RtN Kl NANG DOG D I I N CAM CHD HOG SINH TIED HOC O TRINH C A M LY* Trong bd mdn Tiing Viet, phdn mdn Tap dgc do dgc tron, dgc dung, dgc nhanh md chua quan giir vai trd dgc biet quan trgng, hinh thdnh[.]
Trang 1RtN Kl NANG DOG D I I N CAM CHD HOG SINH TIED HOC
O TRINH C A M LY*
Trong bd mdn Tiing Viet, phdn mdn Tap dgc do dgc tron, dgc dung, dgc nhanh md chua quan
giir vai trd dgc biet quan trgng, hinh thdnh tdm d i n yeu cdu d i i n edm Song d i n giai doan
vd phdt t r i l n kT ndng (KN) dgc cho HS d sou (Idp 4 , 5), DDC bdt ddu duge ehu h-gng vd
cap hgc ddu tien ndy Cudi cdp filu hgc, yeu cdu t h i logi vdn bdn hudng ddn HS luyen dgc eung
td'i t h i i u md HS phdi dgt dugc Id dgc thdng, v i i t phong phu, da dgng hon Mac du mdi tdc phdm
thgo, sii dyng dugc ngdn ngu ndi vd v i i t trong vdn hgc, mdi bdi tdp dgc h-ong SGK tilu hgc d i u
giao filp (ndi vd v i i t edu d o n , cdu ghep thdng hdm chiia ngi dung khde nhou, ede bien phdp
thudng dung ngtr phdp; nghe vd dgc h i i u dugc nghe thudt cung da dgng, song d l DDC cung cdn
vdn bdn cd ngi dung thich hgp vdi yeu cdu hgc phdi hjdn thu nhung quy tdc nhd't djnh mdi ddm
tgp vd cuge sd'ng cuo cdc em) bdo su thdnh cdng
1 Mue do yeu cdu viec ren KN dgc d tilu hgc 2 Ren KN DDC cho HS fieu hge
Chuong trinh gido dye phd thdng ed'p fieu hgc DDC Id hinh thuc dgc thdnh filng, Ichdng nhiing
(Ban hdnh kem theo Quyit djnh sd ld/200d/ yeu edu dgc dung md cdn cd yeu edu v l ngtr
QD-BGDDT ngdy 05/5/200d cua Bg trudng Bg dieu dgc h-uyIn edm vd su k i t hgp giira ngtr dieu
GD-DT) xdc djnh KN dgc cdn dgt dugc vdi HS: dgc vdi ede y l u t d phi ngdn ngir (net mgt, cii clii,
Ldp 1: Yeu cdu ren KN dgc chO y l u chi dCrng Igi dieu bg, ) gdp phdn d i i n td ndi dung bdi dgc
d viec dgc h-cn, fim h i i u nghTa cuo Kr, ndi dung Vi vdy, mud'n DDC, ngudi dgc khdng nhung phdi
cuo cdu vd dogn vdn, dgc thude mdt sd dogn ndm virng kT thudt dgc dung md cdn phdi edm
hodc bdi vdn vdn ngdn; Ldp 2: Bdi dgc ddi hon thy dugc ngi dung vdn bdn dgc vd b i l t hudng tdi
vd bude ddu tdp cho cdc em each dgc Idi thogi, ngudi nghe d l gigng dgc h-d nen h-uyln edm,
KN dgc thdm vd budc ddu duo vdo mgt so vdn tgo edm xuc eho ngudi nghe
bdn nhgt dyng; Ldp 3: Ldm quen vdi vdn bdn KN dgc thdnh t i i n g dxjgc hinh thdnh tren eo
nghe thudt, hdnh chinh, bdo chf, khoa hgc thudng sd dgc dung Mudn dgc dung, ngudi dgc phdi
thiie; trong bdi dgc xud't hien ten ridng nudc ndm virng cdc kT thudt dgc sou:
ngodi, chu trgng d i n tir d l dgc sai do dnh hudng a) Dgc ro tiing, rd Idi, dung chinh dm, dung
cuo cdch phdt dm dja phuong HS bdt ddu dugc ddu thanh
