SL/ DUNG THANG DO VINELAND II TR''''ONG D A N H G I A MQC DO PHAT TRIEN TAM LY CUA TRE 3 6 TUOI TS Nguy§n Ofic Son Phd Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly Gido due, Trudng dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ndi i T 6 M TAT )(em vet[.]
Trang 1SL/ DUNG THANG DO VINELAND II
TAM LY CUA TRE 3 - 6 TUOI
TS Nguy§n Ofic Son
Phd Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly - Gido due, Trudng dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ndi
i
T 6 M TAT
)(em vet cdc thudc tinh do ludng tdm ly ciia Thang do hdnh vi thich ifng VINELAND II dita tren ke't qud ddnh gid 80 tie trong cdc trudng Mdm non tgi Hd Ngi, Ihdng qua mdu phdng vd'n bdn cd'u triic ddnh cho phu huynh Ke't qud ddnh gid tren nghiem the nghien cim cho thdy di) hieu life ciia thang do la khd td't, 5 linh vite duge do ludng phdn dnh duge ea bdn cdc mat ciia sit phdt trien tdm ly d tie vd cd the giiip xdc dinh dugc cdc vdn de chdm phdt trien Tuy nhien, thudc tinh ndy cdn ditgc nghien citu sdu han Do tin cdy ciia cdc thang do cho cdc ITnh vitc vd cdc tieu ITnh vUc
la rdt td't Cdn quan tdm de'n mdt sd vd'n de ve vdn hda Cd the sd dung thang do ndy
de ddnh gid sUphdt trien tdm ly eiia tre trong nghien citu vd ldm sdng
Vide sfi dung cdc trdc nghidm, thang do trong qua trinh theo doi, ddnh
gia mfic dp phat triln tam ly cua tre trong nghidn cfiu va lam sang la rdt pho
bid'n Hidn nay, cd nhilu cdng cu danh gia dupe sfi dung rpng rai nhu: Test
Denver, Coner CBRS (Coner behavior rating scale) Battle Vineland Mdi
cdng cu do cd nhfing dilm manh va han chd' ridng Tiiy thugc vdo uu diem, hgn
che ciia cdc thang do vd van de cdn ddnh gid md cdc chuyen gia cd the lua
chgn mdt thang do thich hop trong sd iddeu thang do khac nhau Trong qud
trinh su dung cdc cdng cu ddnh gid, viec xem xet Igi cdc thugc titdi do ludng tdm Iy (Psychometric properties) ciia cdc thang do cdn duac quan tdm thich
ddng di cd ca sd dua ra cdc khuyen cdo cho viec sit dung thang do mdt cdch
hieu qud, gidp cho viec chinh sua, dieu chinh, bo sung thang do vd tien ich han
Tai Viet Nam, vide sfi dung cac cdng cu d l danh gia sfi phat triln tdm ly
cua tre da bdt ddu dupe quan tdm nhung chua thuc sfi phd bid'n trong nghidn
cfiu va thuc hdnh tam ly hpc Cung vl vay, cac nghidn cfiu di danh gia cac cdng
cu cdn rdt ft dupe tie'n hanh Vide nghidn cfiu, danh gia cac cdng cu cdn dupe
56 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012
Trang 2quan tam ban nfia bdn canh vide thfch nghi, chudn hda hoac thid't ke cac cdng
eu mdi
Trong qua trinh sfi dung Thang do hanh vi thfch fing Vineland II dl
ddnh gia mfic dp phat triln tam ly ciia tre em tai cac trudng mdm non d Ha Ndi
mpt sd vdn dd vl trdc dac tam ly da dupe dat ra Trdn co sd thuc te sfi dung
thang do nay va cac dfi lieu thu dupe, chiing tdi tid'n hanh phan tfch mdt sd
thudc tfnh do ludng ca ban ciia thang do trdn khach thi la mdt sd tre em Viet
Nam nham cd duac cac kd't luan bude ddu vl cdng cu nay
1 Khach the nghien cfiu Gidi thieu Vineland II
1.1 Khdch the nghien cdu
Nghidn cfiu dupe tid'n hanh trdn 80 tre, thdng qua mdu phdng van nhfing
