Hoi Dia ly Vigt Nam 0ai hpc Thai Nguyen BOI MOfl THIET KE BAI HOC DIA LI GIAI PHAP CAN BAN TRONG D O I M d i PHirONG PHAP DAY HOC DIA LI & NHA TRlTOfNG PHO THONG NgdThiHaiY6n'''' Abstract Innovative less[.]
Trang 1B O I MOfl T H I E T KE BAI H O C DIA LI - GIAI PHAP CAN BAN T R O N G D O I
M d i P H i r O N G PHAP DAY H O C DIA LI & NHA TRlTOfNG P H O T H O N G
NgdThiHaiY6n' Abstract
Innovative lesson plaaning- the fundamental factor in innovative methodology
of teaching geography in high school
Innovations in lesson planning is one of the most fundamental and decisive factors in the improvement
of teaching Geography in high school These innovations should be present in every phases of teachers' lesson planning for the subject
l.DATVANDE
Muc tieu ciia mdn Dia li trong nha tmdng phd thdng hien nay khdng chi nhim cung cip cho hpc sinh (HS) nhung tri thiic ciia khoa hpc Dia li mdt cich cd he thong m i dieu quan tipng cdn hudng tdi viec phat trien d HS cac nang lyc can thiet de cic em tid thinh nhirng ngudi tu tin, cd trach nhiem vdi xa hpi, de dang dgt nhung thanh edng tiong cudc s6ng [1]
De dat dupe myc tieu dd, nbipm vy quan trpng cua bp mdn l i phii doi mdi tren nhieu linh vyc, phii mang tinh cin bin va toin dipn, sao cho phat huy tinh tich eye, ty giac, chii dpng, sing tao cua ngudi hpc, cd thai dp hanh vi diing din tmdc cac vin de dang dat ra d6i vdi dat nude va nhan logi Can bin cuasy d6imdi dd chinh la viec doi mdi each thiet ke bii hpc Dia li Su doi mdi niy phai dupe thyc hien tpin dien d tit c i cac budc nhu: xic dinh myc tieu bai hpc, xic dinh ndi dung cac hogt dpng nhan thiic; lua chpn phuang phip, hinh thiic to chtic day hpc phii hpp, lua chon phuong ti§n de tryc quan hda d6i tupng nhgn thiic dia li v i tgo ra cic tinh huong cd vin de; xay dyng dupe cac bii toin nhgn thiic de giiip HS dpc Isqi, sing tgo tiong chiem linh tri thirc mdi va ren luyen kT nang, kT xao dia li; de xuit cac bien p h ^ hudng din HS giii cac bii toan nhan thiic
2 NQI DUNG
Thiet ke bai hpc (sogn giio an) la cdng viec quan trpng ciia ngudi giao vien trong hoat dong dgy hpc Tat c i nhiing cdng viec chuan bi cho bii hpc phii dupe th^ hien trong ban thiet ke va cd the coi nhu l i mpt kich bin nghe thugt Kich ban nay ddi hdi phii dupe thiet ke mdt each cdng phu, khoa hpc, the hipn trinh dp va ngh? thugt su phgm cua ngudi GV nhim dgt muc tieu dgy hpc Trpng bin thiet ke dd, GV phii xic dinh duac cu the muc tieu cua bii hpc; cic boat dpng nhgn thiic, lua chpn phuang phip, hinh thiic to chiic phu hpp vdi moi hogt dpng nhgn thirc; lya chpn kenh hmh de tryc quan hda doi tupng nhgn thiic; xay dyng cic bii toin nhgn thiie de giiip HS dpc l ^ , sang tao trong chiem ITnh tri thiic mdi va ren luyen kT nang, kT xao dia li, de xuat bien p h ^ hudng dan HS giii cac bai toan nhgn thiic, [3]
2.1 Myc tiSu cua bii hpc phai du^c xic dinh cu the
Myc tieu bii hpc la nhung gi HS phai cd dupe ve kien thirc, ky nang, ky xao, thai dp va hanh
vi sau mpt bai hpc GV cd xic dinh dupe myc tieu bai hpc thi mdi xic dinh dupe rp "dau ra" cua bii hpc, cic kien thiic, 1^ nang, thii dp can phai dat duoc eiia HS Vi vgy, viec xac dinh rd myc tieu ciia bai hpc l i cdng viec rit quan trpnghing diu cua GV tiong khau chuan hi bai len lap Cd xic $nh dupe rp myc ti6u bii hpc thi GV mdi mdi biet duac minh can phai thi6t ke, to chiic nhiing hogt dpng nhgn thiic nio cho HS v i mdi cd the xac dinh dupe "chuan dau" ra cua bii hpc Tuy nhien, hien iiay nhieu.GV cdii.xem nhe viec lam nay, tham chi chi coi l i mdt myc can phii ghi vio giio an cho diy dii Dieu dd da dan den nhieu GV ggp khd khin trong qui trinh xac dinh vi thiet ke cac hogt dpng nhgn thiic cho HS, nhit la "dau vio", qui trinh to ehirc va chuan "dau ra" ciia bii h<?c [3]
