS trong trudng phd
thdng Viee ehan hpc mdn LS eua hgc
sinh (HS) [3], su thieu hut cac ngudn tai
lieu hd trg, vin de sd lugng va ehit lugng
dpi ngii giao vien (GV), sir ap dat va
chinh tri hda mdn LS [12], su xem nhe
vai trd ciia mdn LS trong giao due nhan
each HS, dinh hinh ban sic dan tpc va
hinh thinh nhiing pham ehit cin thiet
cho ngudi cdng dan [4], [8], [9] da dugc
du luan xa hdi va cae nha khga hpc giao
due tai Uc neu ra."Song chi din khi Chinh
phu va ngudi dan Uc ehuan bi bude vag
thien nien ki mdi, dinh hinh lai nhimg gia
tri Ue thi hp mdi nhan ra rang vdi vdn
LS Men cd, nude Uc khd ed the chilm dugc mgt vi tri quan trgng va day anh hudng tai khu vuc chau A Thai Binh Duong Su thien lech va de cao vai trd thdng tri ciia ngudi da trang, su siing bai nii hoang Anh qudc, su ki thi ngudi nhap
cu, sy phan biet va ap bite thd dan, su gan giii ve dia li nhung xa each ve ngoai giao, van hda, tat ca se khien eho Uc dl
bi cd lap va tach biet vdi cac qude gia trgng khu virc
Tinh trang HS khdng quan tam den
LS dit nude ciing dugc ghi nhan qua mgt Igat nhiing bao eao cdng bd ring mirc dg MIU biet LS cua HS la rit kem Nam
1994, Civics Expert Grgup da egng bd ket qua mdt cuge khag sat cho thay gidi
• ThS, Vijn NghiSn eiru GiSo dgc, Trudng Bai hpc Su pham TPHCM
Trang 2Tu' lieu thann khao
tre d Uc cd su bieu Met rat bdi hgt ve LS
chinh tri va thi ehl dit nude Nam 1997,
mdt nghien ciiu dugc thuc Men bdi Hdi
ddng Qude gia Ki niem 100 nam thanh
lap Lien bang Uc (Council for the
Centenary of Federation) da thira nhan su
thd a cua gidi tre Uc ddi vdi qudc sir qua
sd lieu thdng ke dang bao dgng rang chi
cd 18% ddi tugng dugc phdng vin biit
Edmund Barton la vi thu tudng diu tiSn
cua Ue, trong khi 43% ddi tugng duge
hdi khdng biit "lien bang" ed y nghia gi?
(dan lai tir [12]) Theo mdt bao cao lien
bang ve quyen va nghTa vu edng dan
dugc thuc bien vao nam 2006 cho biet,
cbi ed khoang 23% HS ldp 10 biit ll
Qude Khanh eua Uc, tiic la ngay ki niem
ngudi Anh lan dau tien dat chan den tieu
lue dia nam 1788 (Din theo [3])
Tinh trang thilu hieu biit vl LS dit
nude da lam tang sir lo lang ciia eae ben
cd lien quan vl edng tac giao due LS tai
Uc
2 Cac tranh luan ve giao due Lich
sirof Uc
Nam 2006, trong bai phat bilu tai
National Press Club, Thil tudng J
Howard da phat di mdt thdng diep mdi,
dng keu gpi mdt "cupc cai each triet dl"
nham lam "thay ddi gdc re" viee day va
hgc mdn LS trong nha trudng Ong ndi
"Sir that la mgi ngudi den qude gia nay
bdi vi hg mudn trd thanh ngudi Uc
Chiing tdi hi vgng tit ca nhimg ngudi den
day dlu thuc Men mgt cam kit quan
trpng nhat ddi vdi nude Uc dd la tdn
h-gng va thim nhuin va cac gia fri luat
phap va dan chii Uc" [8]
Ldi keu gpi ciia dng Howard dien ra ngay sau cudc bao loan lien quan den yeu
td sac tge tai Cronulla vao thang 12 nSm
2005 cang khiln dng manh me hon trong gigng dieu, dng nhan xet thang than rang
"5if gdn ket khdng phdi Id sdn phdm cua
su may mdn md Id nd lire cua luang tdm
vd tap the " Ong Howard cho rang ^dgy
