Comparisons of Physical Characteristics of Crossbred Boer Goat Fur Skin Tanned by Coffee Pomace and Gros Michel Banana Bunch Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 ( 2016 ) 143 – 147 2210 78[.]
Trang 1Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 ( 2016 ) 143 – 147
2210-7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University
doi: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.024
ScienceDirect
International Conference on Inventions & Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture 2016, ICIISA
2016 Comparisons of Physical Characteristics of Crossbred Boer Goat Fur Skin tanned by Coffee Pomace and Gros Michel Banana Bunch
Krittiya Lertchunhakiata,*, Mathurada Keelaa, Phakatip Yodmingkhwana,
Wilaiwan Sirirotjanaputa, Ajchara Rungrojb
a Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology Silpakorn University, Phetchaburi 76120, Thailand
b Huai Sai Royal Development Study Center, Phetchaburi 76120, Thailand
Abstract
The current study was conducted to compare the physical characteristics and quality of fur skin of male crossbred Boer goat using different tanning formulas (coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch) Crossbred Boer goat aged approximately 8 months old and weighed approximately 25 kg were used in the study Sixteen skin sheets prepared by cutting raw skin into a size of 21×29 7
cm2 were divided into 2 treatments, 8 sheets each The first group was tanned using coffee pomace formula and the second group was tanned using Gros Michel banana bunch formula The raw skin weights of the first group and second group before tanning were 198.25±8.66 g and 197.72±7.64 g, respectively Tanned fur skin were then compared for physical characteristics, including skin color, total hair density, percentage of coarse hair, percentage of fine hair, and skin thickness, both before and after tanning process and between the tanning formulas The results showed that the color of goat skin before tanning with Gros Michel banana bunch and coffee pomace formula was not significantly different (P>0.05) While after tanning with coffee pomace, the skin was darker than those tanned with Gros Michel banana bunch, although hair color of both groups were not altered ( P>0 05) The thickness of the tanned skin using Gros Michel banana bunch and coffee pomace formula was not significantly different (P>0.05) Fine hair density and coarse hair density of both groups before soaking in Gros Michel banana bunch and coffee pomace formula were not significantly different ( P>0 05) However, after tanning with both formula, it was found that density of fine and coarse hairs of both groups were less than initial hairs (P<0.05) In conclusion, coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch can be used
as agent in tanning process to conserve the goat hair
© 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V
Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University
Keywords: vegetable tanning; crossbred Boer goat; coffee pomace; Gros Michel banana bunch
* Corresponding author Tel.: +6-603-259-4038; fax: +6-603-259-4038
E-mail address: krittiya_2549@hotmail.com
© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University
Trang 21 Introduction
The domesticated goat population of Thailand in 2015 amounted to 468,377 heads (DLD, 2016) They were raised mainly in the western and southern parts of the country Although, goats raised in Thailand aimed for meat and milk production, they are predominantly used for meat Crossbred Boer goat (Capra hircus) is considered to be one of the most desirable goat breeds for meat production At yearling, male and female live weights are approximately 50 kg and 45 kg, respectively Goat skin is a by-product from goats slaughtered for meat and it can be processed by tanning
to make a value-added leather product for goat farmers
Leather tanning is the process of converting raw hides or skins into leather Hides and skins have the ability to absorb tannic acid and other chemical substances that prevent them from decaying, making them resistant to wetting, supple and durable The surface of hide and skin contains the hair and oil glands which is known as the grain side The flesh side of the hide or skin is much thicker and softer The three types of hides and skins most often used in leather manufacture are from cattle, sheep and pig Tanning is essentially the reaction of collagen fibers in the hide with tannins, chromium, alum, or other chemical agents (Arife et al., 2012)
The most common tanning agents used in the United States are trivalent chromium and vegetable tannins extracted from specific tree barks Alum, syntan (man-made chemicals), formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and heavy oils are other tanning agents (Arife et al., 2012) Therefore, chemicals were developed for use to tan large quantities of hides and skins in modern tanning manufacture Koloka and Moreki (2011) mentioned that vegetable tanning agent is considered the "green tanning agent" because of its biodegradation Furthermore, vegetable tanned leather has excellent fullness, moldering properties, wear resistance, air permeability and solidness; hence, it is of great significance to reduce chrome pollution in leather making process Skin could be made more resistant if treated with leaves and barks containing tannin (vegetable tanning)
