MOT SO VAN DE GIflO DUC TRONG THE Gidl TOflN CfiO HOfi NGflY NfiY NGUYEN CHI TINH''''* /"^i^hflng nam gin day, da cd nhieu ur f ^dng trinh d cac mfle do khac nhau, bao quat hoac bd phan, ly thuyet hoac p[.]
Trang 1MOT SO VAN DE GIflO DUC TRONG THE Gidl TOflN CfiO HOfi NGflY NfiY
NGUYEN CHI TINH'*
/"^i^hflng nam gin day, da cd nhieu
ur f_^dng trinh d cac mfle do khac
nhau, bao quat hoac bd phan, ly thuyet
hoac phan anh thflc te, lien tuc dfldc
cdng bd' lien quan den nhflng van de
giao due tren the gidi Can cfl tren
nhflng tai lieu ed dfldc, chii ye'u la ciia
nfldc ngoai, bai viet nay ghi lai nhflng
van de nay sinh va tdn tai trong ly luan
va thflc tien ciia giao due d nhieu nfldc
khac nhau Trong pham vi cd ban cua
mdt bai viet, chung tdi xin de cap de'n 4
van de:
I Yeu cau pho cap giao due trong mgt the gidi cd
hhoang each ngdy cang loin giua nudc giau vd
nudc ngheo, ngudi giau vd nguai ngheo
Trong mdt edng bd' nam 2006,
UNESCO da nhan manh t l m quan
trgng ciia sfl tiep can phd bien dd'i vdi
giao due, yeu clu tao thanh "cd sd cua
mdt nen giao due md va khdng bien gidi,
phd cap, nhan dao, khdng phan biet dd'i
xii va cd dao dflc ( ), khdng nha't thiet
xuat phat tfl mdt trung tam de phan
phd'i kie'n thflc, nhflng tim each dap flng
nhu clu ciia nhflng ngfldi ddi hdi kien
thflc, khoa hgc va cdng nghe" (1)
Tuy vay, yeu elu dd, tfl cud'i the ky
trfldc va d i u the ky mdi nay da gap
ngay mdt rao can vd'n cd tfl lau nhflng
khdng cd da'u hieu suy yeu, ngfldc lai cdn tang len, dd la: sfl ngheo khd ciia rat nhieu ngfldi tren the gidi, va d khia canh xa hgi - con ngfldi, thi chinh la sfl each biet ldn gifla ngfldi giau va ngfldi ngheo Ddi ngheo ngay nay dang trd thanh van de toan cau: tren the gidi hien
ed 3 ty ngfldi sd'ng d mfle dfldi 2 USD/ngay, trong dd 1,3 ty ngfldi dfldi 1 USD/ngay Khoang tren 50 nfldc thudc the gidi thfl ba thfldng xuyen phai dd'i mat vdi nan ddi Gin 30 cudc chien tranh gifla eae dan tdc khien khoang 25 trieu ngfldi phai ti nan va trd thanh nhflng ngfldi thieu an trfldc khi thieu hgc Trong khi dd, du vdi nhflng nd Iflc ke hoach hda dan so', thi theo cac chuyen gia, trong khoang 2010 den 2015, dan so tren the gidi tie'p tuc tang vdi mfle 1,2%/nam, rieng khu vflc ngheo khd nhat la chau Phi thi tren 2% Dieu dd cd nghia la tinh trang ngheo khd tren day van tiep tuc dien ra, vi tren thflc te nhan loai vin chfla cd mdt bien phap xda ddi giam ngheo nao Mdt dieu hien nhien la sfl phat trien eua giao due gin lien ve cd ban vdi sfl phat trien kinh te, va di nhien, tinh trang ngheo khd nhfl vay can trd rat nhieu de'n sfl nghiep giao due
'•' Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hpi
Trang 2HTdt sd van de giao due 39
Trong tinh trang chung ve each biet
giau ngheo, tdn tai sfl bat binh dang rat
ldn trong phat trien giao due gifla cac
nfldc va gifla cac t i n g ldp ngfldi trong
mdt nfldc Hien nay 10 nfldc cdng nghiep
hda phat trien nhat vdi dan sd' khoang
1/10 dan sd' the gidi, lai chiem de'n 4/5
cua cai, trong khi dd, hang nam, 80%o ldi
nhuan ciia thfldng mai va d i u tfl the
gidi lai quay ve cac nfldc dd Chinh vi
vay ma cae nfldc cdng nghiep hda cbi cd
25% bgc sinh tfl mau giao den trung hgc
ciia toan the gidi, 16%) cfl dan the gidi
dfldi 15 tudi, lai chiem den 88% chi tieu