LS qudc gia la chia khda cho mgi no li^c nhdm duy trl bdn sdc vd cdn tinh qudc gia cua lJc^\ Ong nhan manh ^'Nhl^m vu chudn bi cho the he tre phdi Id gldg due
di hg tro thdnh nhiing nguai cong ddn co hieu biet vd ndng dpng, Id dgy cho hg cdc
xu hudng chinh yeu ve su phdt trien cm qudc gia" Ndi each khae, theo dng
Howard, khdng day eau chuy?n qudc gia
cd the khiln "Nhung ngudi tre tudi co
nguy ca bi tudc quyen ke thira tir cpng dong cda hg neu cpng dgng thieu can ddm vd tu tin di dgy LS qudc gia minh"
Ong xem "tinh da sdc tpc ciia Uc Id mpt
trong nhiing siic mgnh Idu ddi ciia quSc gia" Trong khi dng Howard franh tin
dugng mdt each thai qua vl giao dye LS, dng vin tin tudng vag tim quan trpng co ban cua mpt cau chuyen qude gia rieng Met frong nha trudng, dd la khSng djnh
mgt dieu co ban: "Dgy nhirng cdu chuyen
qudc gia Id quan trgng nhdm bdo ddm siic mgnh vd bdn sdc cug qudc gig " [8]
Bai dien van va chinh sach mdi vl giag due LS eua dng Hgward nhan dugc
su tan ddng ciia da sd du luan Uc, nhat la eac sit gia Trong mdt la thu giii cho
Adelglde Advertiser, Grattan Wheaton da
bay td y kiln "ddngy vai tdt cd mgi thii
dng Howard id ndi ve viec dgy nhiing mon LS/ Dia ll trong nhd trudng" Bai
Trang 3viet cho Weblog cua Andrew West trong
an ban online ciia Sydney Morning
Herald, mgt so blogger cung ung hg sang
kien LS ctia ngai thii tuong, Lexa bay to;
"7%eo tdi, LS phdi Id mdt mdn hgc bdt
bugc trong sudt qud trinh gido due cua
mgt con ngudi" Co mgt quan di^m ph6
biln r5ng vai tro ciia LS qu6c gia la tang
cuong va ciing e6 siic manh cho chinh
quoc gia 4y Tuong img, vai tro ciia giao
dye LS thuang la nham to chiic dk thuc
day cau chuyen quoc gia bSng each
truyen no lai cho thi h? tilp theo
Sau bai dien van ciia ong Howard,
thi cuu Bg truang Giao due ba Julie
Bishop - da loan bao se to chiic mgt Hgi
nghi Thugng dinh LS cap quoc gia bao
gdm cac su gia va cac nha bao, cac GV
day LS bac pho thong nham tim kiem
nhung each thiic tiep c ^ quoc gia moi
trong van de giang day qua khir quoc gia
Ba Bishop khang dinh "f)a din luc cho
mgt su phuc himg trong viec gidng day
LS Uc trong cdc trudng hgc ciia chiing
ta" Vao thai diem HS hoan thanh bac
hgc trung hgc pho thong', hg phai co mgt
sir hidu biet toan ven ve qua khii cua
qu6cgia" [13]
Trong mgt la thu gui The
Australian, Jenny Hammett da nggi khen
sang kiln Hgi nghi, ong n6i: 'To/ thudng
chodng vdng bdi cdch ngudi ta biit vi LS
ciia chiing ta Uc Id qudc gia cd mdt LS
phong phu day su kjeh tinh ldn bi kich vd
kinh nghiim gdy dung niem hgnh phuc
cita con ngirdi Nd la mdt tdm thdm theu
duy nhdt md tir rdt Idu rdi da bi chiim
doat bdi nhimg loi- ich cd nhdn, nhirng
ngudi muu toan diing sire mgnh ldn at
tdm nhin vd da ngdn chgn su tranh ludn bdng cdch kiem sodt nen gido due cua con em chung ta" [14], Mgt phong vien
khac, Laf Miranda Kelly, da giii toi The
Age moi lo ngai tuong tu, co noi: "Ldm the ndo chiing ta vdi tu cdch Id mdt qudc gia cd the mong dgi de canh tranh tren trudng qudc te niu LS Uc khiim khuyit
vd khdng dugc dgy nhu mgt mdn hgc bdt bugc trong trudng hgc cua chung ta?"
