CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9 LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS) * PHẦN 1 LÝ THUYẾT * Liên từ dùng để liên kết từ hoặc nhóm từ * Các loại liên từ 1, Coordinating conjunctions Liên từ đẳng lập 2, Correlative conjunctions – Tương li[.]
Trang 1CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS)
* PHẦN 1: LÝ THUYẾT
* Liên từ dùng để liên kết từ hoặc nhóm từ
* Các loại liên từ
1, Coordinating conjunctions - Liên từ đẳng lập
2, Correlative conjunctions – Tương liên từ
3, Subordinating conjunctions – Liên từ phụ thuộc
4, Conjunctive Adverbs - trạng từ liên kết
I Coordinating Conjunctions (Liên từ đẳng lập)
Những liên từ ngắn, đơn giản gọi là Liên từ đẳng lập: and (và), but (nhưng),
or (hoặc), nor (hoặc không), for (bởi vì), yet (tuy nhiên), so (do đó, vì vậy, thế là)
Một liên từ đẳng lập nối các phần có vai trò ngữ pháp tương đương hoặc ngang bằng nhau trong câu Một liên từ đẳng lập cho thấy các thành phần mà nó liên kết có cấu trúc và tầm quan trọng tương tự nhau
Hãy xem những ví dụ sau – 2 thành tố in nghiêng được nối với nhau bởi một liên từ đẳng lập
- I like tea and coffee.
- Ram likes tea, but Anthony likes coffee.
- She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
Liên từ đẳng lập luôn đứng giữa các từ hoặc nhóm từ mà nó liên kết
Khi một liên từ kết hợp liên kết các mệnh đề độc lập, phải luôn đặt một dấu phẩy trước liên từ:
Vd: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at
university.
Tuy nhiên, nếu mệnh đề độc lập quá ngắn và đẳng lập, thì không nhất thiết phải có dấu phẩy:
VD: She is kind so she helps people.
Khi "and" được dùng với từ cuối cùng trong một danh sách liệt kê, thì có thể dùng hoặc không dùng dấu phẩy:
Vd:
- He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.
- He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.
7 Liên từ đẳng lập ngắn và đơn giản chúng chỉ gồm 2-3 chữ Có một cách dễ nhớ như sau:
For And Nor But Or Yet So
II Correlative Conjunctions – tương liên từ
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Tương liên từ là loại liên từ kết hợp theo cặp và cần phải sử dụng cả hai từ tại những
vị trí khác nhau trong câu để làm rõ nghĩa Tương liên từ gồm các cặp từ như
“both/and” (vừa…vừa…), “whether/or” (có nên….hay là….), “either/or” (hoặc… hoặc…), “neither/nor” (không… cũng không…), “not/but” (không phải… ngoài/
mà là….) và “not only/but also” (không những… mà còn…), “hardly/when” (khó
lòng… khi…)
- I want either the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate.
- I’ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate.
- I didn’t know whether you’d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate,
so I got you both.
- Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No
problem.
- I’ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate.
- I see you’re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers I’ll help you with those
too.
Một vài cặp Tương liên từ khác:
as/as (gống như) - Bowling isn’t as fun as skeet shooting.
such/that (quá… đến nỗi) - Such was the nature of their relationship that they
never would have made it even if they’d wanted to.
scarcely/when (khó lòng… khi…) - I had scarcely walked in the door when I
got the call and had to run right back out again.
as many/as (nhiều … như…)- There are as many curtains as there are
windows.
no sooner/than (vừa mới…thì…) - I’d no sooner lie to you than strangle a
puppy.
rather/than (thích…hơn…/ thà…còn hơn…)- She’d rather play the drums
than sing.