cdng cdng cho giao due O Hoa Ky, viec
nudi mdt dfla tre cho de'n tudi vao tieu
hgc tieu tdn so tien gap 200 - 300 l l n
mdt dfla tre d Indonesia chang ban Mdt
cd gai My, trong khoang 20 nam trfldc
khi trd thanh sinh vien dai bgc tieu tdn
khoang 300 ngan USD, so' tien cd the
bao dam cho mdt gia dinh trung lflu d
cac nfldc dang phat trien sinh sd'ng
trong 100 nam Tinh trung binh, cbi
tieu cho giao due d cac nfldc phat trien
nhieu gap tfl 20 de'n 25 l l n so vdi cac
nfldc dang phat trien (dan theo: 4)
Ngay trong mdt qud'c gia, ngfldi
ngheo thfldng la nhflng ngfldi khdng the
hgc dfldc d cac trfldng bgc td't, va nhat la
khdng the bgc len cao Khdng it trong sd'
hg, trong da phat trien cua khoa bgc
cdng nghe hien dai, khi nay sinh nhflng
nghe nghiep mdi, yeu clu mdi ve lao
ddng, da trd thanh nhdm ngfldi "mat
chat Ifldng", "khdng dflng dfldc", va nhfl
the se hi truat ehd, bi loai bd Va ne'u
chfla bi gat ra khdi thi trfldng lao ddng
thi sfl thu hfldng nhflng thanh tflu vat
chat cung khdng thudc ve nhflng ngfldi
ngheo, ngbia la nhflng ngfldi khdng ed
dieu kien hgc len cao O nhflng nfldc da
bfldc vao thdi ky hau cdng nghiep, trong
khoang 10 nam qua, ngfldi ta tinh rang
Ifldng cua cac nha khoa hgc thflc thu tang 2 lln, cua nhflng ngfldi cd b i n g thae si tang 25%, cua nhflng ngfldi cbi td't nghiep dai hgc thi dflng yen tai chd, cdn nhflng ngfldi cd trinh do trung cap trd xud'ng lai giam 25% Rd rang la cd hdi khdng danh ngang nhau cho nhflng ngfldi giau va nhflng ngfldi ngheo
Van de kinh phi cho giao due, dfl dd
la kinh phi do nha nfldc bd ra hay do ngfldi dan ddng gdp, dang la mdt thach thflc ldn dd'i vdi nen giao due the gidi, cu the dd'i vdi muc tieu giao due phd cap, giao due xa bdi hda ma cac chfldng trinh giao due de ra De giai quyet van de nay, da cd nhieu y kien ciia cac nha lanh dao giao due va cac chuyen gia nhfl: tang them sd' hgc sinh cho mdi ldp bgc, sii dung nhflng edng nghe giao due mdi, giam ty le hge sinh lflu ban, phi tap trung hda quan ly kem theo tfl nhan hda, dac biet, ngfldi ta neu van de sii dung cd bieu qua ngudn kinh phi cdng cdng, trong dd cd muc tieu cap bach la chd'ng tham nhung Ngfldi ta cung ndi nhieu de'n sfl vien trd ca ve vat chat, tinh thin, nhan Iflc ciia cae nfldc giau dd'i vdi cac nfldc ngheo dfldi nhflng binh thflc da dang nhat Nhflng, tat ca nhflng bien phap dd deu khdng de dang thflc hien trong mdt sdm mdt chieu, va nhfl kinh nghiem cho thay, deu khdng the giai quyet dflgc cd ban van de kinh phi cho giao due The gidi cd ke giau ngfldi ngheo nay cung khdng cho phep linh vflc giao due boat ddng theo nhflng quy luat rieng vdi nhflng flu dai rieng
II Van de tu nhan hda giao due
Co the ndi, hien nay, tfl nhan hda giao due da trd thanh mdt trao lflu tren toan the gidi Tfl nhan hda d day cung dfldc hieu theo dinh nghia chung ma giao sfl Mark Bray d Dai bgc Tong hdp
Trang 340 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.2009
Hong Kong da neu len: "Dd la mdt qua
trinh chuyen tfl phfldng thflc sd hflu,
cap kinh phi va/hoae kiem soat it hoac
nhieu cd tinh cdng edng sang mdt
phfldng thflc sd hflu, cap kinh phi
va/hoae kiem soat cd tinh chat tfl nhan
ndi bat hdn" (2)
Cho den nay, ngfldi ta cd the nhin lai
nhflng dgng cd dan den tfl nhan hda, d