Co con viet "Neu khdng, chiing ta phdi
ddi mat vdi mot thirc te bi thdm rdng nhitng nhd lanh dgo tucmg lai ciia chiing
ta se khdng cd y tudng vi cdch thiirc phdt triin ddt nude [6],
Sir ling hg nhu vay khong la bit
nga Cac yeu cau de day ve '"''Thdnh tuu Uc" trong truang hgc la m6t quan dilm
dugc nhilu dang phai chinh trj khac nhau cua Uc tich cue chia se Hg nhin th§y vai tro quan trgng ciia giao due LS la de giao
due ''nhimg cong ddn tuang laf vl ban
sac va di san cua quoc gia
Bai diln vSn cua 6ng Howard da
ma man cho cugc "biit chien LS" quy mo
va keo dai den tan ngay nay Ben canh da
so cac y kien iing hg van eo nhfing y kiln
ban khoan Vi nhu f kien cua Aima Clark, ba noi ''ddng y rdng su hiiu biit
qud khu qudc gia Id rdt cdn thiet cho tdt
cd HS" song cao han va quan trgng han,
LS phai dugc xem la mgt mon khoa hgc
vai nghia la "nhirng kiin thirc cdt loi vi
qudc gia " Ba noi "nhung ro rdng Id sir hiiu biit vd nhdn thuc LS khdng din tir nhirng tri thirc thien can" That vay,
thuat ngu "am hieu LS''' khong co nghia
la biln tuang hoac pha bo qua khii qu6c gia, ma no doi hoi phai c6 nang lire dl
Trang 4Ty lieu tham khao
suy ngam-ve nd, hay "HS vd GV ximg
ddng dugc md rpng su hieu biet vd phdn
tich LS qudc gia, thay vi gidi hgn nd vdo
mpt du dn cua chit nghia yeu nude" [3]
Hay cac quan ngai viec giang day LS Uc
trong truimg hge bi cac chinh trj gia lgi
dung de phuc vu lgi ich dang phai^ hay
bau viu de duy tri nhiing nhan thirc eu kT,
mang ti'nh citng nhic, thay vi suy nglm
Cae tae gia dua ra yeu ciu la cac chinh tri
gia nen dimg ngoai cudc, thay vi can
thiep vao van de chuyen mdn lien quan
den giao due LS va quyen tu chii eiia nha
frudng [10], [15]
Tuy nbiSn, trudc dd frong gidi
nghien eiru da xuat Men cai gpi la "biit
chien LS" mpt cum tir dugc sir dung bdi
giao su Stuart Macintyre, Chu tjch Hdi
cae Sir gia Uc va tiln si Aima Clark qua
bai bao "history wars"^ ma sau nay phd
bien khip thi gidi Hp iing hd eai each
LS nhung phai dimg d gdc dp chuySn
mdn chii khdng phai la vin dl dang phai
Phat bilu tren kenh ABC, sir gia Stuart
Macintyre thira nhan su ein tMit ddi vdi
mdt chuong trinh LS qudc gia manh me
hon, mien dilu dd khdng gay tdn hai cho
viec tham gia phe phan frong ldp
hpc Ong ndi: "Tdi nghT tdt cd chung ta
deu ddngy rdng chiing to cdn phdi lam
nhieu hon de khdi phuc lgi vi tri ciia mdn
LS' Song dng cOng thira nhan: "Nhimg
ehting ta cdn phdi chdc chdn rdng do Id
su md rpng cho nhiing quan diim da
chieu vd dieu do khdng dan gian chi Id
mpt su dp dung trong truyin thv tri
thuc" Sir gia Graeme Davison cdn di xa
hon, dng khing dinh gia tri cua LS trong
mgt nen dan chu ttf do nim frong kha
nang phat buy tu duy phe phan: "Chimg
ta khdng the khac sdu cdc gid tri ddn chit len chinh the trir khi chung ta khuyen khich cdc y kien/ su ddnh gid/ cdch nhin phe phdn vd dgc lap trong lap hgc" Sir
gia Clare Wright ciing nghi ngd viec nhan manh vao cae su kien cd tinh bit bupc trong viec giao due LS Uc khdng ed
lgi cho cae ki nang: "Toi img hp phg cgp
gido due LS lie trong nhd trudng", tuy
nMen, cd eho ring "Nhung gieo nhung
hgt gidng tii nhiing y tudng vd kiin thiic
cd y nghia nhiiu hem tiep nhdn nhirng sir kien chdn xdc" [6]
Nhiing y kiln nay xac djnh mdt svr hieu bill vl LS bing each hudng din m^t mdi quan tam phirc tap hon vl ich lgi ciia
qudc gia thdng qua su cam kit quan
trpng Cac quan diem nay chg ring LS cd the giup ehiing ta hilu tai sao cgn ngudi lai suy nghi khac nhau vl qua kbit, va tji sao su giai thich LS lai thay ddi theo thdi gian Cac nha giao due LS da cd ging h$ thdng hda cac kl nang phiie tap cua su hieu Mlt LS theo mpt each thiic ma d do