Myc tieu bii hpc Dia li hipn nay khdng chi nham cho HS hieu v i ghi nhd Itien thiic ma cdn phii biet vgn dung kien thiic, biet su dyng va lam viec vdi cac phuong tien hpc t ^ va biet vgn
^ Khoa Dia li Trudng Dgi hgc Swpham HA Npi
Trang 2dyng cac thao tic tu duy de phat hien va giai quyet cac vin de, de kham phi va ty chiem ITnh tri thirc Khi xac dinh myc tieu bai hpc, GV can quan tam tdi tinh toan dien tinh phii hop, tinh dinh hudng va tinh chi dan, chi ro cac cdng viec hpc sinh phii lam, phii thyc hien va sii dung cac dong tir md ta eac hien tuong cd the quan sit va do ludng dupe Cy the nhu:
- V£ kien thuc: Djnh nghTa, giai thich, phan biet dupe, so sinh duoc, trinh biy dupe
- V6 ky nang: Phan loai dupe, do ve dupe, xic dinh dupe
- Ve thii dp: Huih thanh cai gi, chip nhgn cai gi, tu nguyen tham gia vap cai gi
Vidu: Trong bii 3: "Mpt s6 van de mang tinh toan cau ", Dia li U- THPT, myc tieu bii hpc can phii xic dinh cu th6 nhu:
- Ve ken kien thiic
+ Giii thich dupe su biing np dan s6 d cac nude dang phit trien va gii hda dan so d cac nude phit tnen
+ Biet va giii thich dupe dgc diem dan so cua the gidi, cua cac nhdm nude phat trien, nhdm nude dang phat trien va he qui cua nd
+ Trinh bay dupe mpt so bieu hien nguyen nhan va phan tich dupe hgu qua ciia d nhiem moi tmdng, nhgn thiic duac sy can thiet phii bao ve mdi tmdng
+ Hieu dupe cac nguy CP chien tranh va sy can thiet phii bio ve hda binh
- Ve kT nang: Thu thap v i xd Ii thdng tin, vi^t bio cao ngin gpn ve mot so vin de mang tinh cau
- Ve thii dd:
+ Cd thai dd va hinh vi diing din tmdc cic van de mang tinh toin cau
+ Cd y thiic trach nhiem v i tham gia tich eye vao cic hogt dpng sii dyng hpp li, bap ve va cii tap mdi tmdng; bio ve hda binh, nang cao chat lupng cupc song cua gia dinh cpng dong
2.2 Xic dinh r5 noi dung cic hogt d^ng nhgn thirc trong bii hpc
Trong nhi tmdng, viec hpc tgp ciia HS cd bin chat hogt dpng v i bing boat dpng, thdng qua cie hogt dpng cua bin than ma chiem ITnh tri thiic, hinh thanh va phat trien tri tue ciing nhu cac quan diem dao diic v i thai dp HS nhan thiie dupe nhieu hay it l i phy thupc vio chinh qua trinh HS tham gia vao cac boat dpng nhu the nio Vi the, mpt trong nhiing nhiem vu quan trpng eua ngudi
GV la phai biet tluet k6 v i to chiic cac hogt ddng nlign thiic cho HS, sao cho thdng qua cic hogt ddng nay, HS chiem ITnh dupe tri thiic cua nhan Ipgi, tgp ra sy phit trien nhiing pham chit tam ly
v i hinh thinh nen each ciia minh
Hpgt dpng nhgn thiic trong day hpc Dia li, dupe hieu la hoat dpng de hieu biet cic sy vgt hien tupng dia li, cac quy lugt v i moi quan he ciia chiing Cu the thdng qua cic hogt ddng hoc, dudi su hudng dan cua GV, HS tien hinh eic boat dpng de chiem ITiih ndi dung tri thirc v i he thong
kT nai^, ki xao dia li nhim dgt dupe myc tieu giao due de ra Trong nhi tmdng pho thdng hogt dpng nhgn thiic dia Ii, dupe hieu l i hogt ddng dl nim viing mdt so kien thiic dia li pho thdng co bin la mpt phan ciia hpc van pho tiidng can thiet chp moi ngucri lao dpng trong xa hpi hipn dgi, trong thdi ki cdng nghiep hoa, hipn dgi hoi dit nude Cu the l i cic boat dpng tim ve Trii Dat - moi tmdng s6ng cua con ngudi, ve thien nhien v i nhirng hoat dpng kinh te eiia con ngudi tren phgm vi quoc gia, khu vyc v i &e gidi Thdng qua dd ren luypn cho hpc sinh nhiing kT nang hanh ddng, ling xii thich hpp vdi mdi tradng ty nhien, xa hpi D P dd, viec xac dinh s6 lupng hogt dpng v i ndi dung cua mpi hpgt dpng trong bai hpc dia li la rat cin thiet, do chinh la cii muc tieu v i cai hudng tdi cy the cua moi bai hpc