binh dien chii trfldng nha nfldc cung nhfl
d binh dien sfl nang ddng ciia xa hdi:
- Giai quyet van de kinh phi
- N h i m muc tieu sinh ldi, dat nha
trfldng vad vi tri mgt dia diem kinh
doanh
- Ddng vien nang Ifle eiia toan xa hgi
vao sfl nghiep giao due, the che boa cdng
tac xa hdi boa giao due
- Da dang hda cac hinh thflc tap
hdp, td chflc va quan ly giao due
Dac biet, dd'i vdi nhieu nfldc dang
phat trien, tfl nhan hda hien dfldc coi
nhfl mdt qud'c saeh ve giao due vdi
nhflng ky vgng rat ldn
Tuy vay, ban than qua trinh tfl nhan
hda cung khdng ddn gian va gid'ng nhau
trong mgi trfldng hdp Hien nay, ngfldi ta
thay cd 4 sach Ifldc tfl nhan hda:
- Chuyen giao sd hflu cac trfldng
cdng lap cho tfl nhan
- Thanh lap cac trfldng tfl nhan mdi
coi nhfl sfl chuyen dieh can dd'i khu vflc
- Dau tfl cua tfl nhan vao cae trfldng
nha nfldc
- D i u tfl ciia nha nfldc vae cac
trfldng tfl nhan
Vdi hai hinh thflc sau, tbi ty le ve sd'
vd'n d i u tfl va quyen kiem soat gifla nha
nfldc va tfl nhan phai den mdt mfle nhat
dinh mdi dfldc ggi la trfldng hgc thudc
khu vflc tfl nhan Hien nay, chfla cd mdt tdng ke't nao that diy du va hoan toan chinh xac ve ket qua giao due cua cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan so vdi cac trfldng bgc cdng lap Trong cac khao sat g i n day, ngfldi ta thay ndi len mdt sd van de:
a) Hieu sudt gido due
Day la diem quy tu nhflng cudc tranh luan ve tfl nhan hda Rat nhieu y kien cho r i n g tfl nhan hda da lam tang bieu suat ciia giao due nhfl cac ket qua nghien cflu d Columbia, Dominica, Tanzani, Thailand, Philippines, v.v Nhflng cd mdt so' nghien cflu khac cho ke't qua ngfldc lai, nhfl d An Do, dac biet
d bang Tamil Nadu Nhfl vay, khdng the ket luan ddn gian tfl nhan hda dan de'n hieu suat giao due td't, vi ngay trong mdt vung, mdt qud'c gia, khi so sanh mgt sd' trfldng hdp ed dieu kien kinh phi, cd
sd ha t i n g nhfl nhau tbi hieu suat giao due lai khong gid'ng nhau
b) Vdn de trdch nhiem
Lap luan cho r i n g tinh thin trach nhiem ciia eae trfldng hgc tfl nhan cao hdn dfla vao hai gia dinh: a) khi phu huynh tra tien hgc phi cho con cai thi hg thfldng
cd khuynh hfldng ddi hdi nhieu hdn d nha trfldng; b) nha trfldng va cac giao vien san sang bdn de lang nghe y kie'n ciia phu huynh, vi dd la nhflng "khach hang" cd quyen rut di bat cfl luc nao Cac gia dinh tren day ed ve nhfl dung din, dac biet khi ngfldi ta nhan thay, chang ban, trong cudc dieu tra tie'n banh d Ha Lan, cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan td ra ton trgng y kien cua cae bae phu huynh va quan ly td't hdn ngudn tai chinh cua hg Tuy vay, lai cd khdng it thi du d nhieu nfldc khac, dae biet d cac nfldc dang phat trien va cac nudc chau Phi, tie'ng ndi cua cac bae phu huynh cung khdng cd trgng Ifldng gi hdn d cae
Trang 4rndt sd van de giao due 41 trfldng cdng lap, tham chi, nhieu phu
huynh cung khdng quan tam den dieu
dd, va khdng he nhie den phfldng cham
"khach hang la thfldng de"
c) Van de tinh da dgng
Rd rang la cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan da
mang lai mdt bg mat da dang hdn chd cac
nen giao due: chang ban, trfldc day, d cac
trfldng hgc edng chfldng trinh hgc khdng
cd cac mdn ve nghe thuat, the thao, sau
khi cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan ra ddi, ngfldi