nd cho phep HS hieu dugc tim quan trpng eiia mon LS xong vin giii dugc tinh phiic tap cua mdn hgc nay Dilu nay cho thay khdng phai cae sir kien nay la khdng quan trgng hoae cau ehuyen qudc gia kia khdng nen dugc giang day Di nhien, HS
can phai biet "nhung gi dd xdy ra" trong
LS Ue Nhung cac em ciing nen tham gia vao cac mdn hge khac ngoai kiln thiic
qude gia Dieu nay gpi la "phd cap LS"*
Bit chip cac y kiln da ehilu, dudi
su din dit vl chuyen mdn eua Hiep hpi cac Sit gia Uc (AHA), Hiep hdi cae nha giag due LS (HTAA) va su hd fro vl tai
170
Trang 5chinh, nhan lire, vat luc ciia Bd Khoa
hge, Giao due va Dao tao (DEST), Co
quan Tham djnh va Danh gia Chuong
trinh hpe Ue (ACARA), cudc cai each
mdn LS da duge tien banh ddng bd, bai
ban tren tinh thin eua Tuyen ngdn
Melbourne [11] va sir ung hd eua ddng
dao ngudi dan Ue Ket qua la ngudi Uc
da: Xay dung dugc mdt chuong trinh hgc
cua mdn LS thdng nhit tren toan lien
bang [1]; thilt lap bd tieu ehuin nghi
nghiep cho GV day LS [16] bien soan eae
tai lieu hudng din day va hgc mdn LS
[13], [17]; thanh lap cac giai thudng vl
thi tim hilu LS' dudi su hd trg die lire
va hieu qua ciia cdng nghe thdng tin
nham dem lai nhihig hd trg va ehuin muc
cao frong giang day mdn LS d trudng
phd thdng
3 Tinh hinh nghien eiru ve day va
hoc Lich sir cap phd thdng d* Uc
Giai doan 2000-2013, da-cd hang
ehuc cdng frinh nghien eun ve day va hgc
LS Ue frong trudng phd thdng Trong
khudn khd eiia bai bao, ehiing tdi ehi tdm
luge cac nghien curu ciia cac tac gia sau
theg frinh tu thdi gian:
Tgny Taylor (2000) vdi Tuang lai
ciia qud khir Day dugc xem la mdt
nghien ciiu kha toan dien ve thuc frang
va chat lugng day va hge LS d Uc Ban
bao cao dua ra cae bude di thich hgp
nhim xem xet va danh gia lai each thite
day hgc LS trgng frrong lai, bao gdm: 1)
Dua ra mdt Tuyen bd giao due qudc gia;
2) Xay dung cac dl an nghien ciiu; 3)
Xay dung mgt bd tieu chuin ehuang
trinh giang day qudc-gia; va 4) XSy dung
bd tieu chuin nghi nghiep cho GV Dilm
lai qua khii, ngudi 4a thay su thay ddi ciia giag due Uc bat dau do chiu su anh
hudng ciia phdng trao "New History" eiia
Anh Dae biet la anh hudng tir 3 nha giao due Hoa Ki la Edwin Fenton, Jerome Bruner va Benjamin Bloom, nhiing ngudi
da xay dung mdt khai mem mdi ve chugng frinh hge trgng cac he thdng giao due khac nhau [12]
Tony Taylor and Carmel Young
(2003) vdi Tgo dung Lich sir: Mpt hudng
ddn de dgy vd hgc Lich sir d Uc Day la
mdt tai lieu hudng din dae Met dupe thilt
ke eho cac mdi trudng hpc true tuyin nhim giup GV LS d eac cip hgc cd thi
dl dang tuang tac va tham khao Nd la san pham cua mdt de xuat tai Hdi nghj Thugng dinh LS 2006 va la mdt tai lieu tham khao hiiu ich de phue vu cho viee phat trien chuyen mdn, eai thien kit qua hpe tap mdn LS chg HS frong trudng pbd
thdng tai Uc Sach chia la 8 ehuang: Kit
ndi qud khir, Hgc LS, Hieu biet LS, Hgc
vd thuc hdnh, LS vd ngudi cdng ddn/xd hgi ddn sir, LS vd ICT, GV LS, Vi tri mdn
LS trong chucmg trinh hgc bdc phd thong Trong pham vi nghien eiru ciia bai
bao, ehiing tdi chi tap trung tdm luge ndi dung Clia chucmg 8, Vi tri cua mdn LS frgng trudng phd thdng [13]
Tony Taylor va Anna Clark (2006)
trong Mpt tdng quan ve dgy vd hgc lich
sir Uc a trudng phd thdng da tdm luge
each tiep can ve day va hge LS Ue cua tit
ca cac bang va vimg lanh thd Thdng tin
da dugc thu thap chu ylu tir nhiing tai lieu chugng trinh hgc, vdi su hd trg tit nhiing GV va chuyen vien phu trach chuong trinh hpe Theo Taylor, thudng