hudng ddn fim h i i u y ehinh eua dogn, ngi dung b) Ngdt gigng dung cho: khi dgc mdt vdn bdn
Clio b d i ; nhgn xet v l hinh dnh, ehi Hit; dgt ddu v i i t , ngudi dgc se ngung, nghi gigng edn cir vdo
d l cho dogn vdn; tgp ghi chep mdt vdi thdng tin ddu edu hodc duo vdo y nghTa cuo edu, cuo dogn
dd dgc; Ldp 4: Them yeu cdu dgc dien cam (ODC) vdn Cd mgt sd edu vdn, n l u ehi ngdt gigng theo
dogn vdn, bdi tho, mdn kjch ngdn Budc ddu fim dd'u hieu ciio dd'u cdu thi hieu qud cua gigng
h i i u y nghTa eiia bdi vdn, bdi tho vd mgt so chi dgc se khdng trgn ven O nhirng h-udng hgp ndy,
tilt ed gid tri nghe thudt trong tdc phdm; nhgn xet ngudi dgc cdn duo vdo y nghTa cuo cdu d l q u y l t
v l nhdn vdt, hinh dnh vd cdch su dyng tu ngtr dmh viec ngdt gigng cho phu hgp vdi ngi dung
trong bdi vdn, bdi tho Diing Kr dien HS hodc cdc vdn bdn edn md td Cdn cii d l ngdt gigng d nhirng
sdeh cdng cy d l tro ciiu, ghi chep thdng fin; i d p 5; cdu vdn ndy Id duo vdo cdc cum Kr cd nghTa
KN dgc thdm dugc ndng len mdt budc, HS b i l t trong cdu
cdch dgc ludt de ndm thdng tin Yeu cdu h i i u ed e) NgO dieu dgc bao gdm nhirng dd'u hieu
them viec ndm bdt tu hidng, finh edm cuo tdc g i d ; b i l n ddi v l ngir dm h-ong khi dgc, ey t h i : -Tilt
hieu cdc ki hieu, sd lieu fren so do, b i l u do, tdu ciio gigng dgc (kT thudt ngdt gigng); - Nhip
N h u vdy, ed t h i thd'y rdng, d gioi dogn ddu dieu dgc (ddn ddp hoy chdm rdi); Cudng do
cdp hgc (Idp 1, 2, 3), g i d Tdp dgc ehi chu y l u
ren cho HS KN dgc dung vdn bdn theo cde cdp * Klioa Giao due tieu lioc • Tnrdng Bai hoc Sai Gon
Trang 2dgc (gigng dgc to hay nhd, nhd'n gigng hoy ludt hgp vdi ndi dung d l h-uyen tdi dugc com xuc ciia qua); Cao do (gigng dgc trdm hoy bdng, len tdc gid den ngudi nghe Vdi nhtrng cdu vdn ddi, cao hay xud'ng thd'p); Sdc thdi gigng dgc (vui, cdn hudng ddn cdch ngdt hoi that chinh xdc de
budn, lo Idng, hdm hinh, c h i giiu, buc bdi, trong t h i hien dyng y cua ngudi viit Vi dy: «Phy nu trgng, ) Hieu theo nghTa rdng, ngtr dieu dgc Id Viet Nam xua//hay mde do md ba, md bay,
su hda ddng cua chd ngCrng gigng, chd nhd'n tuc Id mac nhieu do cdnh Idng vdo nhau Tuy gigng, cudng do, eao do, tgo nen dm hudng nhien, vdi phong cdch tinhj, kin ddo, ngudi phy cua bdi dgc nu Viet//Hxudng mde chiie do ddi tham mau
d) Net mat, dieu bg khi dgc (ede yiu td phi ben ngodi, Idp Id ben trong mdi Id cdc Idp ao ngon ngu) cdnh nhieu mdu (vdng mdgd, vdng chanh, hong e) Tdc do vd dm luang dgc cdnh sen, hong ddo, xanh ho thuy )" (Td do dai
KT thudt DDC trinh bdy d h-en, vdi HS tilu hgc Viet Nam - Tieng Viet 5, tdp 2)