ta thay xuat hien nhflng chfldng trinh
hgc tap xen ke danh eho the thao, am
nhac, nghe thuat; vdi cac nhdm sac tdc,
ngdn ngfl, tdn giao khac nhau, ngfldi ta
cd ke hoach dfla vao chfldng trinh nhflng
ndi dung giao due phu hdp, tuy nhien
khdng pha bd chfldng trinh chung Viec
giang day ngoai ngfl cung dfldc cac
trfldng tfl nhan xii ly dfla tren yeu clu cu
the ciia dan cfl tflng dia phfldng
Tuy vay, van de hien nay van la
thai do ciia nha nfldc va cua xa hdi dd'i vdi
sfl da dang ngay cang tang ciia cac trfldng
hgc tfl nhan Cd nhflng chinh phii coi dd
la mdt tin hieu td't lanh, la sfl giai quye't
nhu clu da dang ve van hda va xa hdi
trong nhan dan Chinh phii Ba Lan coi
trfldng hgc tfl nhan cd the "ddng vai trd
phdng thi nghiem xa hdi bang each tim ra
nhflng giai phap mdi ve giang day, tai
chinh va ket eau chfldng trinh" (3)
Tuy nhien, sfl da dang nay lai la
md'i de dga thee each nhin nhan ciia mdt sd'
chinh phii Hg cho rang cang cd sfl da dang
thi cac trfldng hgc va nen giao due ndi
chung cang vfldt ra ngoai t l m kiem soat
ciia nha nfldc 0 nhiing thdi diem khae
nhau, cac trfldng hge tfl nhan da bi cam d
nhieu nfldc nhfl Pakistan, Sri Lanka, hay
Zaire (thudc Angola) (din theo: 2)
d) Vdn de sii binh ddng trong gido
due
Luc diu, nhieu ngfldi nghi ring, cd sfl phat trien trfldng hgc tfl nhan, thi nen giao due ndi chung cd sfl md ciia rdng rai va nhan dan cd dieu kien de trd thanh binh dang trfldc ciia nha trfldng, chi it cung cd dieu kien de lfla chgn cac trfldng hgc theo y mud'n Mgt p h i n nao hien thflc da chflng minh nhan dinh dd Nhflng, ddng thdi, cung chinh hien thflc cho thay nay sinh khdng it van de xung quanh yeu cau binh dang Khdng it trfldng tfl dat yeu cau giang day cao,
n h i m vao cac dd'i tfldng gia dinh giau
cd, cho nen, hgc phi cflng rat cao va bau nhfl khdng mdt con em nha ngheo nao vdi tdi dfldc Hdn the, mdt sd trfldng tfl
cd the Iflc lai dflng ddng Ifldng va nhflng ehe do flu dai khac ldi keo nhflng giao vien gidi nhat va mua sam nhflng thiet
bi giang day td't nhat Nhfl the, nhanh chdng hinh thanh ba loai trfldng tfl: trfldng cd chat Ifldng cao, chat Ifldng vfla, va ehat Ifldng tha'p
e) Sii kiem sodt eua quyen liic cdng cdng
Van de nay cung la van de khdng dfldc giai quyet thd'ng nhat Cd nhflng nfldc nhfl Hoa Ky, Canada, cac nfldc Tay
Au thi cac trfldng tfl nhan cd quyen dde lap va tfl giai quye't nhflng van de ciia minh g i n nhfl mdt each trgn ven Kiem soat duy nhat ciia nha nfldc dd'i vdi hg la
he thdng phap luat chung ciia ca nfldc
va nhflng ke't qua hgc tap dfldc danh gia qua cac ky thi hay qua nhflng cudc thanh tra ed bai ban Khdng gid'ng nhfl the, d cac nfldc chau A, nhfl Trung Qud'c, Han Qud'c, va ke ca Nhat Ban, sfl kiem soat eua nha nfldc ndi ehung van rat chat ehe O day, ngfldi ta khdng vin vao sfl ddc lap ve kinh phi dd'i vdi nha nfldc
de ddi hdi sfl ddc lap ve quan ly va giang day Nhflng tfl nhan dflng ra md trfldng hgc deu xuat phat tfl hai ly do ma nha
Trang 542
nfldc khdng chiu trach nhiem: tham
vgng ddng gdp cho sfl nghiep giao due
chung (long yeu nfldc) va tham vgng thu
ldi nhuan bing kinh doanh giao due
III Moi quan he giua dan tgc, ban sac dan tgc va
toan cau hda trong giao due
Trong toan clu hda, day cd le la van
de phflc tap nhat, dai dang nhat va