Trang 6Tut li$u tham khao
thi rat khd de Met rd mdt each cMnb xac
phin LS Uc nlm d dau frong chucmg
frinh hgc Cac bang/viing lanh thd duge
tdm tit theo thu tu ABC M6i tdm tit don
nhat di theo mgt md hinh cu the, bao ham
cac ndi dung: Phan tdm luge; tdng quan
ve vi tri LS trong ehuang trinh hpc va
mdt phan vl LS Ue; sau dd, din phin
binh luan thi hifn quan diem eiia tac gia
Cuoi cimg la mpt sd y kien minh hpa
ngin bdi cac thanh vien eua Higp hdi GV
LS (HTAA) nhiing ngudi cd thi la GV,
ehuyen vien phu frach ehuang trinh, hay
nhiing nha giao due LS ed mdi lien kit
chat che vdi trudng hge Chirc nang ciia
nhiing ldi binh luan eu6i cimg la dl cung
cap cho ngudi dgc mdt cai nhin duge
minh hga tir ben trong mpt hp thdng giao
due bang Nhimg binh lu|in nay khdng
nhat thilt mang tinh dai dien nhung nd
duge dua ra bdi nhung chuyen gia giau
kinh nghiem Sau dd, tac gia da dua ra
mdt tap hgp cae kit lu$n dua fren bing
chimg va kinh nghiem chuyen mdn ciia
minh [14]
Mdt nghito cim cua Anna Clark
(2008), duge xem la mdt frong nhiing
ngMen eiru so sanh diu tien vl giang day
LS d lie va Canada, da phdng vin 182
HS cip frung hgc (tit ldp 9 din ldp 12),
43 GV LS va 21 can bd phu frach chuong
trinh giang day d 8 tilu bang va vimg
lanh thd ciia Uc; 56 HS, 17 GV va 5 can
bd phu frach chugng frinh giang day tai
British Cglumbia, Ontarig, Quebec va
New Brunswick (Canada)
Nghien cim nay tap frung vao 5 ngi
dung chinh, bag gdm: LS dia phuang vd
khu virc; LS thai tiin thuc ddn/bdn dfa:
Su thdnh lap-lien bang; Qudc gia thdi Chien tranh, vd LS chinh tri duang dgi
vdi 2 ddi tugng cMnh la GV va HS NghiSn cim dinh tinh nay khdng nhim mye dich thong kd vl nhiing hilu biit ciia
HS vl kiln thitc LS qudc gia hay yeu ciu cac GV va HS dua ra cic eau tra ldi vl tam quan frgng ciia vifc hge LS qudc gia,
ma nguge lai, nhdm nghidn cihi mudn
GV va HS bay td mdt each rd rang cac quan diem ca nhan ve vi$c can phai day
va hgc LS nhu thi nag D^ra vag kit qua khao sat, tac gia da chi ra 5 vin dl ma vige day va hge LS bac phd thdng d hai nude Uc va Canada dang ddi mjt, dd la:
Vdn de ve sif trimg lap chii di gidng dgy;
su thieu hut ngudn tdi lipu di phdt triin chuyen mdn cho GV dgy sir; cdch tiip can mang tdm qudc gia ddi vdi gido difc LS; tdm quan trgng ddc bift cua GV LS; thu hiit HS trong cdc lap hgc LS Tit do,
tic gia da dua ra cic kiln nghi, nhu:
G0m thieu su lap lgi di tdi; ddm bdo ehuang trinh gidng dgy cdng bdng vd gdn ket trong cdng tde gido difc LS; phdt trien tdi lieu hd tra dgy vd hgc di gidm bat su Igp lgi bdt tdn khiin qud nhiiu HS phdn ndn; cdi tiin vd ndng caa chdt lucmg chuyen mdn chg GV; xem trgng viec dgy vd hgc LS qudc gia trong nhe trudng; de cao vai tro quyit djnh cua G\ chir khong phdi Id sdch gido khoa hay np dung bdt hgc; khuyin khich HS phdt hu,
tu duy phe phdn vd tranh bi?n, ndng ly:' sdng tgo vd tri tudng tugng phong phu trong nhdn thirc vd trinh bdy cdc quan diem khde nhau han Id hgc thupe long cdc su kien
Trang 7Biii Tiin Huan
Nghien ciiu nay cd diem mdi la trao
tieng ndi ve thuc frang day va hgc LS cho
hai ddi tugng chinh la GV va HS Dilu
nay gdp phin lam cho nghien ciiu ed gia
tri thuc tien rit ldn Tuy nhien, nhdm
nghien ciiu ciing da ehi ra ban chi eiia
nghien eiiu dd la khdng kilm tra danh gia
kiln thiic va nhan thiic vl mdn LS cua
GV va HS Ching ban, GV va HS suy
nghi gi vl viec day va hpc LS? Cd cin
bat bude phai day hpc LS frong nha
trudng va lam thi nao dl eac nha thilt kl
chuong frinh ldng ghep LS qudc gia vao?