cdn ldm eho nhtrng kT thudt ndy h-d nen don gidn, Khdc vdi dgc vdn xudi, khi dgc tho cdn the gdn gui vdi cdc em d l cdc em cd nilm say me vd hien su phd'i hgp giira nhjp dieu, tilt tdu, ngdt
hirng thu vdi gid Tdp dgc hoi hgp li giira cdc y tho, mgch tho Vi dy: Sdng
Trudc hit, GV cdn hudng ddn cde em dgc La//ai sdng La/Trong veo//nhu dnh mat/Bd tre
dung vd dgc rd Krng Kr, tCrng cdu, Krng dogn (thao xanh//im mdt/Muan mudf//ddi hdng mi (Be tdc dgc tron) O budc ndy, cdn sua triet d l Idi xudi song La - Tieng Viet 4, tdp 2)
phdt dm cho HS TVep theo, hudng ddn tre fim Khd khdn khi dgc tho khdng chi vi cdc cdu tho hieu tCr khd vd phdn Chu gidi de hiiu rd nghTa cd do ddi ngdn khdc nhau md mgch tho, y tho eua bdi dgc Sau dd, Kiy theo the logi vdn bdn, ciia tdc gid cdn dugc the hien nhu t h i ndo Cdn
xdc djnh gigng dgc, cdch nghi hoi, ngdt nhjp hudng ddn HS xdc dinh the logi khi dgc tho, phu hgp, GV edn giup cdc em hiiu dgc tho khdc bdi dgc tho lye bdt khdc vdi dgc tho Kr do, dgc vdn xudi, dgc vdn mieu td khdng gid'ng dgc Trong khi t h i hien cdch hiep vdn, cd t h i phat vdn k l chuyen, dgc Idi trdn thudt khdc dgc cdu hien ro mgch cam xiic ciia tdc gid d l dgc dung,
hdi hoy edu edm thdn Vi dy, dgc dogn vdn: dgc d i i n edm Vf dy, vdi khd tho: «Anh dat em
«Dem nay anh dung gdc d trgl Trdng ngdn vd vdo cdi Bde xua/Dudng xodi hoa trang nang gio nui bao la khiin long anh man mde nghT tdi du dua/Cd ho nude ldng sdi tdm ed/C6 budi trung thu vd nghT tdi cde em Trdng dem nay soi cam tham, mdt bdng dua" (Thdm col Bde xua -sdng xudng nudc Viet Nam ddc lap yeu quy Tieng Viet 5, tdp 2), cd t h i dgc nhd'n vd ngdn cua cdc em Trdng sdng mua thu vang vde chiiu gigng d cum tCr «hoa trdng ndng du dua", hai khdp thdnh phd, Idng mge, nui rung, nai que cdu sou ngdt hoi nhanh d l t h i hien edm xuc huang thdn thiit cua cdc em Anh nhin trdng vd thieng lieng cuo tdc gid
nghT tdi ngdy mai " (Trung thu dgc lap - Tieng O l bd trg cho viec DDC, cd t h i hudng ddn HS
Viet 4 , tdp 1) cdn chu y giir dugc ngtr dieu nhe xde dinh y chinh cua tdc phdm thdng qua viec trd nhdng, chdm rdi; cudi edu ed dd'u ( ) cdn ngdn Idi cdc cdu hdi: Bdi vdn (bdi tho) mud'n diin dqt ddi de t h i hien edm xuc eua anh ehiln sT khi dilu gi?; Em thfch chi tilt ndo nhdt trong bdi?; Bdi diing gdc trong dem trung thu ddu tien sou khi vdn (bdi tho) ggi cho em suy nghT, cam xuc gi? dd't nude gidnh dugc ddc ldp nhd ve ede em Mudn thuc hien duge dilu ndy, GV edn giup cdc thiiu nhi D i n dogn eud'i, tdc do dgc cdn nhanh em xdc dmh vd fim hiiu: Cdc Kr ngu, hinh dnh hon, gigng dgc vui hon, nhd'n gigng vdo nhirng dgc sdc; cdc bien phdp nghe thudt cua tdc gia tli ggch chdn de t h i hien udc mo cuo anh chiln nhdm t h i hien cdc Kr ngu, hinh dnh dd