cung khd giai quyet nhat dd'i vdi van
hda ndi chung va nganh giao due ndi
rieng Phfldng hfldng chung ve md'i quan
be nay cd le da dfldc ndi den tfl lau va
cung khdng gap nhieu tranh cai ve mat
nguyen tac Trong tuyen bd' ciia td chflc
UNESCO, lien quan den cac chfldng
trinh cai each giao due, cd ndi: "Nhflng
chfldng trinh dd danh nhieu vi tri bdn
cho sfl truyen ba mdt nen van hda hda
binh va khdng cdn chi lien quan den
nhflng ban sac dan tdc, d mdt thdi dai
dfldc danh dau bang sfl tham nhap van
hda lan nhau ngay cang ldn: khdng phi
dan tdc hda giao due, nhflng da den luc
phd bien hda giao due, trong tat ca mgi
nghia ciia tfl nay, de chuan bi eho thanh
nien sd'ng vdi sfl da nguyen va ddn nhan
sfl lai tap van hda" (1)
Dfldi gdc do thdi dai va khoa hgc,
V.I Tolstykh cung nhan manh: "Hien
nay, nen van minh the gidi dang bfldc
vao giai doan ciia chii nghia toan clu
"trfldng thanh", dang diin ra bfldc qua
do tfl qudc te hda sang xuyen qud'c gia
hda, xuat hien va hinh thanh nhflng
hinh thflc cd tinh chat chung toan the
gidi trong viec td chflc sfl tdn tai cua con
ngfldi" (4)
Thflc ra, van de khdng ddn gian nhfl
trong phfldng cham ly thuyet Nhfl vay,
d day, nen giao due mang tinh hai mat
vi vfla phai thich flng vdi yeu clu dan
tdc, ban sac dan tdc, nhflng ddng thdi lai
phai thich flng vdi nen van minh toan
Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hdi sd 12.2009 clu boa hay nen van minh xuyen qudc gia Nen giao due nay khdng khoi gay nen nhflng su cang t h i n g ve van hda xa hdi Nhfl Prasenjit Duara da ndi: "Do sfl thdi thuc ve mat tinh t h i n dd'i vdi mgt nen van minh cd xu hfldng phd cap nen cac bien gidi qudc gia rdt cudc lai trd thanh khien cfldng va bi gidi ban Quan diem sieu viet ve van minh, do vay, cd the eho phep mgt sfl chi trich dd'i vdi qud'c gia va cd the lam nay sinh mot van de la ldng trung thanh bi phan ra vfla cho qud'c gia vfla cho van minh" (5)
Theo nhin nhan chung cua nhieu chuyen gia giao due thi hai thach thflc ldn dd'i vdi nganh giao due ciia nhflng
nfldc chap nhan toan clu hda la bdn sdc
va quyen cdng ddn Ve mat van hda, bat
cfl mgt nen giao due nao eung phai lam cho con ngfldi tham n h u I n sau sac ban sac dan tdc, tdn thd nhflng tinh hoa ciia ban sac dd; ve mat quyen cdng dan, bat cfl mdt nen giao due nao cung nd Iflc dao tao con ngfldi thanh nhflng cdng dan td't, biet thflc hien nghia vu trfldc het ddi vdi qudc gia dan tgc Trong khi dd, tbi yeu clu ciia sfl hdi nhap va toan cau hda lai budc mgi qud'c gia, dan tdc md rdng ciia
de ddn nhan nhflng trao lflu tfl tfldng va van hda ciia nfldc ngoai, tham chi, trdng cay mdt p h i n vao nfldc ngoai de phat trien nen giao due ciia minh Sfl md ciia nay dfldc the hien dfldi nhieu binh thflc khae nhau, chi rieng ndi ve nganh giao due: cho phep rat nhieu sinh vien tre tudi di hge d nfldc ngoai, tiep nhan nhieu chuyen gia giao due nfldc ngoai, phd bien tai lieu giao due nudc ngoai, khdng loai trfl cac tai heu KHXH&NV, trong dd cd rat nhieu van de ve tfl tfldng, quan niem sd'ng, va ca lap trfldng chinh tri Hien nay, cac nudc the gidi thfl ba lai b i t d i u de cho nudc ngoai diu tu vao cac cd sd giao due dai hoc va
Trang 6Lijwr du van UK: y i a u uuc 43
chuyen nghiep ngay tai nfldc minh Tat