[3]
Mdt nghien ciiu khac ciia Atma
Clark (2009) cd tua dl Dgy cdu chuyen
cua qudc gia: So sdnh cdc tranh ludn
cdng khai vd quan diem hgc tgp cita gido
dye lich sir a Uc vd Canada cho biet miic
do thip vl kiln thiic LS dan tgc cua HS,
mdi quan ngai ngay cang gia tang vi HS
hiu nhu khdng biit gi vl di san qudc gia
Nghien eiru nay dua tren eac cudc thao
luan cdng khai va chuyen nghiep ve giao
due LS d Ue va Canada, ciing nhu ket
qua tir mdt du an ngMen eiiu dinh tinh da
duge thuc hien nam 2008 d hai qudc gia
nay, nd IJp lu^n ring: Khuyin khich phan
Mpn LS frong ldp hpc la quan frpng, chii
khdng phai sv quay frd lai vdi "su thgt"
mdi la chia khda dl hudng HS quan tam
frd lai LS qudc gia, nd giiip HS kit ndi
dugc vdi LS dan tde Qua do, tac gia lap
lujn ring frong khi da phin HS cam nhan
dugc tim quan frgng eua vi$c hge vl qua
khit, HS ddng thdi cung ddi hdi hge LS
khdng chi de nhan dien vl "cau chuygn
cua qudc gia" [5]
Nam 2007, nhdm tu vin Chuong
frinh lich sit Uc gidi thieu Hudng ddn
dgy hgc lich sir Uc a ldp 9 vd lap 10 mdt
tai lieu tham khag chi tilt va ein thilt danh cho cac GV giang day mdn LS Igp
9 va 10 Nd la san pham ra ddi sau Hdi nghj Thugng dinh LS Uc nam 2006 Hudng din nay dua ra mdt khudn khd nhiing chu de, nhiing su kien frpng dai va nhiing nhan vat da dinh hinh nen qudc gia lie Nd cung dua ra mdt loat cac kl nSng giiip phat triln viec hgc vl LS Uc Hudng dan nay khdng dua ra cae yeu ciu
ve kit qua va kl thuat danh gia lien quan
d giai doan nay, va ciing khdng dua ra mdt hudng din vl tai lieu giang day v l mat li luan, nhdm bien soan nhan thirc
rang "LS la mpt khag hgc LS Id mgt mon
hgc dpc lap vol nhiing thupe tinh dpc ddo Viec phdt trien su hieu biit LS dugc thiet Igp dua tren mpt su xdc dinh ro rdng do la LS Id mon khoa hgc rieng biet
a bdc trung hgc ca sd vd trung hgc phd thdn^\ Day la mgt thay ddi trong quan
diem so vgi qua khii vdn tich hgp mdn
LS vao SOSE Hgc LS phai bao gdm cac hoat ddng va cac kl nang sau: suu tim, phan tich, danh gia va sii dimg cac ngudn tai lidu khac nhau, ciing nhu xem xet ngudn gdc va y nghia ciia chimg cii dua tren viec giai thich ve eac su kien va con ngudi frong qua khir Dat nhflng sir kien thanh mdt chudi cau chuyen dl nang cao kien thirc va su hieu Met vl LS cua HS Xay dung mgt chudi cau chuygn ddi hdi
HS suy nghi vl nhflng nguyen nhan, anh hudng, kit qua va hau qua eiia nd Nhiem
vu nay ddi hdi nhflng ki nang nhu phan
bien, ddi ehilu va sif ddng cam Khdng
Trang 8Tfr lieu tham khao
ehi de cap cac ndi dung can dugc day va
day nhu the nao, Taylor va cac cgng su
cdn dat ra va li giai "tgi sao phdi cdn
thiet dgy hgc mdn LS trong trudng phd
thdng', dd la viec hpc LS Uc se giup HS:
tim hiSu, biet, hieu va danh gia sir phat
frien cua qudc gia noi cac HS da va dang
sinh sdng; phat trien su hieu bill vl LS
Uc trong mdt bdi eanh toan cau; tang
cudng mdi quan tam den viec hpc tap
sudt ddi ve LS Uc HS se hpc nhieu hon
de hieu ve ban than va suy nghi ve xa hdi
Uc Hieu qua kbit se giup tao nen y thirc
ve hien tai va giai thich cho su tilp diln
va ddi thay trong tuong lai Nd lien kit
vdi viec hpc van hpc, nghe thuat, kiSn
triic, am nhac, dia li va khoa hpe Nd gidp
phat triln nghien eiiu, li luan, ngdn ngu
va kl nang dien giai Viec hpc nhu vay
nen dugc khuyin khich vi diy thaeh thiie
va thii vi
Gregory Melleuish (2006) frong bai
bao cd tua de Dgy lich sii Uc trong nhd
trudng Uc: Mpt cdi nhin quy chudn da
tim each giai quylt vin dl HS ciia Uc
dang gap phai, tir dd tap trung vao nhung
gi la thieh hgp dl day cho HS Ue trong
khoang tu ldp 3 din ldp 10 Bai bao dugc
chia thanh nhilu phin Phin diu dl cap