Tir eac kien thiic tipng tam, muc ti8u bii hpc da dupe xac dinh, GV cd can phii xac dinh dupe
so cac hogt ddng nhgn thiic va ndi dung cua cic hogt dpng nhgn thiic trong bai hpc Sao cho, thdng
qua cac boat dpng nhgn thiic trong tiet hpc, bii hpc phai nhim giiip cho US "chiem linh cai gj", "tim hieu cii gi", "phan tich cai gi" dh dgt dupe myc tieu bai hpc ve ki6n thiic, kT ning, thii dp
Trang 3Vi dy : Trpng bii 3: " Mdt so van de mang tinh toan cau", Dia li 11- THPT, GV can phii xic dinh cu the npi dung cic boat dpng nhan thtic de to chiic cho HS nhu sau
- Hogt dpng 1: Tim hi6u ve sy bung no dan s6 d cac nude dang phat trien vi gia hda dan sd d cic nude phat tnen
- Hogt dpng 2: Tim hieu ve die diem dan SP cua the gidi, ciia cac nhdm nude phat trien, nhdm nude dang phat trien va he qui cua nd
- Hogt ddng 3: Tim hieu nguyen nhan va hgu qua ciia d nhiem mdi tmdng va sy can thiet phii bio ve mdi trudng
- Hoat ddng 4: Tim v6 cic nguy ca gay chien tianh va sy can thiet phai bio ve hda binh Ben cgnh viec xac ^nh ndi dung cic hogt dpng nhgn thiic, GV can phii quan tam tdi hogt dpng khdi dpng, hoat dpng cung co,
danh gii v i hogt ddng ndi tiep cua
bai hpc nhim de tgo himg thii cho
qua trinh nhan thiic va khac sau kien
thiic cua bii hpc
- Hogt dpng khdi ddng nhim
tgo "hiing thii" v i "thu hiit" HS tich
eye tham gia vao cic hogt ddng nhan
thuc
- Hogt ddng ciing cd va dinh
gii nhim xem myc tieu ciia bai hpc
CO dgt dupe khdng, dat dupe d miic
dp nio? Cy the l i kiem tra, dinh gii
xem nhirng kien thiic, kT nang, thai
dp, dgc biet la cic kien thiic tiong
tam, tipng diem cua bai HS da nim
dupe chua
- Hogt dpng n6i tiep nhim
khac sau npi dung kien thiic ciia bai
hpc, ren luyen ki nang, ki xip, van
dyng kien tiuic mdi via cac vin de
khac thdng qua he thang bai tgp ve
Muc tieu bii hoc:
1.1.Kiln thirc:
1.2 Kt nang:
1.3.Thai dd:
Pbuotig tien day hpc Phuong phip day hgc Kiem tra bii cu Hoat ddng dgy hoc S.LUogt dpng khdi dpng 5.2 Hogt ddng nhin thirc (tSn ciia boat ddng, nhifm vu hpc tip cua HS, thJri gian tien binh, cac bir6c to chuc
thuc hien, thong tin phin bhi cua GV )
5 J Hogt ddng cung c6 5.4 Hogt dpng noi tiep
Tit ca cac boat dpng hpc tap dd, phai dupe the hien cy the tipng ban thiet giap an eiia ngudi
GV, day ciing chinh la mdt tipng nhiing budc ddi mdi each thiet ke giio in theo hudng tich eye hda hoat dpng hpc tap ciia hoc sinh
2.3 Lira ch9a phutmg phap, hinh thii^ to chiii: phu hpp vdi moi boat dong nh|in thiic Khi da xae dinh npi dyng cac hpgt dpng nhgn thiic can thiet trong moi bii hpc, moi tiet len Idp, GV can phii xac dinh xem HS can phai lam gi, tien hanh nhu the nio de dgt dupe ki6n thuc
dd Bdi vi, npi dung cua cic boat ddng nhan thirc mdi chi dimg Igi la ' ^ chiic hogt dpng nao", "cin J*^^ d^dugcjai.gL^^Jthung„ dieu quan trpng ban l i phii jcic dinh xem can phai sii dung phuang phap, hinh thiic to chiic dgy hpc nip de HS dgt mye tieu cua bii hoc [2J,[4], [6]
Nhu chiing ta da biet, theo quan diem dgy hpc mdi, phuong p h ^ giang dgy la cich thirc hudng dan v i chi dgo ciia GV nhim t6 chiic hogt ddng nhan thiie, hogt dpng thyc hinh cua HS, dan tdi HS Gnh hpi virng chac ndi dung hpc van, hinh thinh the gidi quan va phat trien nang lyc nhgn thiic Cic phuang phap dgy hpc hipn nay rat phong phii v i da dgng, moi pbtrong phip cd nhiing the mgnh rieng nen GV phii biet phoi hpp linh hogt cic cic phuang p h ^ , cic kT thugt dgy hpc tmyen thong va hipn dgi GV can phii biet vgn dung vi cai tien cac phuong p h ^ , phuang tien dgc trung
