Philosophy of physics space and time (princeton foundations of contemporary philosophy)

Philosophy of Physics PRINCETON FOUNDATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Scott Soames, Series Editor Philosophical Logic by JOHN P BURGESS Philosophy of Language by SCOTT SO AMES Philosophy of Law by AN[.]

Philosophy of Physics

PRINCETON FOUNDATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Scott Soames, Series Editor

Philosophical Logic by JOHN P BURGESS

Philosophy of Language by SCOTT SO AMES

Philosophy of Law by ANDREI MARMOR

Truth by ALEXIS G BURGESS & JOHN P BURGESS

PHILOSOPHY

OF PHYSICS Space and Time Tim Maudlin

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD

Copyright © 2012 by Princeton University Press

Published by Princeton University Press,

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Maudlin, Tim

Philosophy of physics : space and time/ Tim Maudlin

p em.- (Princeton foundations of contemporary philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 978-0-691-14309-5 (alk paper)

1 Space and time I Title

BD632.M38 2012

530.11-dc23 2012005618

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

This book has been composed in Minion Pro & Archer

Printed on acid-free paper oo

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

182

Index

First Law of Motion, Newton's, 4,

10- 1 2, 1 7- 1 9, 3 1 , 54, 59, 75, 124

Fizeau, Hippolyte, 1 2 1

Galilean Relativity, 47, 5 1 , 53, 1 15

Galilean space-time, 60-68, 75, 80-89,

1 26

Galileo, ix, 17-19, 49-53, 1 14, 1 23,

1 3 1 -38, 1 47

gauge freedom, 29

General Relativity, 26, 39, 75, 83, 93,

1 26-28, 1 3 1 , 1 34-52, 1 67

Geroch, Robert, 1 4 1 , 1 52

globally hyperbolic space-time,

defini-tion of, 160

Goldstein, Herbert, 30-3 1 , 64

grandfather paradox, 1 62

gravitational lensing, 1 45

gravitational waves, I 39

Hoefer, Carl, ! 5 1

hole argument, 1 47-5 1

homogeneous space, 35, 1 29, 1 47

Hoyle, Fred, 1 66

Huggett, Nick, 1 33, 153

indeterminism, 39, 1 50

inertial frame of reference, 3 1 , 53, 67

inertial mass, 59, 60, 1 32

inertial motion, 1 8, 53, 59, 62, 1 03,

1 10- 1 7, 123, 1 34, 1 58, 1 75

inertial structure, 62, 1 26

inertial trajectories, 62, 65, 80, 83, 88,

1 1 2, 1 14, 1 4 1 , 1 44

isometry, 8, 34, 4 1

isotropic space, 35, 39, 72, 1 29, 1 47

kinematic shift, 1 46

Kripke, Saul, 1 50

Law of Light, 73, 83, 88, 95, 1 06, 1 22,

1 24

Leibniz, Gottfried, 34-53, 66, 80,

146-49

light clock, 1 09

light-cone, definition of, 68 light-like separated, definition of, 74 linear acceleration, I 0

locally parallel, definition of, 1 29 Lorentz Boost, 1 14

Lorentz coordinates, 69-73, 78, 87, 93-97, 1 00-1 06, 1 14, 1 1 8, 1 2 1 ,

1 28, 1 40, 1 7 1 Lorentz transformations, 67, 72, 87,

123, 1 7 1

Mach, Ernst, 45, 66, 1 26 Maxwell, James Clerk, 1 24-27 metric function, 28

metrical structure, 7, 1 1 , 28-34,

54-56, 70, 1 37, 1 47 Michelson and Morely, 1 22 Minkowski metric, 7 1 Minkowski space-time, 69-96, 1 06,

1 1 7-40, 1 57, 162, 1 7 1

Misner, Charles, 1 08, 1 52 Mobius strip, 1 56 natural motion, 2 Newton, Isaac, 4-66, 75, 80, 83, 94, 96,

1 23, 1 2� 1 3 1 -3� 1 4� 1 53, 160 Newton's Laws of Motion, 1 2-24 non-orientable space-time, 168 Norton, John, 1 27, 1 47, ! 5 1 orthogonal coordinate system, 32 passive boost, 1 14

passive gravitational mass, 1 32-34 physical Lorentz-FitzGerald

contrac-tion, 99, 103, 112-2 1 PI! See Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles

Poincare transformations, 72 Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, 40-52, 1 46

Principle of Sufficient Reason, 36-49,

1 46

PSR See Principle of Sufficient Reason Pythagorean formula, 29, 1 72

quantum theory, 1 40, 1 46

rectilinear coordinate system, 32

Relativistic Interval, 70

Relativistic Law of Inertia, 75, 83-95,

1 06, 124

relativistic time dilation, 83

relativity of simultaneity, 92

Ricci tensor, 139

Riemann, Bernhard, 1 3 1 , 1 39

rigid body, 1 1 6- 1 9, 1 23

Rindler, Wolfgang, 80-83, 99, 1 1 2

rotating globes experiment, 44, 57,

80, 1 26

rubber sheet geometry See topology

scalar curvature, 1 39

Scholium on Space and Time, 13,

1 5, 22

Second Law of Motion, Newton's,

1 5-20, 30, 59, 80, 83

simultaneity slice, 61, 65, 84-89, 128

singularity, 1 42-46

Sklar, Lawrence, 23, 24

space-like separated, definition of, 74

space-time diagram, 56-63, 72-77,

80, 89, 97, 100- 1 05, 1 1 2, 1 32, 1 4 1 ,

1 7 1 , 1 75

Index static shift, 1 46

steady state theory of the universe,

166

straightedge, 5, 7, 84, 1 74 stress-energy tensor, 1 39, 1 45, 1 6 1 Strong Equivalence Principle, 1 27,

135

temporally orientable space-time,

1 56-58 Theory of Relativity, 23, 5 1 , 66, 7 1 ,

1 25 Thorne, Kip, 1 08, 152, 164 tidal effects, 1 35, 1 39

tidal forces, 144-46 time-like separated, defintion of, 74 topological transformation, 7, 1 47 topology, 6-12, 27-29, 34, 62, 69, 72, 154- 1

Triangle Inequality, 29, 79 Twins Paradox, 77, 83, 93, 1 38, 145,

1 58 Weak Energy Condition, 161 Weak Equivalence Principle, 1 27-36 Wheeler, john, 1 08, 1 52

world-line, definition of, 56