DIEN DAN GIAO DUC NGHi VE CHAT LlTQfNG CAO VA CAC TIEU CHi DANH GIA CHAT Ll/OfNG GIAO DUC De nghien ciru xac dinh dupe mue tieu giao due, can nghien ciru cac tieu chi ve chat ludng giao due de tt/ dd[.]
Trang 1DIEN DAN GIAO DUC
NGHi VE CHAT LlTQfNG CAO
VA CAC TIEU CHi DANH GIA CHAT Ll/OfNG GIAO DUC
De nghien ciru xac dinh dupe mue tieu
giao due, can nghien ciru cac tieu chi ve chat
ludng giao due de tt/ dd cd the xac dinh cac
giai phap nham dat dupe muc tieu, dam bao
dupc yeu cau chat lupng giao due Chung ta thCr
tham khao eac sd lieu trong bai viet: Chi so
chat lwang giao due Viet Nam chi dat 3,79/10
diem dang tren bao dien tCr Vietnamnet ngay
02/10/2008 de hieu hdn ve chat lupng ngudn
nhan It/c nude ta
3,79/10 la chl sd tong hap ve chat lwang
LE HAIYEN
Trucrng DHSP Ha Noi
giao due va nguon nhan Iwc Trong 12 nudc d
khu vi/c chau A cd ten tai bang thd'ng ke, Viet
Nam va Indonesia cd ehi' sd sw thanh thao ve cong nghe cao thap nha't, chi dat 2,50/10 Kha
nang tie'ng Anh cua ngudn nhan luc Viet Nam dupc danh gia vdi chi sd 2,62/10, chi xep trudc Indonesia Tai bang so sanh nay, Han Qudc
cd chi' sd tong hgp ve chat lwang giao due va nguon nhan Iwc cao nha't vdi mirc diem 6,91/10
Tuy nhien, Han Qudc chi" dat diem sd 4,0 cho
sw thanh thao ve tieng Anh
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ten nude
Han Qudc
Singapore
Nhat Ban
Dai Loan
An Op
Trung Qudc
Malaysia
Hdng Kdng
Philippine
Thai Lan
Viet Nam
Indonesia
Chl sd tdng hpp (ve chat lupng giao due va ngudn nhan li/c)
6,91 6,81 6,50 6,04 5,76 5,73 5,59 5,20 4,53 4,04
3,79
3,44
Si; thanh thao
ve tie'ng Anh
4,0
8,33 3,50 3,86 6,62 3,62 4,00 4,50 5,40 2,82
2,62
3,00
Si; thanh thao ve cdng nghe eao
7,0
7,83 7,50 7,62 6,75 4,37 5,50 5,43 5,00 3,27
2,50
2,50
Chung tdi thiet nghT, day la sif danh
gia khach quan cua eac td chire giao due qudc
te, nhung tiec rang chua tha'y cac cd quan chirc
nang phan tfch mpt each ky cang Bang chi so chat lwang [ren
Chiing ta can nghiem tuc xem xet, cac
Trang 2DIEN DAN GIAO DUC
chl sd danh gia chat lupng tren bao gdm cac
thanh td gi?