III Subordinating Conjunctions – Liên từ phụ thuộc
Liên từ phụ thuộc đứng đầu mệnh đề phụ, là những mệnh đề khi đứng độc lập thì không thể tạo thành câu có nghĩa hoàn chỉnh
Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính, làm bổ ngữ cho mệnh
đề chính
Ex We will go whale watching if we have time
*Các Liên từ phụ thuộc
Time (thời gian) Purpose (mục
đích)
Manner (cách thức)
Contrast (tương phản)
After (sau khi)
As (khi)
In order that (để mà)
As if (như thể)
As though (như
Whereas (trong khi, ngược lại)
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As soon as (ngay
khi)
As long as (khi)
Before (trước khi)
Since (từ khi)
Until (cho đến khi)
When (khi)
Whenever (bất cứ
khi nào)
While (trong khi)
So that (để mà) That (rằng)
So (để mà, do đó)
So as to (để mà)
In order to (để mà)
thể) While (trong khi,
ngược lại)
Condition (điều
kiện)
Cause (nguyên nhân)
Comparison (so sánh)
Other
Although (mặc dù)
As long as (chỉ cần)
Even if (thậm chí)
Even though (mặc
dù)
If (nếu)
Though (mặc dù)
Unless (trừ khi)
Provided that (miễn
là)
While (mặc dù)
Supposing (giả sử)
In case (trong
trường hợp)
Once (một khi)
Because (bởi vì)
As (bởi vì) Since (bởi vì) Whereas (bởi vì)
As (như) Than (hơn, so với)
Lest (sợ rằng) + V0
Whether (hay không)
After – later than the time that : later than when.
Example: “Call me after you arrive at work”
Although – despite the fact that : used to introduce a fact that makes another fact
unusual or surprising
Example: “Although she was tired, she couldn’t sleep”
As – used to introduce a statement which indicates that something being mentioned
was known, expected, etc
Example: “As we explained last class, coordinating conjunctions are sentence
connectors”
Because – for the reason that.
Example: “I painted the house because it was a horrible colour”
Before – earlier than the time that : earlier than when.
Example: “Come and visit me before you leave”
How – in what manner or way.
Example: “Let me show you how to knit”
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If -used to talk about the result or effect of something that may happen or be true.
Example: “It would be fantastic if you could come to the party”
Once – at the moment when : as soon as.
Example: “Once you’ve learnt how to cycle, it’s very easy”
Since – used to introduce a statement that explains the reason for another statement.
Example: “Since you’ve studied so well, you can go outside and play”
Than – used to introduce the second or last of two or more things or people that are
being compared — used with the comparative form of an adjective or adverb
Example: “My sister is older than I am”
That – used to introduce a clause that states a reason or purpose.
Example: “Olivia is so happy that it’s summer again”
When – at or during the time that something happened.
Example: “A teacher is good when he inspires his students”
Where – at or in the place that something happened.
Example: “We went to the bar where there most shade”
Whether -used to indicate choices or possibilities.
Example: “Bruno wasn’t sure whether to go to India or Thailand”
While – during the time that something happened”
Example: “While we were in Paris, it snowed”
Until – up to the time or point that something happened”
Example: “We stayed up talking until the sun came up”
IV Conjunctive Adverbs – trạng từ liên kết
Trạng từ liên kết là trạng từ có chức năng như một liên từ đẳng lập, chúng thường liên kết các câu độc lập với nhau
Trạng từ liên kết thường đứng trước bởi dấu chấm phẩy và theo sau bởi dấu phẩy
VD:
- You must do your homework; otherwise, you might get a bad grade.
- I will not be attending the show Therefore, I have extra tickets for anyone that can use them.
- Amy practiced the piano; meanwhile, her brother practiced the violin.
- Marion needed to be home early Consequently, she left work at 3 p.m.