Trang 4ciia mdn Dia H (ban do, bieu dd, bang so li^u, tranh anh, ) dong thdi phai tang cudng ket hap vdi cac phuang phip dgy hpc hien dgi khac (ddng nao, thio lugn, giai quyet van de, du an,.), nhat li cic kT thuat day hpc (dpng nao viet, ddng nao ndi, eae manh ghep, khan trai ban, be ca, XYZ, tia chop, 333, d hi, ), nham tgo ra nhieu ca hdi va khuyen khich su tham gia cua HS, tao mdi tmdng hinh thanh vi phat tnen hoat dpng hoc (khdng khi Idp hoc, quan he thiy trd) nhim de phit huy tinh tich eye, nang luc lam viec dpc lap va hop tic cua timg hpc sinh, nhdm hpc sinh
Vi du: Khi sii dyng tranh anh
tiPng day hoc Dia li, GV cd the ket hop
vdi phuong phip ddng nao va dim thogi
goi md de tang tinh hiing thii, tiuic day b '^
qui trinh suy nghT sau cua HS trong qua
trinh nhgn thiic,
Em hay dat tieu de cho cac sy
kien sau
Cic su kien dd muon ndi len dgc
diem gi ciia nen kinh te d nude ta hien
nay
Dgc diem dd dang tgo cho nude
ta nhiing co hdi va thach thiic nio?,
Cic phuong phip day hpc mdi ddi hdi su thay doi trong viec to chiic dgy hpc, nhat la phii phoi hop hinh thiic to chiic dgy hpc c i nhan voi theo e|q>, thep nhdm v i theo idp; phoi hpp giiia day hpc tren Idp va ngoai thyc dia Cy the nhu:
- Dpi vdi nhung npi dung thich hpp, vira siic, GV cd the to chiic cho HS lam viec e i nhan hoac theo cgp de nam kien tiuic mpt each dpc lap
- D6i vdi ndi dung d6 gay y kien khac nhau, can phii cd su hpp tic ciia HS vdi nhau, GV cd the ket hpp vdi phuang p h ^ thip lugn nhdm v i HS lim viec theo nhdm, to ehiic d tren Idp boge ngoii Idp
- E>6i vdi nhung ndi dung khd, mit nhieu thdi gian, khdng d ^ ung day dii v6 phuang tien, ',
GV nen to chiic cho HS boat dpng theo lop, hogc ngoii Idp
2.4 Lu^ chpn kenh hinh d l trirc quan hoa d6i tirong nhSn thux dia li
Sur dyng kenh hinh trong dgy hpc, la cich thiic GV su dyng hinh inh de HS tri giic, tim hieu d6i tupng hpc tgp Thdng qua kenh hmh, HS cd hmh inh hire quan ve d6i tupng nhgn thiie, chii the
v i doi tupng nhan thiic ggp nhau, lam cho qua trinh nhan thuc dupe de dang va sau sic hem Do do, loai phuang tien niy ddng vai tid la cdng cu hay dieu kien de GV va HS sir dyng lam khiu tnmg gian tic dpng vao dpi tupng dgy hpc, cd chiic ning khai dgy, dan tmyen va lam tang siic manh tic
dpng cua ngudi dgy va ngudi hpc den doi tupng day hpc Tuy vip die 6ikm cua mdn hpc trong nha
tmdng pho thdng mi hp tiiong kenh hinh duoc thiet k^ cho phii hop vdi n6i dung nhgn tiuic vi d6i tupng hpc tgp cua bp mdn dp Trong day hpc dia li, doi tupng nhan thiic cd tinh latih tho, khdng gian, van dpng v i bien doi theo thdi gian, cd m6i quan he vdi cac su vgt hien tupng khac nen thuong dimg cac loai kenh hinh dgc tnmg de bieu tiij nhu: ban do, lupc do, tranh inh, bieu d6, so do, Kenh hinh tiong dgy hpc Dia li chinh la nguon thdng tin dia li dudi dang tryc quan nhim tiiay the hay dai dien cho cac sy vat, hien tupng dia li, la cdng cu de GV v i HS tic ddng vio d6i tupng nhan tiuic Thdng qua kenh hinh, HS cd hinh inh tryc quan ve d6i tupng nhan thiic, chii the
v i doi tupng nhgn thiic gap nhau, lim cho qui trinh nhgn thiic dupe dl ding va siu sic hon Vi vgy, viec sii dung va lya chpn kenh hinh de trgrc quan hda d6i tupng nhan thiic, to chiic hogt dpng nhgn thiic cho HS Ii nhipm vy quan trpng cua ngudi giio vien, la tien d6 ca sd vgt chat cho qua tiinh doi mdi phuang phip dgy hpc, tich eye hda hogt dpng nhgn tiiirc cua HS [3], [6]
Nhd cd sy phit trien manh me ciia khpa hpc dia li v i sy bimg no ciia each mgng thdng tin,