phu huynh eua tre Day la nhutig tre dupe cae trudng mam non khuyd'n cao la
CO nhfing ddu hidu lidn quan dd'n cham phat triln tam ly hoac cd cac ddu hidu
bat 6n vl tam ly, vf du tang ddng giam chu y, tu ky nhe, cham ngdn ngfi, rut re,
kem tuang tac xa hdi Tuy nhidn, cac tre nay chua ducic danh gia, chan doan
mdt each chfnh thfic d bdnh vidn hoac bdi cae chuydn gia tam ly hpc
Phan bd khach thi nghidn cfiu nhu sau:
Tre ndm trong dp tudi tfi 3 6 tuoi Trong dd:
Sd tre trai la: 57 71,25%
Sd tre gai la: 23 - 28,75%
3 tudi: 28 - 35%
4 tuoi: 30 - '31,5%
5 tuoi: 16 20%
6 tuoi: 6 - 7,5%
Ty Id nam/nfi la 2,47 la ty Id kha pho bid'n trong cae nghidn cfiu tre cd
rdi nhidu phat triln tam ly
Lifa chgn khdch the: Tre dupe Idy tfi danh sach tre ed ddu hidu cham
phat triln tam ly tai cac trudng mdm non trdn dia ban Ha Ndi, bao gdm cac
quan: Hoan Kiem, Ddng Da, Hai Ba Trung, Cdu Gidy, Thanh Xudn, Ba Dinh,
Ha Ddng Cac tre nay diu dang tham gia cac ldp hpc tai cae trudng mdm non
Tien hdnh ddnh gid: Cac nghidm vidn da dupe tap huan sfi diing thang
do Vineland II trong thdi gian 6 budi vl ly thuyd't va thfic hanh Cae phu huynh
dupe thdng bao trudc va dupe hen phdng vdn true tid'p tai nha Thdi gian phdng
vdn: 60 phut dua trdn mdu khdo sat bdng phdng van bao gdm tdt ca cac item
Trang 3ciia thang do Dfi lidu phdng vdn dupe xfi ly bdng phdn mim xfi 1^ kd't qua cua Vineland II dupe cung cdp kem theo thang do
Nhu vay cac kd't qua ciia Vineland II duac phan tfch chua phdi la kd't qua tren mdu chudn ciia tri Vidt Nam, md chi Id ke't qud bude ddu thu duac tit mdu
nhd tre cd tdntng dd'u hieu chdm phdt trim tdm Iy Tuy vdy, viic phdn tich cdc ket qud ndy cd the dem Igi nhitng ke't ludn ban ddu rd't cd y nghTa ve cdc thudc tinh do ludng tdm ly ciia thang do, tgo ca sd cho viec sd diing thang do trong thuc hdnh vd nghien citu sdu hon hodc chudn h()a trac nghiem ndy tgi nUdc ta
1.2 Gidi thieu thang do
VINELAND 11 do Sara S.Sparrow, Domenie V Cicchetti, David A Balla thid't kc va dupe chudn hda trdn mdu 3.000 khdch thi, dupcxudt ban bdi nha xudt ban Peasron (Hoa Ky) d'n hdnh Vineland II la phidn ban tai ban ldn 2
da cd chinh sfia Day la thang do dupe sfi dung khd phd bid'n tai cac ca sd thfic hanh va nghidn cfiu tai My Thang do dupe sfi dung vdi cac muc dfch sau: 1) Chdn doan: cham phat triln trf tud, cae rdi nhidu gien, khuydt tat, cham phat triln, rdi nhidu hanh vi; 2) Danh gia phdt triln: danh gia mfic dd phat triln ciia tre, xdc djnh su edn thidt can thidp; 3) Dilu chinh qua trinh: ddnh gia sfi tid'n bd trong vide hpc cae hanh vi, ky nang mdi; 4) Lap kd' hoach can thiep va 5) Nghidn cfiu (3, trang 5)
Thang do Vineland la cdng cu do cdc hanh vi thfch fing cua ca nhdn tfi 0 dd'n 90 tudi Vide danh gia dfia trdn ca sd cac hanh vi ma ca nhan thfic hidn trong su so sanh vdi mdu chudn cung dd tudi, do vay, thang do cd tdn gpi la thang do hanh vi thfch fing Thang do tap trung xac nhan su hidn didn cua cae hanh vi do tre thfic hidn ma khdng ddnh gia vl vide tre cd khd nang thuc hidn hanh vi hay khdng