Nam nao nifdc ta cung cd rat nhieu giai
vang giai bac qudc te - dieu ma nhieu nudc
trong khu vi/c phai kham phijc Nhung mdi khi
ndi ve nang li/c thifc sif cua hpc sinh, ndi ve
chat lupng cua giao due va ngudn nhan life thi
chac chan chung ta mdi dCfng d vi tri rat khiem
tdn - nhu Bang chi so chat lwang GD va Nguon
nhan Iwc da chi" ra Mpt thi;c te dang suy nghT
la nhCfng sinh vien Viet Nam mdi ra trudng khi
iam viec tai cac cdng ty nudc ngoai deu phai
qua dao tao lai, dieu dd chCfng td sinh vien cua'
ta thieu nhCfng ky nang de dap ifng mpt nen
cdng nghiep hien dai Chung toi ngac nhien,
tham chi nga ngang vi nhieu sinh vien ra trwang
khong dap dng dwac yeu cau cong viec Chi so
it trong do dwac tuyen dung nhung doanh nghiep
van phai dao tao lai - Chu tich Ameham nhan
dinh tai Hpi nghi gap gd vdi dai dien Phdng
ThUdng mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam (VCCL)
ngay 18/5/09 - bao Oat Viet Hpe sinh Viet Nam
di du hpe, hpe If thuye't thi dupc nhung khi thi;c
hanh thi thua cac ban nudc ngoai, dieu dd la
hau qua cua Idi hpc theo kieu kinh vien, nang
ve li thuyet
Oe dd tim hieu cac thanh td cua cac
chi" sd trong bang Danh gia Chi so chat lwang
Giao due, chiing ta gidi han d chu de Chat luong
Giao diJC 6 bac phd thdng Theo chung tdi,
dieu dau tien cac nha quan ly giao due cac
cap, cac thay giao, cd giao can thd'ng nhat cac quan niem ve mue tieu giao diJC ma chung ta dang theo dudi de cung vuon tdi Trong giao diJC, muc tieu la dfch dat ra md ta dieu ma ngudi hpc se hieu duoc va lam duac sau khi hpc
Muc tieu la dan xuat cua muc dich cuoi cung trong giao due va muc tieu chung ve dao tao, chia thanh muc tieu trung gian a cac mdc khac nhau, roi thanh muc tieu dac thu (Pedagogie:
Dictionnaire des concepts des - F.Raynal & A.Rieunier) Cd the hieu ddn gian mijc tieu giao diJC la: Chung ta djnh dua ra nhCfng miu ngudi
cd nhCfng ky nang va pham chat gi trong tddng lai? UNESCO de XL/dng 4 miJc dfch hpc
tap: Hoc de biet Hoc de lam Hoc de chung song Hoc de tw khang dinh minh Trong khi,
trudng hpc cua chung ta hien nay dang rat
nang ve Hpc debiet NghTa la chi' dat dupe mpt
trong bdn muc dfch cua UNESCO
Ngan hang The gidi gpi the ky XXI la
ky nguyen cua kinh te di/a vao ky nang - Skills Based Economy (http://vwvw.librarything.com) Nang Itrc cua con ngudi dupe danh gia tren ca
ba khfa canh: Kien thirc, ky nang va thai dp Nhieu nha khoa hpc the gidi cho rang: De thanh dat trong cupe sdng thi cac ky nang mem chiem tdi 85%, ky nang cimg (kien thirc) chi chiem 15%
{http://wv/w softskillslnstltution.com/faq htm)
Cau hdi dat ra la: Ky nang nao la can thiet cho moi con ngwdi de thanh cong trong cong viec va cuoc song?
Trang 3DIEN D A N G I A O D U C
1 Cac nu'dc phat trien xac djnh nguon
nhan li/c can cac ky nang gi?
Od chfnh la cac tieu chf tuyen chpn
nhan si; cua cac nha san xuat kinh doanh va
cung ehfnh la muc tieu giao due ma eac nha
trudng theo dudi
- Tai My, Bp Lao dpng My (The U.S
Department of Labor) cung Hiep hpi dao tao
va phat trien My dua ra 13 ky nang cd ban can
thie't de thanh cdng trong cdng viec: Ky nang
hpc va ttr hpc, Ky nang lang nghe, Ky nang
thuyet trinh, Ky nang giai quyet van de, Ky
nang tu duy sang tao, Ky nang quan ly ban than
va tinh than tu tdn, Ky nang dat muc tieu, tao
ddng luc lam viec, Ky nang phat then ea nhan
va SLf nghiep, Ky nang giao tiep irng xir va tao
lap quan he, Ky nang lam viec ddng dpi, Ky
nang dam phan, Ky nang td chirc edng viec
hieu qua, Ky nang lanh dao ban than
- Tai Oxtraylia, Hpi ddng giao due qude
gia Oxtraylia (the Australian National Training
Authority - ANTA) da xua't ban cudn Ky nang
hanh nghe cho twang lai (nam 2002) Cudn
saeh cho tha'y cac ky nang va kien thCrc ma
ngudi sir dung lao dpng yeu cau bat bupe phai
cd Ky nang hanh nghe la cac ky nang can thiet
khdng chi de co dwac viec lam ma cdn de tien