he thpng kSnh hinh trong dgy hpc dia li d cic nha trudng ngay cang het siic fe dgng, tang ci so
Trang 5luong va chat lupng Ngoii kenh hinh tiong SGK vi dupe ti-ang bj trong nha tmdng pho thong, GV
cd th8 khai thac, tu thiet k6 nhigu logi them nhiSu loai kenh hinh phuc vu cho qua trinh giang day nhd sy ung dung CNTT Moi loai kenh hinh cd vai trd va hieu qui khac nhau trong qua trinh day hpc dia li nhimg dupe sii dung thudng xuyen va pho bien la nhirng logi kenh hinh nhu ban do giao khoa, bing dir lieu, bieu do, tranh anh, videochp ed ndi dung dia li, so dd, hinh ve ciia giao vien tren lap Tuy nhien, GV can phai biet lya chpn kenh hinh nio de the hien tmc quan nhat cic dae trung cua doi tuang nhan thiic tr6n cac gdc dp nhu ve phan bo, cau tnic, quy md, xu hudng phit trien, m6i quan he vdi cac sy vat k h a c ,
Vi du: Moi khi thiet ke cac hoat dpng nhan thiic, GV cin phai biet vai tid cua moi loai kenh hinh de cho diem vao miic dp phii hop cua ma tian " neu thi" sau
Logi kenh hinh
1 GJ^ hung thii v6 doi tupng nhgn thiic
2
.Npi
dung
thuc
2.1 Vi tri phin bo
2,2, Vi tri ciu true, thanh phan
2.3 Quy mo, do Idn
2.4 Xu hudng van dpng, phit tn^n
2.5 Tinh dgc trung, dien hinh
2.6 M6i quan h6 vdi cic sy vit hien
tupng khic
Ban
do giao khoa
Tranh anh,
md hioh
Bilu
Ah
So Video, Videocip
Hinh ve cua GV fren Idp
Khi lua chpn phuang tien, GV can phai chii y tdi viec phan tich v i su dyng triet de he thdng kenh hinh cd sin trong SGK Sd dT, he thdng kenh hinh niy da duac cic tic gii viet sach lya chpn cong phu, cd npi dung phii hpp, man sic dep, cd tinh tmc quan cao, chiia dung lupng thdng tin Idn
CO vai trd dinh hudng tu duy, to chiic nhgn tiiiic Tuy nhien, do khudn kho cd hgn cua SGK v i dgc di^m cua d6i tupng sy vat dia li cd su vit ddng va phat trien theo khdng gian va bien d6i theo thdi gian nen trong qua trinh giing dgy Dia li, GVean phii thiet ke them mpt so kenh hinh de lim cho doi tupng su hien tupng dia li cd tinh cap nhgt, song ddng v i phong phii ban, nhat la dua sy chan thgt ciia cypc song vio trong Idp hpc
Vi dy: De giiip HS nhin m6t cich true quan ve tinh hinh phit tnen ciia nginh giao thdng vgn tii cua nude ta giai dogn 1995 -2011, GV cd the sii hoac hudng dan HS sir dyng trang Web ciia Tong eye thong k6 de cap nhat, tra ciiu s6 lieu v i thiet ke hieu do phyc vy cho bii hoc (Bai 30 -Van de phit trien nganh Giao thdng vgn tii v i Thdng tin lien Igc, Dia li 12 - THPT)
Bdng sd Hiu thi hiin khdi lufmg hdng hda van chuyen phdn theo ngdnh vdn tdi
d nu&c ta giai dogn 1995 ~ 2011 fdanvr 1000 tdn)
Nim
1995
~2000 •
2005
2010
2011
T6ng
140709,9
— 223823,0 "
460146,3
800886,0
893226,6
Dudng s3t Dirjmg bp 4515,0 91202,3
6258,2 1 144571,8
8786,6 7861,5 7234,1
298051,3 587014,2 663913,1
Bxximg song
37653,7 57395,3 111145,9 144227,0 157207,4
Diijmg biln 7306,9 15552,5 42051,5 61593,2 64672,8
Du-omg hang khdng 32,0 45,2 111,0 190,1 199,2
f Trich nguon Tdng cycfthdng ki)
Trang 62.4 Xay dung cac bai toan nhgn thiic de giup HS dpc l$p, sing tao trong chiim linh tri thiic mdi va ren luyen kT nang, kT sao dia li
Bii toin nhgn thiic la he thdng tin nhat dinh bao gom nhiing dieu kien vi yeu cau khdng phii hpp (mau thuan) vdi nhau tdi nhu cau phai khic phuc bing each bien ddi chung, Tuy nhien, giiia bii toan vi van de cd sy khac nhau co ban d chd cau tnic cua bii toan bat bupc phai cd "dieu da cho" va "dieu yeu ciu", cdn tiong cau tnic cua van de la "dieu da biet" va "dieu chua biet" Dieu da biet khdng chi l i dieu da cho cua bai toan ma cdn la tri thiic kinh nghiem da ITnh hdi trade day cua chii the nhan tiuic [4] [5]