Thang do dupe thid't kd' vdi 5 linh vuc danh gia chinh (domain): Giao tid'p; Cae ky nang sdng; Xa hdi hda; Ky nang van ddng va Cac hanh vi kem thfch fing Mdi linh vuc danh gid chfnh bao gdm nhilu tilu linh vuc (sub domain), mdi tilu linh vue dupe danh gia bdng mdt thang do Cu thi:
1 LTnh virc giao tid'p bao gdm 3 tilu linh vuc:
Tid'p nhdn: Danh gia kha ndng nghe, tdp trung chu y va hilu ngdn ngfi cua ed nhdn bao gdm 20 item
Bilu dat: sfi dung ldi ndi dl cd thdng tin hoac cung cdp thdng tin, 54 item
Chu vid't: Nhan bid't vd sfi dung cac chfi dl tao thanh tfi, dpc va vid't, 25 item
2 Cdc ky nang sinh hoat thudng ngay bao gdm:
58 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012
Trang 4Ky nang sinh boat ca nhan: an udng, mac qudn do, vd sinh ea nhan, 41
item
- Ky nang sinh boat gia dinh: thfic hidn mdt sd nhidm vu trong gia dinh,
24 item
- Ky nang sinh boat cpng ddng: sfi dung tiln, thdi gian, didn thoai, may
tfnh, edng vide, 44 item
3 LTnh vue xa hdi hod:
Quan he lidn nhan each: tuong tdc eua ea nhan vdi cac ed nhan khac,
38 item
- Vui chai, gidi trf: tham gia hojit ddng vui choi, giai trf, 31 item
- Ky nang fing xfi: su nhay cam, trdch nhidm vdi ngudi khac, 30 item
4 Cac ky nang van ddng: bao gdm van ddng thd 40 item, van ddng tinh
36 item
5 Cae chi bao hanh vi kem thfch fing: cac hanh vi ndi hda, ngoai hda va
cac hanh vi kem thfch fing cdt yd'u
Cac item thudc mdi tilu linh vue dupe sdp xdp lidn tuc theo hudng tang
ddn vdi cac dd tudi Do vay, khi phdng van ed thi xdc djnh dupe mfic dp phat
triln can trdn (ceihng) va can dudi eua mdi tre (Basal)
Thang do dupe sfi dung dudi dang mdu phdng vdn ban cau true danh cho
phu huynh hoac danh cho ngudi cham sdc tre Dl sfi dung thfi tai Viet Nam,
thang do da dupe dich sang tid'ng Viet vdi quy trinh djch xudi, djch ngupc va do
hai nhdm tac gia ddc lap hidu dfnh
Xfi ly kd't qua: Kd't qua eua eae tilu linh vue dupe tong hpp thanh kd't
qua chung cua mpt linh vuc Cac kd't qua do dupe quy chuan theo tiing dp tuli
va tfing linh vfie cu thi, bao gdm chi sd thd (Raw Score) va quy chuan
(Standard Score) Kd't qua tong hop dupe thi hidn bang ehi sd hanh vi thfch fing
tong hop (Adaptive Behavior Score) Chi sd thfch fing quy chuan eho mpi linh
vue diu la 100, mdi dp lech chuan la 15 dilm Tre cd chi sd chuan (Standard
Score) cua mdi linh vuc thdp ban 2 dp lech chuan (30 dilm) dupe coi la cham
trong linh vuc dd Dd'i vdi chi sd thfch iing chung, dilm sd thap ban 2 dp Ideh
chudn hoac 1,5 dd Ideh d hai linh vue trd ldn, tre dupe coi la cham phat triln (3,
trang 63)
2 Phan tich cac thupc tinh trdc dac ciia thang do
2.1 Ket qud chung ddnh gid suphdt trien cua tre
Kd't qua danh gia mfic dd phdt triln cua cdc linh vuc va kd't qua ting hop
dupe thi hidn d bang 1 Cac dilm sd chuan la dilm trung binh cdng eua n = 80
tre dupe nghidn cfiu
Trang 5Bdng 1: Ke't qud ddnh gid chung
TT
1
2
3
4
5
Cac ITnh vuc
Giao tiep
Ky nang sinh hoat
Xa h6i hda
Ky nang van dCng
Chi sd hanh vi thich fing
ting hpp
Diem s6 chudn (Trung binh)
73,47 82,73 72,6 85,3 75.3
Dd lech chudn
> 1,5
> 1
> 1,5
< 1
> 1,5
Mfic do phat trien Thdp Thdp Thdp Trung binh Thdp
(Diem chudn la 100, mot dg lech chudn la 15 diem)