The vegetable tanning agents can be used alone or in combination with others to improve efficiency The plant parts used for tanning in order of importance were barks, roots and tubers (Koloka and Moreki, 2011) According to Faxing et al (2005) and Bi (2006), vegetable tanned leather has excellent fullness, moldering properties, wear resistance, air permeability and solidness Hence, it is of great significance to reduce chrome pollution in leather making process Vegetable tanned leather is used in making heavy leather such as furniture leather, garment leather and shoe upper leather Researchers worldwide are paying particular attention to the use of vegetable tanning agents to replace chrome tanning agent and progress has already been achieved Some plants are preferred for tanning over others due to the level of their tannin content Tannin is found in various parts of plant such as tree bark, wood, fruit, pod, leaf, root, tuber and many other parts, indicating that different plant parts are used in tanning (Kanagaraj et al., 2005) The coffee pomace is the waste from fresh coffee shop In recent year the amount of coffee pomace waste is increasing and easy to find due to the increased consumption of fresh coffee drink on the country Braham and Bressani (1979) reported that the organic components present in coffee pulp such as tannins are approximately 1.80-8.56 % dry weight Most of plants contain tannins, and some species are particularly rich in these compounds A short list includes oak bark, firs, willows, chestnuts, sumac leaves, oak galls, birch, alder, hemlock, tea leaves, coffee beans, rowan bark and berries, pomegranate skin, unripe persimmon, hazel and hazelnuts, walnuts, pecan bark and nuts, and cinnamon bark
Gros Michel banana bunch is the waste from agricultural farming in Phetchaburi province Ally and Kunjikutty
(2000) studied the total tannin content in the tree leaves commonly used to feed goat, including subabul ( Leucaena
leucocephala) , jack ( Artocarpus heterophyllus) , venga ( Pterocarpus marsupium) and banana ( Musa paradiosiaca)
and found that the tannin contents varied from 3.7 to 5.5% with predominance of condensed tannins
Due to the availability of local agricultural wastes that are rich in tannins, the substances that are essential in leather tanning process, we attempted to develop a protocol for goat skin tanning using an eco-friendly approach by using plant-based tanning agents Specifically, we aimed at comparing the physical characteristics and quality of goat fur skins tanned by coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch
Trang 32 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Raw skin was obtained from a total of eight male crossbred Boer goats from Ban Krong- Kran Pattana, Cha-am district in Phetchaburi province, located in the western part of Thailand Goats were approximately 8 months of age and weighed approximately 25 kg The raw skins were preserved by freezing method Frozen skin were thawed and cut into 16 sheets with the size of 21×29 7 cm2 The total of 16 skin sheets, 8 sheets each were then allocated into 2 treatments (tanning formula) following a completely randomized design (CRD)
2.2 Experimental tanning methodology
The skins were subjected to vegetable tanning using coffee pomace or Gros Michel banana bunch
Treatment 1: Coffee pomace vegetable tanning: The dehydrated goat pelts were treated with an aqueous solution of acid (1% formic acid solution) The skins were agitated in plastic pail with 50% (W/W) water and 1% (W/W) pretanning syntan for 1 hour Then, 40 g of coffee pomace was added in 4 L of water and mixed, and agitated with the pelts for 6 hours After that, 1% (W/W) formic acid was added in instalments and drummed for 1 hour The tanned fur skins were then conditioned and dried as per conventional methods Finally, the pelts were treated with solution using 28 g sodium borate in 3.8 L water for 10 minutes, soaked with clean water about 2 minutes and squeezed out the water Conditioning process were performed using 10% ( W/ W) Coripol UFB for 6 hours The pelts were preserved and stretched with wire steel
Treatment 2: Gros Michel banana bunch vegetable tanning: the dehydrated goat pelts were treated with an aqueous solution of acid ( 1% W/ W formic acid solution) The skin were agitated in plastic pail with 50% ( W/ W) water and 1% ( W/ W) pretanning syntan for 1 hour Then, 80 g of Gros Michel banana bunch was added in 4 L of water, mixed and agitated with the pelts for 6 hours After that, 1% (W/W) formic acid was added in instalments and drummed for 1 hour The tanned fur skins were then conditioned and dried as per conventional methods Finally, the pelts were treated with solution using 28 g sodium borate in 3.8 L water for 10 minutes, soaked with clean water about
2 minutes and squeezed out the water Conditioning process were performed using 10% ( W/ W) Coripol UFB for 6 hours The pelts were preserved and stretched with wire steel