ca nhflng dieu dd dang de dga nghiem
trgng cai ggi la ban sic dan tdc va y
thflc qud'c gia
Giai quye't van de nay la mdt qua
trinh khdng gid'ng nhau d tflng qud'c gia,
tuy theo vi the, tinh hinh, tiem nang cu
the ciia tflng qud'c gia, va nha't la tuy theo
quan niem, tfl tfldng eua nhflng ngfldi cd
quyen quyet dinh phfldng hfldng phat
trien ciia nen giao due qud'c gia
IV Can bang su giao due l(hoa hgc tu nhien - ky
thuat va khoa hgc xa hgi - nhan van
Mdt nhan xet chung la trong niia
the ky qua, tren toan the gidi, khoa hgc
tfl nhien - ky thuat (KHTN&KT) da
phat trien nhfl vu bao, vdi nhflng thanh
tflu to ldn khdng ai chdi cai dfldc, va anh
hfldng de'n toan bd ddi sd'ng san xuat, tri
thflc ciia nhan loai Trong khi dd, khoa
bgc xa bdi va nhan van (KHXH&NV)
chiu sfl chi phd'i ciia cac he tfl tfldng, cac
khuynh hfldng triet hgc, xa hdi bgc, van
hda hgc cung nhfl tinh phflc tap cd' hflu
ciia tam ly va tam linh con ngfldi, khdng
phai luc nao cung chflng td dfldc vai trd
ciia nd Sfl ldi cud'n ciia KHTN&KT la
dieu di nhien Tfl day, trong giao due,
ngfldi ta thay rd hgc sinh sinh vien
thien ve KHTN&KT, hge gidi va hgc
cham nhflng nganh thudc linh vflc nay,
cdng tac giao due KHTN&KT cung tien
bd rat nhanh, thu ket qua rd ret, nha't la
tfl khi bat d i u ky nguyen tin hge, vdi sfl
xuat hien ciia cdng nghiep dien tii va
Internet Nha trfldng khdng phai khdng
giao due KHXH&NV, nhflng bieu qua
trong linh vflc nay cdn rat khiem tdn
Cho nen, viec ket hdp mdt each can
bing giao due KHTN&KT va giao due
KHXH&NV trd thanh mdt nhiem vu
vfla cap bach vfla lau dai ciia nen giao
due tat ca cac nfldc tren the gidi, khdng
phan biet phat trien, dang phat trien bay cham phat trien u
0 day, thdng qua nhflng tai lieu cd dfldc, chung ta cd the neu mdt so' quan diem nhin nhan nhfl sau:
1) Giao due la mdt bd phan ciia van hda Vi vay, cdng tac giao due la mdt ye'u to' de dfla nen van hda tie'n len hay lam tdn bai den nen van hda Mat khac, nguyen nhan sfl tdn tai ciia giao due chinh la phat trien van hda hay phat trien eon ngfldi cd van hda Cd the ndi ring, giao due ehinh la "sfl van hda cua ngfldi va sfl nhan hda ciia van" (6)
Ngfldc lai, dinh hfldng ciia xa hdi ne'u cbi nhin vao sfl tie'n bd khoa hgc tfl nhien - xa hgi ma khdng xet den van hda se la sfl dinh hfldng phien dien, thflc dung, va xet eho eung, se kim bam sfl phat trien ciia xa hdi
2) Giao due trfldc bet la vun dap con ngfldi Trong con ngfldi, phai chu y trfldc het den thien hfldng nhan dao va nang Iflc cua ea nhan Kien thflc KHTN&KT khdng the nao la diy dii, ne'u ngfldi ta xae dinh rang yeu cau ciia xay dflng con ngfldi theo dung nhfl tuyen bd' ciia Hdi nghi qud'c te ve giao due d Geneve nam 1994: "Neu chung ta thflc sfl mud'n bao
ve sfl da dang va khuye'n khich kha nang cua chung ta trd thanh nhflng chii nhan ciia cudc ddi minh de lam the nao tfl minh vach ra tfldng lai ciia minh, thi
be thd'ng giao due khdng dfldc trd thanh ddn dieu va cflng nhac, ma trong tat ca mfle do cd the, phai dfla vao sfl tiep nhan ca nhan hda Chung ta phai cd nhflng ngfldi giang day, theo ddi sfl tien
bd eiia mdi mdt em be va khai thae tiem nang ciia mdi mdt bgc sinh, bdi vi mdi ngfldi trong sd' hg la ddc nhat vd nhi"
(Din theo: 1) Mdt yeu clu nhfl the
Trang 744 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.20ua