bo trong to chdc thong qua viec phat huy tiem
nang ca nhan va dong gdp vao dinh hwdng
chien Iwac cua to chdc Gdm cd 8 ky nang
nhu sau: Ky nang giao tiep, Ky nang lam viec
ddng dpi, Ky nang giai quyet van de, Ky nang sang tao va mao hiem, Ky nang lap ke hoach
va td chifc cdng viec, Ky nang quan ly ban than,
Ky nang hpc tap, Ky nang cdng nghe (Nguon: http://www acci asn.au/text_files/lssues)
- Chfnh phu Anh cung cd cd quan
chuyen trach ve phat trien ky nang cho ngudi lao ddng Cd quan ehCfng nhan chudng trinh va tieu ehuan (Qualification and Curriculum Authority) cung dua ra danh sach eac ky nang quan trpng bao gdm: Ky nang tfnh toan, Ky nang giao tie'p, Ky nang tu hpc va nang eao nang lue ca nhan, Ky nang sir dung cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng, Ky nang giai quyet van de, Ky nang lam viee vdi con ngudi
- Chfnh phu Singapore cd Cue phat then lao dpng WDA (Workforce Development Agency) WDA da thie't lap he thd'ng cac ky nang hanh nghe ESS (Singapore Employa-bility Skills System) gdm 10 ky nang: Ky nang cdng sd va tfnh toan, Ky nang sif dung cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng, Ky nang giai quyet van de va ra quyet dinh, Ky nang sang tao va mao hiem, Ky nang giao tie'p va quan
ly quan he, Ky nang hpc tap sudt ddi, Ky nang
tu duy md toan cau, Ky nang tu quan ly ban than, Ky nang td chire cdng viec, Ky nang an
toan lao dpng va ve sinh sire khde [Nguon: http://wsq.wda.gov.sg/GenericSkllls/j
(Cac tw lieu tren trich dan tw bao Dan Tri - ngay 3/8/2009)
Trang 4DIEN D A N GIAO DUC
2 Cac to chufc quoc te quan niem ve
ky nang song nhu'thenao?
Sau day la quan niem ve ky nang sdng
cua mpt sd td chCfc qude te tieu bieu:
* Td chire y te the gidi (WHO):
- La cac kha nang de cd hanh vi thich
irng (adaptive) va tfch cue (positive)
- Giup cae ca nhan ed the Cmg xCr hieu
qua trudc cae nhu cau va thach thCre cua cupe
sdng hang ngay
*UNICEF:
- La each tiep can giiip thay ddi hanh
vi mdi Cach tiep can nay luu y den SLT can
bang giifa tiep thu kie'n thCfc, hinh thanh thai
dp va phat then ky nang
- Cach tie'p can nay nhan manh viec
luyen tap thudng xuyen, lap di lap lai de cung
cd
* UNESCO:
- Ky nang sd'ng la nang It/c ca nhan
de thuc hien day du cac chCfe nang va tham
gia vao cupe sdng hang ngay
- Ky nang sdng bao gdm mpt loat cac
ky nang cu the, can thiet cho cupe sdng hang
ngay cua con ngudi
- Ban chat cua ky nang sdng la ky nang
tu quan ly ban than va ky nang xa hpi can
thiet de ca nhan tu luc trong cupe sd'ng, hpc
tap ifng xCr va lam viec hieu qua
Ndi each khac, ky nang sdng la kha
nang lam ehu ban than cua mdi ngudi, kha
nang irng xCr phu hop vdi nhCfng ngi/di khac
va vdi xa hpi, kha nang irng phd tfch cue trudc cac tinh hudng cua cupe sdng
Tdm lai, tif cac tu lieu tren chijng ta
cd the tha'y cac ky nang mem (ky nang giai quyet van de, ky nang hpc va tu hpc, tu nhan thifc, dac biet la each hpc, phuang phap hpc,
tu duy tfch cLfc - sang tao, ky nang thfeh Crng,
ky nang sir dung cdng nghe thdng tin, ky nang img xij', lam viec nhdm, giao tiep va ngoai ngif, trf tue xue cam - EO ) ehfnh la cae muc tieu
ma giao due va ngudn nhan luc can phai dat dupc Vi vay mud'n xac dinh dupc muc tieu giao due thi dieu quan trpng nhat la can hinh dung dupe nhCfng ddi hdi cua thtrc tien ddi vdi con ngudi trong giai doan tdi (vf du 1 0 - 2 0 nam sau) se nhu the nao? Oen nam 2020, nudc ta
se la nudc cdng nghiep phat then, vay luc ay ngudn nhan luc cua ni/dc ta ddi hdi cac kie'n thire va ky nang gi? TCr nhCfng ddi hdi eua thuc tidn, chiing ta hinh dung ra nhCfng kien thifc va
ky nang, thai dp cua con ngudi can ed de cd the sdng va lam viec trong thi/c tien ay, dac biet la can nhCfng ky nang trf tue va tu duy gi, nhifng pham chat nhan each nao Vay cd the hinh dung mpt hai chuc nam tdi, tht/c tien ddi hdi con ngudi cac ky nang gi?