Bin chat cua viee xay dyng cic bai toan nhgn thiic tiong dgy hoc ndi chung, mdn Dia Ii rieng
li tao ra cho HS cac "tinh huong cd van de", dua HS vao cac "tinh the" va "dinh hudng hanh dong giii quyet" cho HS Thong qua cac bai toin nhan thiic, HS thay dupe "cai cho", "cai tim", die biet
l i HS thay ro "cii biet" va "cai chua biet", tiong qua trinh chiem linh tri tiuic mdi, hinh thanh bieu tupng, khii niem dia li Do do, mu6n giup HS ty minh ITnh hpi tri, phat trien nang lyc sing tgo, nang lyc giii quyet van de thi can phii xay dyng cac bai toin nhgn thiic De tien hinh xay dyng cac
bai toin nhgn thiic GV cin phai chu y tdi mpt so van 6.k sau:
- Mpt li, GV can phii nhan biet dupe cai gi HS "da biet", v i nhiing cii "chua biet", va nhung trd nggi ddi hdi HS phii vupt qua tiong qua trinh chiem lmh tri thiic mdi
- Hai li, GV phii xac dinh rd ket qui giai quyet mong muon ctia moi hogt dpng (Chiem ITnh dupe tri thiic gi? ren luyen ky ning nao? cd thii dp, hinh vi nao? )
- Ba li, GV phii thiet ke dupe cic nhipm vy cd ti^m an van d^ giao cho HS, sao cho HS sSn sing nhgn nhiem vy dd Trong moi nhiem vy can phai c6 cic yeu t6 co bin nhu
+ Tu lieu (kenh hinh, sy kien, thdng tin ) can cung c ^ cho HS v i gpi md phuang an tii loi cho HS
+ Lenh v i cau hdi de ra cho HS
+ Hinh thiic to chiic va thdi gian de giai bai toan nhgn thuc
- Bon Ii, GV can phii du doin tmdc nhirng dip img cd the ciia HS, de giup dd, to chiic, &sa
khien qui trinh nhgn tiuic ehoHS dgthi$uquacao
Cic budc tien hinh eu the nhu:
Budc 1: Xac dinh cic tinh hu6ng cd van de cua bai hpc (xic dinh dieu da biet, ^eu HS chua biet, bipn phip the hien cai biet va chua bi6t dd)
Budc 2: Xic dinh "cii chp" va "cii tim" chp moi hoat d6ng nhgn thuc (quan sat cai gi? dgc thdng tin nio? dl lim gi?) Dge bipt can chii y tdi viec r6n luyen, kl nang dia li cho HS
Budc 3: Xac dinh hinh thiic to chiic v i thdi gian tien hanh giii bii toin nhgn thiic
Budc 4: Xac dinh thdng tin phin h6i, chinh xac hda ndi dung nhgn thiic
^Cy the, trong moi bai toan nhgn thiic ciia moi boat ddng nhgn tiuic, GV can phai xay dyng
va thiet ke cac npi dung sau:
• Npi dung: Tim hieu \k cai gi ?, dinh gii ve cii gi?
• NhipinTy: Qiiah satcai gi dk tim cii gi
• Thdi gian:,., phut
• Hmh thiic to chiic: Ci nhan/ c ^ / nhdm/ ca lop
• Thdng tin phin hoi: Npi dung kien thiie cin dgt dupe
_ Vi dy: De nhgn biet dpng bao cic dan t6c vimg Tmng du va mien mii Bic Bp cd nhimg kinh nghiem sin xuat nao (Bii 17: Viing tiimg du va mien mii Bic Bp) GV cd the titiet ke hpat d^ng nhan thiic nhu sau:
^ - Npi dung: Tim hieu ve kinh nghiem sin xuat cua dpng bio cic dan tpc viing Trung du va ntien mii Bic Bp
Trang 7- Nhi6m vy: Quan sat nhiing hinh anh sau, nhiing hinh anh dd ndi len nhiing kmh nghiem san xuat gi cua dong bio cac dan tdc d viing Trung du v i mien nui Bic Bd
-Thdi gian: 1 -2phiit
- Hinh thuc td chuc: ca lop
Mgn Tam hoa, Bac Hd, Lao Cai
- Thdng tin phan hoi: Dong bio cic dan tpc d day cd nhieu kinh nghiem nhu canh tac tren dat d6c (lim mpng bac thang), ndng lam ket bpp, tr6ng cay cdng nghiep, duac lipu, rau qui ed nguon g6c dn ddi v i cgn nhiet, chin nudi gia siic Idn
Khi thiet ke cac bii toin nhan thiic tiong dgy hpc Dia Ii, GV phii chu y den "tinh hiing thii"
va "tinh vira siic" dpi vdi HS, de Idi keo duoc HS vao "tinh hudng cd van de", gpi md va lim xuat hien nhu cau giai quyet tinh huong, giii quyet nhipm vy dgt ra Do dd, tuy vao nhiem vu cy the ciia moi bai hpc, khi ning nhgn tiuic eua HS m i GV lya chpn va xay dung cic hinh tiuic bieu hien, hinh thuc bieu dgt, hinh thiic tp chiic giai cho phii hpp Dieu niy ed nghTa li, GV phii biet da dang hoi cic "hinh thiic bieu hien" va "bieu dat" v i "hinh thiic to chiic" giai bai toan nhgn thiic sao cho