khdng the nao d a t dfldc neu khdng cd
tac ddng ciia cac KHXH&NV
3) Trong xay dflng con ngfldi, ngfldi
ta thfldng ndi den xay dflng tri thflc
Nhflng r i e n g tri thflc khdng cd sfl hfldng
dan cua nhflng l u a n diem KHXH&NV
dfldc linh hdi mdt each s a u sac va s a n g
tao thi khdng the nao trd t h a n h tri tue
va tri tue mdi la dieu can thiet cho con
ngfldi O day, c h u n g ta khdng quen cdng
thflc ciia giao due dfldc bieu mdt each
n h a t q u a n : "Tich luy tri thflc t h a n h tri
tue chuyen tri t u e t h a n h p h a m c h a t
-chuyen p h i m c h a t t h a n h b a n h dgng"
Cdng thflc nay chinh la qua t r i n h cua
con ngfldi cd d i y dii nhflng p h a m chat
ciia t a m bdn va ly tri de ly giai dfldc
nhflng hien tfldng va v a n de trong cudc
sdng, ke ca nhflng hien tfldng va van de
cua KHTN&KT Dd cung la con ngfldi
biet thd'ng n h a t gifla tfl chii va trach
nhiem, gifla tiep n h a n va s a n g tao, biet
tfl y thflc ve gia tri, gia tri ciia minh
cung nhfl ciia xa hdi, va den Ifldt minh
tao r a nhflng gia tri dd Dd la sflc m a n h
eiia tinh cam va ly tri dfldc bdi dfldng
b i n g cac KHXH&NV
4) Khoa bgc tfl nhien va ky t h u a t
cang p h a t trien thi ngfldi ta cang n h a n
thay mdi trfldng sinh thai bi tdn thfldng
va bi de dga nghiem trgng Mdi trfldng
sinh thai d day dfldc quan niem mgt each
rdng rai la ca mdi trfldng tfl nhien va mdi
trfldng xa hdi Neu xa hgi va con ngfldi
khdng xay dflng dfldc mdi quan he hai
hda vii td't dep trong cac mdi trfldng nay
thi sfl tieu diet ciia chinh con ngfldi va xa
hdi la dieu khd t r a n h khdi Nen giao due
phai tao nen nhflng con ngfldi "biet, lam,
tdn tai, quan he vdi ngfldi khac" (1)
5) Cud'i cung, c h u n g ta phai ndi
them den viec sii d u n g khoa hgc cdng
nghe hien dai, dac biet nhflng t h a n h tflu
tin hgc hien dai, trong dd cd m a n g
I n t e r n e t , vao cdng tac giang day va hgc
t a p Khdng nghi ngd gi nfla day la mdt
k h u y n h hfldng x u a t hien cung vdi nhflng t h a n h tflu khoa hgc ky t h u a t ciia loai ngfldi, va nhflng ldi ich ma nd dem lai khdng the nao tinh b e t dfldc Cd the ndi mdt each tdm tat: khoa hgc ky t h u a t bien dai da giup cho nhflng bai hgc d
n h a trfldng trd n e n sinh ddng cu the, de
t h u n h a n ma van r a t n h e n h a n g , t h a n h thoat Cac phfldng tien nghe nhin thu
h u t sfl chu y ciia hgc sinh, ddng thdi, lam nhe di r a t n h i e u lao ddng ciia ngfldi
t h i y Thdng qua m a n g , sfl ket nd'i ciia mdt ldp hge vdi nhflng ldp hgc, trfldng hgc khac, vdi nhflng cd sd khoa hgc, tfl lieu, s a n x u a t cd lien q u a n da md rdng
r a t nhieu t l m hieu biet ciia ca ngUdi day l l n ngfldi hgc Dac biet, viec hgc tfl
xa n i m t r o n g chfldng t r i n h phd cap giao due se cd the dUdc thUc hien mgt each cd hieu qua vdi nhflng phfldng tien hien dai, k h l e p h u c dfldc k h o a n g each khdng gian va thdi gian O day, c h u n g ta p h a n dd'i luan diem ciia mdt so' n h a sfl p h a m dat dd'i lap chfl viet vdi cac phfldng tien nghe nhin, cung nhfl d a t dd'i lap nhflng phfldng p h a p giao due t r u y e n thd'ng vdi nhflng phfldng p h a p giao due b i n g phfldng tien hien dai Ngfldc lai phai thay r a n g , c i n lay phfldng p h a p t r u y e n thd'ng lam cd sd de thflc bien nhflng phfldng p h a p hien dai trong mgt sfl ket hdp cd can n h a c Khi ndi den nhflng ldi to' cao cac phfldng tien t r u y e n h i n h va tin hgc hien dai dfldc sii d u n g trong giao due, n h a sfl p h a m F r a n c i s Balle cho