2.3 Evaluation of fur skin characteristics
2 3 1 Skin thickness were investigated using stereomicroscope and measured using micrometres as basic indicators of fur skin quality
2 3 2 Hair density was investigated in number of total hair, fine hair and coarse hair density of fur skin using stereomicroscope The percentage of hair loss was calculated from different number of total hair before and after tanned with treatment formulas
2.3.3 Color value of fur skin was measured with a Miniscan EZ (Color global, Co Ltd.) The increase in L* value represents the increase of lightness and the decrease in L* value means a decrease of lightness The increase in the value of + a* indicates an increase in the color red, - a* shows an increase in the color green, + b* demonstrates an increase in the color yellow, and -b* shows an increase in the color blue (Goktas et al., 2006) These measurements were made in triplicate
2.4 Statistical analysis
The data were expressed as mean±SD Skin thickness, hair density and color value of fur skin were analyzed using Student’s t-test The percentage of hair loss was analyzed using Chi-square test
Trang 43 Results and discussion
The crossbred Boer goats used in the current study were 8 months of age and 25 kg body weight After fleshing process, the average weights of fresh raw skin from treatment 1 and 2 were 198.25±8.66 g and 197.72±7.64 g, respectively This experiment used freezing method to preserve the protein matrix of hides and skins before converting into leather In general, the preservation of hides and skins uses salt ( sodium chloride; NaCl) Salting generates a huge amount of pollution in the form of total dissolved solids ( TDS) and chlorides during leather processing (Kanagaraj et al., 2005)
The thickness of the tanned skin using coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch formulas was not significantly different (P>0.05, Table 1) The average skin thickness of both groups was similar to those reported by Fantova et al ( 2015) They found that thickness of the chrome tanned leather was about 1 2- 1 5 mm The basic indicator of leather quality namely leather thickness (mm) is about 1.04±0.17 mm (0.73-1.46 mm) In addition, Yusuff
et al (2013) indicated that the average leather thickness of the vegetable tanned West African Dwarf goat skin using
Acacia nilotica was 1.04±0.03 mm
Fine hair density and coarse hair density of both groups before soaking in coffee pomace or Gros Michel banana bunch formulas were not significantly different (P>0.05, Table 1) However, after tanning with both formulas, it was found that densities of fine and coarse hairs of both groups were less than initial hairs (P<0.05, Table 2) Percentage
of hair loss in Gros Michel banana bunch formula leather tends to be higher than Coffee pomace formula
Table 1 Comparison on goat skin characteristics before and after tanned with coffee pomace formula and Gros Michel bunch formula
ab indicate a significant difference between before and after treatment
AB indicate a significant difference between treatment
The results showed that the hair color of goat skin before tanning with coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch was not significantly different ( P>0 05, Table 2) While after tanning with coffee pomace, the hair had a decreased b-value (increasing in the blue color) (P<0.05, Table 2)
Table 2 Comparison of goat hair color before and after tanning with coffee pomace formula and Gros Michel banana bunch formula
ab indicate a significant difference between before and after treatment (P<0.05)
The results showed that before the tanning process, the skin of both groups showed higher values of lightness (L), and indicating closeness to white The color indicators of goat skin before tanning with coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch were not significantly different (P>0.05, Table 3) While after tanning with coffee pomace, the skin were darker than those of Gros Michel banana bunch (P<0.05, Table 3) Furthermore, the skin tanned with coffee pomace formula showed an increase in the color blue than those tanned with Gros Michel banana bunch formula (P<0.05, Table 3)
Skin thickness
Fine hair density
(hair/cm 2 )
256.38±11.46 a (39.88%)
159.63 ±12.44 b (38.66%)
(41.85%)
130.00±7.74 b (37.96%)
49.97%
Coarse hair
density
(hair/cm 2 )
386.13 ±14.24 a
b
a
b
Total hair density
Trang 5Table 3 Comparison of goat skin color before and after tanned with coffee pomace formula and Gros Michel banana bunch formula
ab indicate a significant difference between before and after treatment (P<0.05)
AB indicate a significant difference between treatment (P<0.05)
Conclusion
Coffee pomace and Gros Michel banana bunch can be used as agent in vegetable tanning process to conserve the goat hair Vegetable tanning developed for goat skin in this study is an alternative protocol that can be implemented
to lessen the use of chemicals in leather making process
Acknowledgements
This work was jointly sponsored by the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) and the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University
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