sT v l mgt ngdy moi tuoi sdng se d i n vdi cdc Vdi HS Idp 4 , 5 , ben cgnh cdc Kr ngir vd hinh
em: «Trdng dem nay sdng qud! Trdng mai edn dnh dgc sdc, GV cdn hudng ddn cdc em fim hieu sdng han Anh mung eho cdc em vui tit trung cdc bien phdp nghe thudt dugc tdc gid sii dyng
thu doc Idp ddu fien vd anh mong udc ngdy trong bdi, giup cde em hiiu mdt cdch trgn ven mai ddy, nhirng tit trung thu tuai dep han nira ndi dung cung nhu tu hrdng, finh edm tdc gid
se din vdi cdc em" mudn giii gdm, d l hi dd dgc tot bdi dgc bdng
Nhu vdy, trong Krng bdi dgc, GV phdi bilt edm xuc rieng
cdch hudng ddn HS thay ddi gigng dgc cho phii (Xem flip trang 38)
Trang 3nudc Clio nhdn ddn to Tfnh tii cudc khdng chiln
ddu fien ciio ddn tdc ta chd'ng qudn Tdn xdm
lugc d i n cudc khdng chiln chd'ng MT, ciiu nudc
thdng Igi, nhdn ddn ta dd nhieu Idn khdi nghTa,
fien hdnh khdng chiln gidnh ddc ldp ddn tdc,
thd'ng nhd't dd't nudc Trong qud trinh dd'u tranh
giir nudc dy, y chf ddc ldp, tu do vd tinh thdn
quylt chiln, quyet thdng d l bdo ve Td qud'c Id
mdt ndi dung md LS cd khd ndng gido dye cho
cdc t h i he ngudi Viet Nam Hiiu rd bdi hgc cuo
qud khir, chung to cdng hiiu sdu sdc ta tudng cuo
Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh: «Thd hi sinh tdt cd, nhdt
djnh Idxdng ehju mdt nude, nhdt djnh khdng chju
ldm nd /e" vd bilt vdn dyng kinh nghiem cuo qud
khu d l bdo ve Td qude hdm nay
Mgt khdc, nhtrng tdm guong sdng ngdi cua
cdc anh hung liet sT, dd hi sinh vi Td qud'c frong
dung nudc vd giu nudc khdng chi khoi ddy frong
frdi tim moi ngudi Viet Nam Idng khdm phuc,
kinh frgng,' bilt on md'cdn frd thdnh nhirng td'm
guong soi cho chung ta hgc tdp, suy nghTvl frdch
nhiem cua minh dd'i vdi ddt nude Vi vdy, kiln
thiic LS cdn cd tdc dyng dilu chinh hdnh vi ciia
con ngudi frong xd hgi Tri thiic LS cd voi frd vd
cung quan frgng frong viec gido dye fruyin thdng,
bdn sdc ddn tdc cho mgi ngudi, dgc biet Id t h i
h§ tre - nhirng chu nhdn cuo dd't nudc hdm nay
vd mai sou
3 Tim hiiu chuc ndng, nhiem vy eua sii hgc,
chung ta cdng hiiu sdu sdc vai frd to Idn cuo tri
thiic LS ddi vdi sy phdt friln ddt nudc frong xu t h i
todn edu hda Bilt khai thde, sii dyng fri thirc LS se
tgo ra sire mgnh d l hdi nhdp md khdng bj hda tan D l su hgc phdt huy dugc uu t h i ciio minh, cdn dgt KH LS vd bd mdn LS d frudng phd thdng dung vdi vj frf vdn ed cuo nd Mgt khdc, phdi tayen fruyen, gido dye, phd biln kiln thirc LS cho cdc t h i he