r i n g nhflng ldi td cao ay "xet cho cflng chi lam c h u n g ta q u a n t a m tim each chi
r a dfldc nhflng con dfldng chan chinh cua tfl do cho con ngfldi h a n h dgng cung nhfl con ngfldi tfl duy" (7) Tuy vay, d day, cung c i n phai xac dinh mdt sd dieu
ve n h a n thflc va thflc t i i n :
Trang 8niot so van de giao due 45
- Nha trfldng, giao vien cung nhfl
hgc sinh phai nhan thflc ring: thdi dai
nay la thdi dai cua tin hgc, nha trfldng
la mdt thanh td' cua thdi dai cung khdng
the tfl minh dflng biet lap, ma phai
mang trong minh tat ea nhflng dac diem
cua thdi dai, ddng thdi, vi nd la cd sd dao
tao con ngfldi nen nd phai chuan bi mdt
each td't nhat cho nhflng con ngfldi sd'ng
va lao ddng trong thdi dai tin hgc
- Mac d i u cac phfldng tien tin hgc
hien dai mang tdi rat nhieu thuan ldi,
lam nhe di, lam ddn gian di rat nhieu
edng doan giang day va hgc tap, nhflng
lai khdng dfldc lam dung cac phfldng
tien hien dai mdt each thai qua Chii the
cua giang day va bgc tap van la nhflng
con ngfldi O ndi nad cd the va cin den
tfl duy ciia con ngfldi, thi eon ngfldi phai
phat huy vai trd ciia minh ma khdng
the phd mac tat ca cho may mdc Can
nhd rang, du cac phfldng tien cd tinh
xao va tai tinh den may thi con ngfldi
van phai lam chii phfldng tien chfl
khdng the la nd le ciia phfldng tien Ldp
bgc khdng the la ndi de cho eon ngfldi bi
sai khien bdi may mdc, hay hdn the, nd
le cua may mdc, ma phai la ndi eon
ngfldi dieu hanh may mdc de phue vu
cho sfl phat trien tri tue cua chinh
minh O day, cin phai nhic den sfl phan
bd thdi gian eiia viec hgc tap: dau la
nhflng gid hgc cd sfl tham gia ciia may
mdc, dau la nhflng gid bgc chi cd sfl giao
tiep gifla con ngfldi, va dau la nhflng gid
hgc con ngfldi tie'p xuc vdi tfl nhien
khdng thdng qua bat cfl mgt trung gian
may mdc nao
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO
1 D i n theo tai lieu "Giao due d chan trdi, nam 2020: Cd khdang each hay khdng cd khoang each" ciia UNESCO edng bd' nam 2005 tai Paris Ban dieh cua Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 2006
2 Mark Bray Tfl nhan boa giao due trung hgc: phan tich va hau qua ddi vdi nhflng chinh sach theo dudi Tai lieu eua Trung tam nghien cflu giao due so sanh thudc Dai bgc Tdng hdp Hong Kong UNESCO cdng bd tai Paris nam 2005 Ban dich ciia Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 2006
3 Kozakiewicz TrUdng bgc tfl nhan Kinh nghiem va suy nghi Tai lieu eua UNESCO cdng bd tai Paris nam
2005 Ban dich cua Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 2006
4 E C Demidenko Trien vgng ciia giao due trong the gidi dang thay ddi Tap
ehi Soeiologicheskie issledovanija
No2, 2005
5 Mark Lineicome Toan clu boa, giao due va quan diem chinh tri ve ban
sac Tap chi Critical Asian Studies,
Vol 37, No2, 2005
6 Lun Jiaoxue Wenhua Ban ve van hoa day hgc (tap hdp phat bieu ciia
nhieu tac gia) Tap chi Jiao yu yan jiu, 2008n., d.4g., d.46-55 y
7 Francis Balle Nha trUdng va vd tuye'n truyen hinh Tap chi
Communication et Langages, Noi 00/101, 2" et 3" trimestre 1999