HS hiing thii, tich eye hpc tap de gid hpc dat hi8u qui cao Cu the nhu:
- De dim bio "tinh vira siic" doi vdi HS, khi thiet ke cac bai toan nhan thiic, ddi hdi GV phai biet "phuc tgp hda", hay "don gian hda" cii tim sao eho phu hop vdi trinh dp nhgn thiic cua HS d cic muc dp khic nhau (gidi, khi, tnmg bitih, yeu) v i cic vung, rmen khic nhau (ndng thdn, thanh thi, dong bing, mien mii )
- De tang "tinh hiing tiiii", bdt "sy don dipu", thu hiit HS vio hogt ddng nhgn thiic, GV can phii da dgng hda cac hinh thiic the hien bii t ^ nhgn thiic
+ Ki^u bii tmy^n th6ng: tra Idi cic cau hdi de ra
+ Kieu bai test' Test tim kiem su phu hpp, test diing sai, test nhieu lya chpn, test dien khuyet
+ Kilu bii xay dyng: dien vao cho tr6ng, viet bio cio, keo tha,
Dgc biet de giim cang thing, nham chin, tang tinh hiing thu, GV ed the thiet ke va bien hoa eic hinh thiic to chiic giii bii toan nhgn thiic bang cic tid chai theo Idp hogc theo nhdm, theo cap Dgc biet hipn nay vdi sy ho trp cua cdng nghe thdng tin GV cd the su dyng kenh hinh dl thi6t ke cic trd chai md phdng theo cic tid chai tren TV nhu: "Nhm hinh anh doan dia danh", "Du lich tren
Trang 8ban dd", "dudi hinh bit chii" Thdng qua dd, HS hpc m i chai, choi ma hoc, hiing thii va tang cudng kha nang hogt ddng nhgn thirc di chiem ITnh tri thiic mdi [6]
Vi du: Khi tim hieu va danh gia ve dae diem phat triin va phan bo nganh cdng nghipp ning luong d nude ta, GV cd the sii dung hinh 27.1, 27.2, 27.3 SGK - Dia Ii 12 de xay dung thanh cac bai toan nhan thiic nhu:
Cich 1 Dya vio hinh 27.1, 27.2, 27.3 SGK - Dia U 12 v i ndi dung thdng tin phan I ciing ki8n thiic da hoc, em hay trinh biy sy phat trien ciia nganh cdng nghiep nang lupng d nuac ta Cieh 2: Dya vao hinh 27.1, 27.2, 27.3 SGK - Dia li 12 v i npi dung thdng tin phin I, ciing kien thiic da hpc, em hay ve so do tu duy de the hien tinh hinh phat trien ciia nganh cdng nghiep nang lupng d nude ta
Cich 3: Dua vio hinh 27.1, 27.2, 27.3 SGK - Dia li 12 va npi dung thdng tin phin 1 ciing voi kien thiic da hpc, em hay danh chii S va cic 6 thdng tin sai va chir D vao cic d thdng tin diing sau
- Nganh cdng nghiep khai thic dau khi phit trien manh nhit l i d Duyen hii Nam Tmng Bp
- (!) Tay Nguyen cd hing loat cic nha miy thuy dien dang duac xay dyng
- San luong dien d nude ta hien nay chii yiu do cac nhi may thuy dien cung cap
- Nginh cdng nghiep dau khi d nude ta cd lich sii phat trien tir lau ddi
- Viing Ddng Nam Bd phat trien mgnh cac nha miy nbipt dipn chgy bing than
- Nginh cdng nghiep ning lupng cua vimg Duyen mien Tnmg d nude ta chua dupe ^ mgnh phat trien
Cich 4: Dya vap hmh 27.1, 27.2,27,3 SGK - Dia li 12 v i npi dung thdng tin phan 1 cung voi kien thiie da hpc, em hay viet mdt bio cio ngan gpn ve tinh hinh phit trien cua nginh cdng nghi?p nang lupng d nude ta
Gpiy Danh gia ve vai trd v i the mgnh phit trien cua nganh
- Dinh gii ve tinh hinh phit trien (lich su phat trien, sin lupng, eo cau, phan b6, tinh hinh xuat khiu, )
- Dy doin ve xu hudng phat trien tiong tuong lai
Tdm lai, viec xiy dyng cac bai tain nhan thiic dia li l i mdt edng cu hit siic quan tipng, giiip cho HS tang cudng hogt dpng nhan thiic mot cich tich eye, dpc lap, hoin thien kiin thiic da co va chiem ITnh tn thuc mdi, phat trien tu duy va nang lyc giai quyet van de
2.5 De xuat bien phip hirdng din hoc sinh giai cic bai toin nh$n thirc
De dat dupe cic myc tieu dgy hpc de ra, dim bip dupe cac nguySn tic dgy hpc, phu hpp vdi