mgt sd nguyen tic chung lien quan din
ban chat viee hgc LS, sau dd thao luan vl
cac eau chuyen va viec giang day LS
Phan thii hai xem xet mdt so chi tilt
trong cau hdi: "HS Uc cin biit gi?" Phin
nay dugc chia thanh hai phin nhd Phin
dau tien giai quylt vdi ddi tugng HS bac
hung hgc va phin thii hai la ddi vdi HS
bac tieu hgc Tac gia da kit luan ring mgt
HS se hge duge phin ldn cac kiln thiie
nay frong chuong trinh ldp 9, ldp 10 va cac cdng viec duge thuc Men d cap tilu hpc duge xem la dieu kien can thilt dl chuan bi chg nam hgc ldp 9 va 10 Day la
CO hdi de truyen tai niem dam me LS cho
HS, mac dii HS cd the thue Men nhiing each hgc LS khac nhau d trudng Tac gia khang dinh cd mdt nhu cau cMnh dang dl dat viec day va hgc LS Uc frgng mgt bdi canh tgan cau Ddng thdi dam bao ring hpc LS se cung cap cho ngudi hpc kha nang danh gia chirng eii, dua ra eac phan xet lien quan den tinh hgp li cua nhiing tranh luto, nhimg giai thich diy dii va khuyen khieh quyln ban cua ehiing trong tri tudng tugng va su ddng cam lin nhau Bing each nay nd chuin bi cho HS quyln
va trach nhiem ciia mdt cdng dan
Chucmg trinh hgc mon LS phien bdn 5.1 (Australian Curriculum, version 5.1) Lan dau tien, mdt chuong trinh hpc
dugc xay dung hoan ehinh, thdng nhit, nhan duge su ung hd va cam kit thuc thi eiia tat ca cac tieu bang da ra ddi Chuong trinh mdn LS dugc xay dung va quan li bdi mdt td chiic eg uy tin la ACARA Ndi dung chucmg trinh duoc thilt kl bao gdm 3 phin:
(i) Co sd li luan va cac muc tieu (ii) c i u tnic mdn hgc: Ciu tnic chuong trinh, Td chiic chuong frinh, Cac tieu ehuin thanh tich; Su da d?ng ciia ngudi hgc; Nang luc tdng quat; Nhung
uu tien trong chucmg trinh hgc; Su kit ndi vdi cac mdn hgc khac; Cac itng dyng chg giang day, Danh gia va bao cao, Cac thuat ngO; Pham vi va trinh tu cac kl nang, Kiln thiie va sy hilu biit theo lop
Trang 9(iii) Ngi dung chuong trinh hgc cac
lap Tir sau cugc cai each, LS dugc xem
la mgt mdn khoa hgc dgc lap, khong nam
trong SOSE hay Social Science, cau tnic
ehuang trinh khong theo 16i niSn dai ma
theo timg chu dl lan Phan LS Uc luon
dugc i6ng ghep trong timg ngi dung bai
hgc chii Idiong tach ra thanh mgt ph^n
hge rieng biet Quan diem nay dugc thi
hien va tuan thii trong thilt kl cung nhu
qua trinh day va hgc a ikx ca cac dan vi
bai hgc [1]
4 Danh gia chung v^ cong tac cai
each giao due Ljch su 6" Uc
Cugc cai each giao due mon LS
trong truang pho thong ciia Uc da dat
dugc nhimg ket qua cu the Trong do vai
tro noi b$t va tien phong chinh la cac su
gia va cac nha nghien cim giao due LS
thugc AHA va HTAA duai su img hg ciia
Chinh phu va Bg Giao due lien bang Uc,
ciing nhu cac bg thuge tieu bang/viing
lanh tho Song hanh la sir tham gia tich
cue va hieu qua eiia dgi ngu GV va HS,
nhiing nguai dong vai tro chinh trong
mgi hoat dgng giao due LS 6 truang pho
thong Mgt thanh phlin khong the thieu
trong bat cii mgt cugc cai each nao 6 the
giai hien dai chinh la giai truyen thong
Tat ca da lam nen m6t "su thay doi triet
de" Tuy nhien, de co dugc thanh qua nay
that khong he de dang, eo the ke ra day
qua trinh xay dung va thilt kl ehuang
trinh hgc mon LS Khung Chuong trinh
mon LS (tir Lap va long den lop 10) dugc xay dung tir thang 7-2008 din 5-2009; Chuang trinh mau dugc bien soan
hi 6-2009 din 12-2011 2 ban du thao (Shape of the Australian Curriculum:
History (2009) va Curriculum Design
Paper v3.0 (ACARA 2012)) vdi 7 phien
ban dugc cap nhat, chinh sira, bo sung da cho thay nhiing no luc cua cae ben hiiu quan trong viec thuc thi trach nhifm va dua ra cae sang kien toi im nham ho trg dae luc cho viec day va hgc mon LS