Chi sd hanh vi thfch fing ting hpp cho thdy, mfic dd phat triln ciia tre tham gia nghidn cfiu d mfic dd thdp (thdp ban 1,5 dd Ideh chudn) so vdi mfic dd phat triln binh thudng Dilm sd trung binh ciia cac linh vuc giao tid'p, xa hdi hda diu thdp ban dilm chudn ft nhdt la mdt dd Ideh chudn Cac hanh vi thudc cac linh vuc giao tid'p va xa hdi hda thudng bdc Id ro va dd dang quan sat thdy trong cudc sdng thudng ngdy cua tre Chfnh vl vay, giao vidn khi lam vide vdi tre trong thdi gian dai diu cd thi nhan bid't sfi thid'u hut hoac khd khan lidn quan dd'n eae hanh vi nay Dilu nay dupe phan dnh trong sir quan ngai cua giao
vidn vl nhfing vdn di tam ly ma tre gap phai va gidi thfch ly do cac tre nay cd
tdn trong danh sach nhutig tre cd cac ddu hidu vl tam ly cdn quan tam Nhu
vay, cd su phii hap gida ke't qud cda thang do vdi ke't qud quan sdt ciia gido
vien ve suphdt trien tdm Iy cda tre Su tuang ddng ndy cho thd'y, thang do cd do hieu luc nhd't dinh mgc dd chua cd ddy du ca sade khdng dinh mite do hieu luc cua thang do
2.2 Do hieu luc (vcng nghiem) cua thang do
Do khdng ed dilu kidn sfi dung cac thang do khac d l so sanh, ddi chidu
va tfnh hd sd tuang quan gifia cac kd't qua trdn cung mdu khach thi nhdm xdc djnh dp hidu luc dd'i chidu (Concurrent validity), d l xac dinh dd hidu luc cua thang do Vineland II, chung tdi tap trung phan tfch dd hidu luc cua thang do nay trdn cac ca sd sau:
- Dd hidu luc cdu triic (Construct validity): Dupe hilu la mfic dd phu hop
vl mat cdu true cua thang do vdi cdu true cua hidn tupng tdm ly cdn do hoac su tuang quan gifia cdc thudc tinh cua mdt hidn tupng tdm ly nhu la mdt hd thdng Trong trudng hop nay, dd hidu luc cdu true cua thang do cd thi xac dinh bdng each so sanh cdu true cdc linh vuc phat triln cdn do (giao tid'p, xa hdi-hda, ky nang van ddng, ky nang fing xfi, cdc hanh vi kem thich fing) dupe d i xudt bdi
60 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012
Trang 6Vineland II vdi cau trfie cac linh vuc dupe d l xudt bdi cac thang do khac So sanh cau true 4 linh vue cua thang Vineland, xac djnh cdn do vdi thang do Battle, vdi cac linh vuc dupe d l xuat bdi Hidp hdi Tam ly hpc My (APA, 2006) cho tha'y, cd su tuong ddng gifia cac thang do du cac tilu linh vuc cd ddi chiit
khac bidt (3, trang 125) Nhu vay, cd the coi thang Vineland II vdi cdc ITnh vitc
neu tren dd do Iifdng ditc/c cdc chieu kich co' bdn ciia sU phdt trien tdm ly cua tre
- Dp hidu luc b l mat (Face validity): Vdi thang do nay, cac item bao
qudt dupe rat nhilu cac ddu hidu va cac mdc phat triln trong tfing linh vuc phat triln Sd lupng item ldn cho 5 linh vuc, cac item cd dupe dp phii rdng cho cae mfic phat triln
Dp hidu lue tidu chi (Criteries validity): So sanh kd't qua cua thang do vdi kd't qua theo ddi, quan sat cua giao vidn cac trudng mam non trudc dd va
quan sat thuc td' tre Ke't qud do bdng thang do the hien trong bdng I (kd't qua
ddnh gia chung) tuc/ng ddng vdi ke't c/ud theo ddi tgi trifdng mdm non: cdc tre
tham gia ddnh gid deu ditcfc coi Id cd mifc do chdm phdt trien trong cdc ITnh vifc khde nhau tit giao tie'p den ky ndng sinh hogt vd xd hgi hda (2)
