Q U A N U GIAO DUC DOI M O I CONG TAC D A O TAO GIAO VIEN TRONG HOC PHO THONG T R O N G G I A I D O A N H l £ N N A Y 1 Su can thiet phdi ddi mdi cdng tdc ddo tgo giao vien (DTGV) trung hgc pho thdng[.]
Trang 1Q U A N U G I A O DUC
DOI M O I CONG TAC D A O TAO G I A O VIEN T R O N G HOC PHO THONG
T R O N G G I A I D O A N H l £ N N A Y
1 Su can thiet phdi ddi mdi cdng tdc ddo
tgo giao vien (DTGV) trung hgc pho thdng (THPT)
1.1 Yeu cdu ddi mdi ca bdn vd todn dien
gido dye dgi hgc Viet Nam Rieng ve noi dung,
phuang phap vd quy trinh DT, cdn ddi mdi theo
dinh hudng sau day: «Ca cdu lgi khung chuang
trinh; bdo dam su lien thong cua cdc cap hgc;
gidi quyet tdt mdi quan he ve khdi lugng kien
thuc vd thdi lugng hgc tap giua cdc mon gido
dye dgi cuang vd gido dye chuyen nghiep, nang
cao hieu qua DT cua tung mon hgc Ddi mdi ndi
dung DT, gdn ket chat che vdi thuc tiln nghien
cuu khoa hgc, phdt trien cdng nghe vd nghe nghiep
trong xd hdi, phyc vy yeu cdu phdt trien kinh te
-xd hdi cua tung ngdnh, tung hnh vyc, tiep can
trinh dd tien tien cua the gidi Phdt then tiem nang
nghien cuu sang tgo, klthudt nghe nghiep, nang
lyc hogt ddng trong cdng ddng vd kha nang lap
nghiep cua ngudi hgc" (1)
Bdn than cdc trudng SP cung cdn phdi ddi mdi
todn dien, tu myc tieu, md hinh DT tdi ndi dung vd
phuong phap DT nhdm DT ddi ngu GV vung vang
ve kien thuc khoa hgc ca bdn vd KN SP
1.2 Yeu cau xay dung vd phdt then dgi
ngu GV vd cdn bg QL gido dye Chi thj 40-CT/
TU cua Ban Bf thu dd chi rd: «Phdt trien gido dye vd
DT Id quoc sach hang ddu, Id mdt trong nhung ddng
lyc quan trgng thuc day sy nghiep cdng nghiep hod,
hien dgi hod ddt nude, Id dieu kien de phdt huy
nguon lyc con ngudi Day Id trdch nhiem cua todn
Ddng, todn ddn, trong dd nhd gido vd cdn bd QL
gido dye Id lyc lugng nong cot, cd vai trd quan
trgng" (2) Tu dd phdi xem xdy dung, phdt trien ddi
ngu GV vd cdn bd QL giao dye Id gidi phap trung
tdm de phdt trien gido dye
1.3 Yeu cdu cua doi mdi chuang trinh
giao dye pho thdng Chuang trinh gido dye
pho thdng dang dugc xdy dung theo hudng
h'ch hgp, phdn hod, day mgnh gido dye quoc
O PGS TS PHAM MINH HUNG*
phong an ninh, tang cudng cdc hogt ddng xd hdi cua hgc sinh (HS) de bdo ton cdc truyen thdng vdn hod xd hdi, nhdm xdy dung mdt nen hgc van pho thdng ca bdn, vung chdc, phdt trien nang lyc cd nhdn cua ngudi hgc, phu hgp vdi dieu kien hgc tap cua mdi HS Dua tren chuan cua chuang trinh khung qud'c gia, xdy dung cdc chuang trinh gido dye dja phuang phu hgp vdi nhu cdu vd dieu kien td chuc gido dye cua cdc vung, mien, ddc biet ddi vdi cdc dja phuang cd HS ddn tdc thieu sd
1.4 Nhung khd khan hien nay cua ngdnh
SP Hien nay ngdnh SP dang dung trudc mdt sd
khd khdn sau day: - Ddu ra cua SV SP rat hgn che: tinh trgng du thua GV dang rat pho bien d cdc ca sd gido dye trong cd nude (rat nhieu GV