Mpi ngudi nhan thay, the ky 21 la the
ky cua cac cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng,
ky nguyen cua st; hpi nhap toan cau, day thach thdc va thay doi twng gia Vi the cd the hinh
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Trang 5DIEN DAN GIAO DUC
dung cac ky nang cua the ky 21 bao gdm cac
tLf duy nang dpng va sang tao, kha nang lien
ket va giai quyet van de, de xua't cae y tudng
dpc dao, cac ky nang giao tiep, lam viec trong
mdi trudng da qudc gia, cac ky nang sdng thuc
tidn va tien tie'n, sCr dung thanh thao vi tfnh,
ngoai ngCf Cac ky nang ve giai quyet van de
hoac eac ky nang cu the ve vi tfnh, truyen thdng,
cdng nghe, giao tiep se quan trpng khdng
kem gi cac ky nang cd ban la dpc, viet lam
toan cd the hieu, ta't ea cac kien thifc va ky
nang nhu da hinh dung tren tao thanh cae ky
nang sdng, ky nang trf tue (tu duy) cua con
ngudi trong the ky 21 Od la cae ky nang vd
cimg can thiet, ddi hdi hpe sinh can cd va phai
cd de sau nay budc vao mdi trudng lam viec
trong mpt khdng gian nang dpng toan cau Od
chfnh la phudng tien va vu khf chien lupc giup
gidi tre tdn tai va canh tranh hieu qua trong ky
nguyen thay ddi khdng ngCrng cOa the gidi
Neu cae em hpe sinh dupe phat then va ren
giua cac ky nang ay d ta't ca cac mdn hpc, ta't
ca cac cap hpc thi cac em se khdng sp that
nghiep va chac chan thanh cdng trong dudng
ddi Tat nhien, nha trudng chi cd the trang bj
nhCfng kien thCrc va cac ky nang cd ban nha't
nhu trao cho hp chiec chia khda va mudn thanh
cdng hp cdn phai sdng, lam viec va tie'p tuc
hpe sud't ddi
Tif cac phan tfch tren, chimg ta trd lai
de tim cac thanh td ve chi sd tdng hpp (ve chat
lupng giao due va ngudn nhan luc) ma cac td chirc qudc te dimg de danh gia chat lupng giao due Theo chung tdi, chi sd tdng hop (ve chat lupng va ngudn nhan luc) bao gdm eac thanh td chfnh sau:
1 Ve kien thCfe: Chfnh la cae npi dung kien thCfc va ky nang cd ban cua cap hpc ndi chung hay tCmg mdn hpc ndi rieng yeu cau hpc sinh phai dat dupe (ta't nhien eac npi dung chuong trinh nay phai tUdng dudng vdi cac chuan eua qud'e te nha't la cae mdn khoa hpc tu nhien)
2 Ve phat trien cae ky nang tu duy khoa hpc: Cd dupc cac ham me tim hieu, tim tdi, kham pha hien tupng, su vat ti; dd hinh thanh va phat tnen dupc cac ky nang tu duy
Cd ban nha't eho hpc sinh thdng qua tat ea cac mdn hpc va cap hpc:
- Ky nang tu duy phan tfch, suy luan, tdng hpp, Idgie
- Ky nang phat hien va giai quyet van
de
-Ky nang tuduy sang tao
Ky nang hpe va tu hpc hieu qua -cac phuong phap hpc, ghi nhd, van dung
3 Ve phat trien eac ky nang sd'ng: Chinh la hinh thanh va phat trien cac quan niem sdng, nhan each, dao dCre, cac ky nang sdng tien tien eho hpc sinh:
- Ky nang lanh dao ban than: Chu dpng, tu trpng, ti/tin