Nhu vay, ed t h i kd't luan: Thang do cd the ditgc sit dung de nghien cuu
cdc ITnh vitc phdt trien tdm ly cda tre cung nhu ddnh gid chung ve mifc do phdt trien tdm Iy cua tre Tuy vdy, cdn cd nghien cim sdu han de cd ket ludn ddy dii
ve do hieu Iitc ciia thang do tren tre em Viet Nam
2.3 Do tin cay cua thang do
Dp tin eay eua thang do dupe xac djnh bdng each tfnh he sd Cronbach a eua cae item Trudc hd't, dp tin cay eua tfing thang do cho mdi tilu linh vuc cung dupe xac djnh, sau dd xac djnh dp tin cay cua thang do cho tfing linh vuc Kd't qua nhu sau:
* Cac tilu linh vuc thudc linh vuc giao tid'p
Bdng 2: Do tin cdy cua cdc tieu thang do thugc ITnh vitc giao tie'p
TT Cae tieu linh
vue Tid'p nhan
Bilu dat
ChQ vid't
Cronbach a
0,9122 0,9661
0,7323
Sd lugfng eae item eo the loai bo Khong Khdng Khdng
Ty le item eo the loai bo
0%
0%
Trang 7He sd Cronbach a tfnh toan dupe rd't cao dd'i vdi linh vfic tid'p nhdn va bilu dat: > 0,9 Nhu vay, cae thang do cho cac tilu linh vuc tid'p nhan va bilu dat la rdt tin cay Tliang do rdt td't Quan sat sd lupng cdc item cd thi loai bd cho tha'y: khi loai bd bdt ky mdt item ndo, hd sd Cronbach a cua tilu thang do
diu giam ban so vdi chi sd chung ciia thang do Dilu nay cho thd'y: sd Iitgng
cdc item trong titng tieu thang do Id hap Iy vd dd duac lua chgn td't Ddng thdi, cdc item dd cd duac dc) tin cdy ddi vdi khdch the Id tre em Viet Nam trong nghien citu
Trong cac tilu linh vuc thudc giao tid'p, tilu linh vuc chfi vid't cd hd sd Cronbach a cd gia trj thdp ban cd Tilu linh vfic nay tdp trung vao vide xac nhan cac ky nang phan biet chfi va sd, vid't tdn hp ddy du Qua phdng vdn cac phu huynh, y kid'n phd bid'n vl cac item nay cho thdy, cac hanh vi dupe dl cdp ddn trong cac item khdng dupe quan tam nhilu d Vidt Nam cho dd'n khi tre 5, 6 tuli do vay sir xudt hidn ciia cac hdnh vi ndy khdng ddng diu d tre Dilu nay cung se dupe phan tfch lidn quan dd'n cdc yd'u td van hda d phdn sau Tuy vay, day vdn la chi sd chdp nhan dupe, eho phep sfi dung thang do vdi dd tin eay kha
* Cae tilu linh vuc thudc linh vuc ky nang sinh boat
Bdng 3: Do tin cdy ciia cdc tieu thang do thugc ITnh vitc sinh hogt
TT
1
2
3
Cae tieu ITnh vue
Sinh hoat ca nhan
Sinh boat gia dinh
Sinh boat cdng ddng
Cronbach a
0,9346 0,8159 0,8492
So lupng cac item co
the loai bo
Kh6ng Khdng Khdng
Ty le item co the loai bo 0%
0%
0%
Tuang tu kd't qua cua cdc thang do cho cac tilu linh vuc giao tid'p, cac thang do tilu linh vuc sinh boat cd nhdn, sinh boat gia dinh va sinh boat cpng ddng diu cho he sd Cronbach a rdt tdt Dilm khde bidt la cac hd sd thupc cac linh vuc nay tuong ddi ddng diu, khdng cd su khac bidt ldn
* Cac tilu linh vuc thudc linh vuc ky nang xa hdi
Vdi cac thang do cho cdc tilu linh vuc ky nang xa hdi, ke't qua tuang
tu ddi vdi cac ky nang giao tid'p Trong dd, ky nang fing xfi cd chi sd Cronbach
a thdp nhdt Cac chi sd nay cho thdy dd tin cdy cd lidn quan kha thdng nhdt ddi vdi yd'u td van hda Cac tilu linh vuc cd dd nhay vdi yd'u td van hda diu cd dd tin cay thdp ban cdc tilu linh vuc kliac
62 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012