Các trạng từ liên kết thường gặp
Instead (thay vào đó)
Later (sau đó)
Moreover (hơn nữa)
Nevertheless (Tuy nhiên)
Otherwise (không thì, nếu không)
Still (vẫn)
Therefore (do đó)
Thus (do đó, như vậy)
Accordingly (do đó, cho nên)
Also (cũng)
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Besides (ngoài ra)
Consequently (do đó, cho nên)
Finally (cuối cùng thì)
Furthermore (hơn thế nữa)
However (tuy nhiên)
Indeed (thật sự
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG Exercise 1 Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences,
fill in the blanks with the given words Some can be used more than once
and, but also, nor, or, than, when,
1 I have both respect _ admiration for them
2 It will rain either today _ tomorrow
3 He could not decide whether to tell the truth _ keep silent
4 It was not only a beautiful day, _ the first day of Spring
5 He is neither proud _ condescending
6 No sooner had I opened my eyes _ I remembered where I was
7 Scarcely had I heard the news _ my friend arrived
8 I do not know whether he has seen the movie before not
9 She could find the book neither at the Library _ at the bookstore
10 The crowd was both large _ enthusiastic
Exercise 2 Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the
presence of inverted word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets
1 I opened the door _ looked out (and, yet)
2 She was not in the back yard, _ was she upstairs (or, nor)
3 The sun had set, _ it was still light outside (or, yet)
4 Do you know his address _ telephone number? (but, or)
5 He has not arrived yet, _ have they (and, nor)
6 I read the book, _ did not understand it (but, or)
7 We searched diligently, found nothing (or, yet)
8 I invited him _ his friends (and, but)
9 Our washing machine hasn’t been working properly recently, and _has our dishwasher (neither, so)
10 the book _the magazine is necessary for me I will buy one of them (Both-and, Either-or)
Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences using appropriate subordinating conjunctions.
1 I make it a point to visit the Taj Mahal ……… I go to Agra
2 This is the place ……… I used to stay when I was studying at college
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3 ……… you get the first rank, I will buy you a car.
4 ……… you work hard, you can’t pass the entrance test
5 I am leaving tomorrow ……… or not you give me the permission
6 He could not get a seat, ……… he came early
7 The players delivered a splendid performance ……… they had
rehearsed well
8 Parents should give enough attention to children ……… they will not feel neglected
9 He is ……… dishonest ……… no one trusts him
10 I will note it down ……… I should forget
Exercise 4 The following sentences are incorrect, because they contain
correlative conjunctions, but do not use parallel construction Rewrite the
sentences correctly, using parallel construction
1 The train proceeded neither quickly nor was it smooth
………
…………
2 They will leave either today or they will go tomorrow
………
…………
3 The child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night
………
…………
4 She is neither kind nor has patience
………
…………
5 He is not only talented, but also he has charm
………
…………
6 The street is lined with both oak trees and there are elm trees
………
…………
7 The lecture was not only very long but also it was very dull
………
…………
8 You should either eat less, or should exercise more
………
…………
9 I am not only proud to be here, but also feel happy to meet you
………
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10 The town is both historical and it is picturesque
………
…………
Exercise 5: Combine the following sentences using an appropriate conjunction.
1 We decided to set out It was raining
………
…………
2 I respect him He is a brave man
………
…………
3 He did not win the first prize He worked hard
………
…………
4 He is not a knave (kẻ bất lương) He is not a fool.
………
…………
5 He was not there His brother was not there
………
…………
6 I went to the market I bought some grocery
………
…………
7 He didn’t come He didn’t write
………
…………
8 He must be tired He has been working since morning
………
…………
9 Men have fought for their country Men have died for their country
………
…………
10 He didn’t want to miss the train He ran fast
………
…………
Exercise 6: Combine the sentence with suitable conjunctions
1 He is interested in gardening He is interested in collecting stamps
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2 In the summer school he studied writing He studied how to increase his
vocabulary
3 My sister can sing beautifully She can play the guitar very
well
4 He is good at math He is good at
English
5 She cleaned the house and she cooked the dinner
6 We can fix dinner for them here or we can take them to a restaurant
7 Brian doesn’t play sports and he doesn't watch them on TV
8 We didn't hear the window break We didn't hear the thief come in
9 I suppose we could watch TV this evening or we could go out for a snack
10.I haven't seen him I haven't heard him speak