- Ky nang dat muc tieu, tao dpng lue,
Trang 6DIEN DAN GIAO DUC
td churc cdng viec hieu qua
- Cac ky nang Cmg xCr - giao tiep, quan
he, lang nghe, dam phan, trinh bay, thuyet trinh
- Cac ky nang lam viec nhdm ddng
dpi, biet cam thdng, chia se
- Phat then va nang eao chi sd xiic cam
- EQ (emotional quotient) cho hpc sinh: EO
dupc hieu la kha nang quan ly cam xue giup
con ngudi dua nhCrng quyet djnh sang sudt
hop ly han va de cai thien eac mdi quan he
Ngudi ta danh gia EQ ciia mdt ca nhan theo
cac tieu chf: Su kien tri, kha nang kiem che,
dieu chinh cam xiic, su thdng cam, tinh than
lac quan, mdi thien cam (giao cam), su hudng
thien Tdng hda cLia eac cam xCic tao nen
nhan each va tfnh each mpt con ngudi Theo
GS Daniel Goleman (My): IQ va EQ khdng ddi
nghjeh nhau ma bd sung cho nhau: EQ tao
dieu kien cho IQ phat then, EQ quyet djnh nhieu
hdn tdi nhCfng thanh cdng va hanh phiic trong
cupe sdng, IQ cd tinh dn djnh cao hon EQ Cd
the thdng qua hpe hdi va ren luyen de nang
cap ca IQ va EQ
Mudn dao tao ngudn nhan li/c cd chat
lupng cao thi ngudn tuyen phai dupc chuan bi
tCf trudc (tCfc la day va hpc khdng chi la cac
kie'n thdc ma cdn phai phat then cae ky nang
tu duy, cae ky nang sd'ng va eac ky nang ay
phai dupc ren giua mpt each cd he thdng ngay
tif bac phd thdng) 0 Viet Nam, cae ky nang
tren chua dupe chii y (trong npi dung chuong
trinh, sach giao khoa, phuong phap day va hpc ) Nhieu ngLfdi lai quan niem rang cir day
va hpc nhieu kien thifc rdi biet thi ngudi ta ttr khae lam dupc, nhLrng thuc te dau cd vay, tir biet den hieu la mpt khoang each rat xa, rdi tir hieu de'n van dung va lam viec chuyen nghiep
la mpt khoang each cdn xa hdn nCfa Oieu nay din den mpt thuc trang la nhieu hpc sinh, sinh vien khi ra trudng bLfdc vao ddi tudng la biet
nhieu kien thirc nhLfng vin cir nga ngac nhwga cong nghiep Tir viec xay dung chuang trinh,
viet sach giao khoa den phuong phap day va hpc ngLfdi ta cd dua vao that nhieu npi dung kien thirc, vi vay chLfong trinh va sach giao khoa trd nen qua tai va eac thay ed giao day hpc theo kieu dpc - chep Rd rang la cd mpt khoang hang hut giifa cai da day, da hpc va nhu cau cua thuc tien xa hpi va san xua't kinh doanh
3 Lam the nao de nang cao chi sd tdng hpp ve chat lupng giao due
Trong mpt bai bao ngan, chac khdng the trinh bay day du cac y kien va giai phap khdi thdng van de nay Nhung chung tdi thie't nghT, ehung ta cd the ed nhCfng budc di va giai phap Cd ban de giai quye't nhu sau:
3.1 Can xac djnh ro muc tieu giao due eua chung ta trong nhCfng nam sap tdi Oieu nay can dLfdc cu the hda mpt each rd rang, ngan gpn trong Luat Giao due, chir khdng chi chung
chung la: Dao tao ra nhdng con ngwdi vwa hong
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Trang 7DIEN DAN GIAO DUC