ngudi Viet Nam, de «ddn ta phdi biet su ta, cho
tudng gdc tich nudc nhd Viet Nam" •
(1) Dang COng san Viet Nam VSn ki£n Dai hdi dai
bieu toan qude Idn thiir IX NXB Chinh tri qude gia,
H 2001
(2) Phan Ngoc Lien (chu bien) Phuong phap luin siir
hoc NXB Dai hpc supham, H 2009
(3) V I Lenin Toan tap, tap 30 NXB Chinh tri qude
gia, H 1968
(4) H6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap II NXB Chinh tri
qude gia, H 1996
(5) Dinh Xuan Lam Truong Hihi Quynh Tur diin
nhan vat Lich su ViSt Nam NXB Gido due, H 2005
(6) Nguyen Tai Thu Lich sur tu tudng Viet Nam, tap
1 NXB Khoa hpc xd hdi, H 1993
(7) Phan Ngoc Lien (chii bien) Phuung phap day hoc
Lich sur, tap 1 NXB Dai hpc supham, H 2009 (8) H6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 6 NXB Chinh tri
qude gia, H 1996
SUr^l^ARY
History knowledge plays a great role toward national development For history study to utilize its advantage, it is necessary to place history science and History subject in general schools at their proper position and to propagandize and educate history knowledge among every Vietnamese person
Ren kl nang doc dien cam
(Tiip theo trang 32)
Tdm Igi, cd nhilu bien phdp kT thudt hudng
ddn HS ODC bdi tdp dgc, song mud'n dgt dugc
hieu qud, frudc hit mdi GV phdi ndm dugc cdc
bi§n phdp kT thudt, cd dinh hudng DDC cho HS d
hing bdi hgc vd phdi luyen tdp trudc d l dgc mdu
cho HS Bdi, khdng gid'ng nhu nhtrng hudng ddn
mang tfnh li thuylt, gigng dgc eua GV tryc quan
sinh ddng nhd't, de Igi d'n tagng mgnh me, Idu
ddi frong qud trinh hgc dgc ciia cdc em •
Tai li^u tham khao
1 NguySn Thi Hanh Day hoc doc hiiu & tiiu hoc
NXB Dpi hpc qude gia Hd Ndi, 2002
2 NguySn Trong Hokn Ren kl nang cam thu thu vSn
cho h9c sinh tieu hoc NXB Hd Ndi, 2002
3 NguySn Trong Hoan Ren kl ndng tap doc cho hpc
sinh Idp 4 theo chuung trinh tilu hoc mdi NXB Gido
due Viit Nam, U 2009
4 NguySn Trong Hoan Ren kl ndng tap doc cho hoc
sinh ldp 5 theo chuung trinh tieu hoc mdi NXB Gido
due Viit Nam, H 2009
5 NguySn Trong Hoan "MOt s6' vin dt \t dpc hiiu van ban ngtt van" Tap chi Gido due, s6 56, 4/2003
6 NguySn Thanh Hiing Doc hiiu tSic ph£ni \Sm chuung trong nha trudng NXB Gido due, H 2008
7 Trin Manh Hudng LuySn tap vl cam thu vin hpc
d tilu hoc NXB Gido due Viit Nam, H 2011
8 Le Pliuong Nga Day Tap doc & tieu hpc NXB
Gido due, U 2001
SUtVIIVIARY
From requirement level of training reading skill for primary school students, the author proposes several fundamental reading techniques for training students' expressive reading skill