trinh dp nhan thiic cua cac doi tupng HS, dieu kien hpc t$p a cic mdi tmdng khac nhau, GV can
phai xac dinh cac bien phap to chiie de hudng dan HS giii bai toan nhgn thiic sao cho mang Igi hieu qui cao nhit
Bi§n phap 1: Cd thi GV giii mot phin bii toan roi hudng dan HS su dyng tu lieu hpc tgp de kiem dan chiing va giai tiep tpin Miic dp niy thudng thich hpp vdi nhirng lop, nhiing em cd lyc hpc v i khi nang tiip thu cdn chgm Uu diem cua miic dd nay la khdng mit thdi gian nhieu, giao vien chii ddng dieu khien hogt ddng nhan tiiuc ciia ngudi hpc Tuy nhien, cd nhupc diem la HS lam fliep sy hudng dan cua GV nen de bi ddng trong qua trinh nhan tiuic, it cd co hpi sang tgo
Bien phap 1- Yeu cau HS tim kiem d6i tuong nhgn thiic tren tu lieu hpc t ^ v i dya vao tri
tiuic dfi hpc, GV gpi md, dan dit HS bien luan, tim cich giii bai toin nhan thiic Cu tiie nhu tim ra
su phan bP, do Idn cua d6i tupng, m6i lien he giiia cac sy vat, hien tupng bing cie bien phap quy ngp de chiem liiih ddi tuong nhgn thiic Trong tmdng hap niy, Idi ndi ciia giio vien thyc hien ba chiic ning: hudng dan HS quan sat tnrc tiep de nim viing nhiing dau hi^u chii yeu va nhung giai doan chmh ciia hien tupng, gpi y cho hpc smh tii hien Igi nhung tri thiic cin tiiiet da hpc (K giai tiuch hipn tirong; ti^en ca sd dd huong dan cho HS giii thich ca chi hien tirpng v i di tdi ket luan
Trang 9Miic dp nay ciing da cd uu diem l i HS da chu ddng tim hiiu kiin tiuic dudi sy hudng dan cua GV,
cd CO hpi de trinh bay y tudng va suy nghi cua miiJi- Tuy nhien, d miic dp nay HS van chua thuc
sy dpc lap, van cdn phai cd su hudng dan, goi md ciia GV
Bien phip 3' GV giao bai toin nhgn thiic cho HS, HS gip tinh huong cd van de, ty xac dinh
phuong hudng hogt dpng ciia minh trong tinh huong mdi, ty phat hien va neu len vin de can giii
quyet, ty tim ra con dudng giii quyet va thuc hien nd thdng qua viec khai thic cic tu lieu hpc tap
Bing tu lieu hpe tap, HS trinh bay vin de, GV su dung tu lieu hpc tap de chinh xac hda, dinh
hudng luJi vyc nghien ciiu mdi Miic dp nay cd uu diem la phat huy dupe tinh ddc lap, tu chu, phat
trien thdi quen ty dieu khien hogt ddng nhgn tiuic cua HS, nhung ddi hdi doi tuong HS phii cd
ning lyc, mdi tmdng hoc tgp ciia HS thugn lpi, khdng bi kh6ng che nhieu ve mat thdi gian., Day
ciir^ chinh la mpt tiong nhiing khd khan khi thuc hien bien phap niy
Tdm Igi, tuy vao mdi tmdng su pham khac nhau, GV can de ra nhirng kich ban, bien phap
hudng dan thich hpp de to chiic cho HS giii eic bii toin nhan thiic sao cho dat dupe cic myc tieu
bai hpc ^ t ra
KET LUAN
Doi mdi each thiet ke bii hpc Dia li, la mdt tiong nhiing giii phip cd tinh chat can ban va
quyet dinh din vipe nang cao chit luang dgy hpe mdn Dia li d nha tmdng ph6 thdng Sy doi mdi
dd phai dupe the hien toan diSn tiong tit ci cac budc, cac npi dung khi thiet ke giao an vdi nhiing
net die tnmg cua bd mdn rieng
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Bd Giio dye va Dio tgo (2006), Chuong trinh gido due phd thdng mdn Dia li Nxb Giio
dye
2 Nguyen Ngpc Bao (1995), Phdt tnin tinh tich cue, tinh tu luc ciia HS trong qua trinh dgy
hoc, Bp Giio dye v i Dio tao H i Npi
3 Nguyen Dupe - Nguyen Trpng Phiic (2001), Ly ludn day hoc Dia li Phdn dgi cuang, Nxb
Dgi hpc Qu6c gia H i Ndi
4 Phan Trpng Ngp (2005), Day hoc vd phuong phap dgy hoc trong nhd trudng - Nxb
DHSP
5 Tran Diic Tuin (2007), Hudng ddn biin sogn va gidi bdi tap Dia li 11, Nxb Giap dye
6 David Lambert and David Balderstpne (2000), Learning to teach Geography in the
Secondary School, London and New York