vwa chuyen, hoac: Dao tao ra nhdng con ngwdi
cd du tai ddc, hoac.- Muc tieu giao due bao gom
cac mat ddc, tri, the, my, lao dong Mdi day,
trong dieu 27 Luat Giao due (2005) ed ghi:
1 Muc tieu cua Giao due pho thong
la giup hoc sinh phat then toan dien ve dao
ddc, tri tue, the chat, tham my va cac ky nang
caban
2 Giao due tieu hoe nhSm giup hoc sinh
hinh thanh nhdng ca sd ban dau cho si; phat
then dung dan va lau dai ve dao ddc, tri tue,
the chat, tham my va cac ky nang ca ban de
hoc sinh tiep tuc hoc trung hoc casa
Neu hdi cac nha quan ly giao due va
eac giao vien hieu va giai thfeh ve muc tieu
tren nhLf the nao, dac biet neu hdi ve cac ky
nang kien thirc, tLf duy tri tue va ky nang sdng
can phai dat dtrpe la gi thi chac se cd rat nhieu
each hieu va giai thfeh rat khae nhau
3.2 Can giam tai ve npi dung chLrdng
trinh d cac cap hpc, khdng nen dm ddm cac
kien thCfc, SLf kien Cae nha khoa hpc da xae
djnh rang cCf sau 5 -10 nam kien thire cija loai
ngLfdi lai tang len gap ddi Trong khi quy thdi
gian cua tudi hpc dLfdng chi cd 10 - 12 nam,
vay lam sao ma hpc sinh cd the hpc het difpc
cac kien thifc cija loai ngddi ngay mpt tang
len vd han? Neu khdng giam tai npi dung chLfdng
trinh thi hau qua la sach giao khoa bien soan
se nang ne hdn va eac thay cd giao se phai
dung each "dpc - chep" ma khdng the van dung
cac phLfdng phap day hpc tien tien de truyen thu kien thure va khdng cdn thdi gian ren luyen cac ky nang tLf duy, ky nang sdng cho hpe sinh
3.3 Nhieu nha khoa hpe the gidi eho rang: Oe thanh dat trong cupe sdng thi cac ky nang mem (ky nang tLf duy, ky nang sdng) chiem tdi 85%, ky nang cimg (kien thirc) chi chiem 15%
{http://wv\/w softskillslnstltutlon com/faq.htm)
Viec difa cac ky nang tLf duy va ky nang sdng vao npi dung chLfdng trinh va phdcmg phap day va hpc d trLfdng phd thdng la rat can thiet Khdng phai la dLfa them npi dung hay mdn hpe mdi, ma nhd giam tai dLfdc ndi dung ehifong trinh, thdng qua npi dung kien thdc tfch hpp cac ky nang ttf duy va ky nang sdng vao cac mdn hpc (vf du, gan day 8/2010 - NXB Giao due
da xua't ban cac cudn sach Giao due ky nang sdng trong cac mdn hpe d tieu hpc nhif Tieng Viet, Oao Oirc, Tt; nhien xa hpi) Chung tdi tin rang, d tat ca cae mdn hpc, cae cap hpc deu
cd the Idng ghep va tfch hpp cac ky nang tLr duy va ky nang sd'ng tuy theo tfnh chat va dac diem mdn hpc cija minh (thdng qua cac vf du, cac ngif canh, hay cac npi dung kien thirc thfeh hpp), chir khdng chi la "dpc - chep" va thupe Idng cac kie'n thire Dung nhLf ed Thu tLfdng
Pham Van Odng da ndi: Dieu chu yeu khong phai la nhdl nhet mot md kien thdc hon don
ma la phwang phap suy nghi, phwang phap nghien cdu, phwang phap hoc tap va phwang phap giai quyet van de
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