5 Ket lu^n
Giao due LS cho HS trong trucmg pho thong luon dugc xem la can thiet song khong he de dang, bai xet tren khia canh vira dinh hinh nen nhimg eong dan hien dai, cong dan quoc te nhung van gifi dugc ban sae dan tgc, ban sSc ca nhan Khong phai liic nao giai khoa hgc va chinh trj cung di tren mgt con duong, song neu biet each hgp tac va ho trg thi sir thanh cong se den sam hon, gop phan dem lai lgi ich tot hon cho nguai hgc Giao due LS Uc la mgt minh chimg Chit Igc hay tit choi la quyen cua moi chiing
ta, nhimg it nhat nhung gi da va dang dien ra 6 nuac Uc se la ca sa khach quan
va khoa hgc de cac nha khoa hgc giao due LS, cac sir gia, chinh tri gia va dae biet la cac HS va GV Viet Nam co thi tham khao nham tim ra mgt huang di cho rieng minh
Trang 10' 6 tjc bac trung hoc ph6 thong (senior secondary schooO chi co 2 k h o i l 1 va 12
' Cuoc tranh gianh anh huong giiia Dang Tg do ciia ong Howard va Bang Lao dpng cua ong Paul Keating
' M « cuoc tranh luan cong khai v i vai tro ciia nucic Anh va nguoi da M n g doi v4i hch su Uc va sir ph4t trien cua nuoc ilc hien dai (djc bill lien quan din vSn d i t h i dSn tJc v i dao Ton-es Strait) Cu6c tranh lujn loi Wo gin nhu loan xa h«l Uc, tii cic dang chinh tri, cSc chinh tri gia, cac s i gia, tniyen thong tham gia
' Mpt thuat nga dupe Anna Clark vay mupn til hai nha giao due Lich su Tony Taylor va Carmel Young ' Mpt trong nhifng giai thuong Ion va c6 uy tin dupe chuin bi boi HTAA, Miic tieu chinh la cung cip mSt cu6c thi thii vi v4 diy thir thSch cho HS, ding thdi nhim h6 trp GV trorig vi|c thuc hien Chuong trinh min Ljch sii miSi cua Lie T h i I?, dii Urpng, nSI dung v4 cfch thilc chim diim dupe cong bo chi tiet v4 rS ring
tren web (Tham khao tgi; hllp://www.aiislraliahtslorycompettlion com.aii/)
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 ACARA, "AustraUan Curriculum, History", htlp://www.acara.edu.au/default.asp,
hltp://www australiancurrieulum edu au/
2 Anna Clark (2006), Teaching nation Politics and Pedagogy In Australian History,
Melboume University Press
3 Anna Clark (2008), "A comparative study of history teaching in Australia and
Canada", Soiu-ce at www.hisloryteacherorg.au/ /200804_HlstoryTeachingR
4 Anna Clark (2008), The challenges of teaching Australian History in John Butcher
"Australia Under Construction nation building - past, present and future", The Australia National University Ebook Press
5 Anna Clark (2009), "Teaching the nation's story: Comparing public debates and classroom perspectives of history education in Australia and Canada", Source:
hltp://epress lib uls edu au/research/handle/10453/9877
6 Ann Ciuthoys, "History in the Howard Era", Source at:
http://www.phansw.org.au/wp-eonlenl/uploads/2012/ll/CurthoysHlstorylntheHowardEra.pdf (7h56' ngay 10
thang 12 nSm 2013)
7 Robert Guyver (2011), "The role of government in determining the school histoiy curriculum: lessons from Australia", Source:
http://www.hlstoryandpolicy.org/papers/pollcy-paper-120.html (19h23 ngay 10
thang 12 nam 2013)
8 John Howard (2006), John Howard's Australia Day Address to the National Press
Club Source.' http://australlanpoltttcs
com/2006/01/25/j'ohn-howard-aush-alia-dgy-address.html (7h27 ngay 10 thang 12 nam 2013)
9 Stuart Mccintyre va Anna Clark (2003), History Wars, The Sydney papers
winter/spring Source: http://www.koortweb.org/foley/resources/pdfs/19S.pdf (7h44
ngay 10 thang 12 nam 2013)
10 Gregory Melleuish (2006), The teaching of Australian Mstory in australian schools: a normative view The Australian History Summit, Canbeiia