dd dgy hgp ddng gdn chuc ndm vdn khong cd
ca hdi de dugc tuyen vdo bien che chinh thuc)
Vi the, nhieu SV sau khi tdt nghiep cdc trudng SP
ra buoc phdi tim kiem cdc cdng viec ngoai ngdnh SP; - Ap lyc cdng viec ddi vdi GV rat ldn: de len lap 1 tiet, GV phdi danh it nhat 2 gid cho viec sogn bdi, chuan bj len lap Trung binh moi GV THPT mdt tudn dgy 17 tiet Ngoai ra cdn phdi sinh hogt chuyen mdn, doan the Ddc biet hien nay, khi gido dye pho thdng lien tyc cd sy ddi mdi ve chuang trinh, SGK, phuang phap dgy hgc thi dp lyc cdng viec ddi vdi GV lgi cdng gia tang mdt each ddng ke; - Thu nhap cua GV cdn thap
so vdi mat bdng chung ciia xd hdi: mgc du, Ddng
vd Nhd nude dd cd nhieu chfnh sach ddi vdi GV, tuy nhien so vdi cdc ngdnh nghe khac trong xd hdi, thu nhdp ciia GV cdn khd thap GV van chua dugc hudng nhung che do ddi ngd tuang xung
ve nggch, bgc luang, tham nien Dieu dd dd dnh hudng rat ldn den su tan tdm, tan luc vdi nghe nghiep ciia mot bg phdn GV
* Tnroing Dai hoc Vinh
Trang 2Nhirng kho khan tren la nguyen nhan ca bdn
khien cho chdt lugng dau vdo cua SV SP co chieu
huang giam sut Thuc te cho thay, trong nhung
nam qua, HS gidi khong thi vdo cdc ngdnh SP
De dam bdo sd lugng tuyen sinh, cdc trudng dd
phdi lay xudng den tan diem sdn ddi vdi mdt sd
ngdnh SP
2 Nhung gidi phap ddi mdi cdng tdc DTGV
THPT
2.1 Doi mai muc tieu DTGV THPT, theo djnh
hudng: khi tdt nghiep DHSP, SV phdi dap ung
dugc cdc yeu cdu ve pham chdt vd nang luc ddi
vdi GV THPT dugc neu ra trong chuan nghe
nghiep GV trung hgc
a) GV THPT can cd nhung pham chat ca bdn
sau day: yeu nghe, gdn bd vdi nghe dgy hgc;
chap hanh Lugt Gido dye, dieu le, quy che, quy
djnh cua ngdnh; cd y thuc td chuc ki ludt vd tinh
than trdch nhiem; giu gin pham chdt, danh du,
uy tin cua nhd gido; song trung thuc, lanh mgnh,
Id tdm guang tdt cho HS; Thuang yeu, ton trgng,
ddi xu cdng bdng vdi HS, giup HS khdc phyc
khd khan de hgc tap vd ren luyen tdt
bj GV THPT can co nhung nang luc ca bdn
sau day: Xdy dung dugc ke hogch dgy hgc theo
hudng Hch hgp dgy hgc vdi gido dye the hien
rd myc tieu, ndi dung, PPDH phu hgp vdi dgc thu
mdn hoc, ddc diem HS vd mdi trudng gido due;
phdi hgp hogt dong hgc vdi hogt dong dgy theo
hudng phdt huy tinh tfch cue nhdn thuc cua HS;
Idm chu kien thuc mdn hgc, dam bdo ndi dung
dgy hgc chinh xdc, cd he thdng, van dung hgp If
cdc kien thuc lien mdn theo yeu cdu ca bdn, hien
dgi, thuc tien; van dung cdc PPDH theo hudng
phdt huy tfnh tfch eye, chu ddng vd sang tgo cua
HS, phdt trien nang lyc ty hgc vd tu duy cua HS;
Su dung cdc phuang tien dgy hgc Idm tang hieu
qua dgy hgc; Xdy dung dugc ke hogch hogt ddng
gido dye the hien rd myc tieu, ndi dung, phuang
phap gido dye bdo dam tfnh khd thi, phu hgp
vdi ddc diem HS, phu hgp vdi hoan canh vd dieu
kien thuc te, the hien khd nang hgp tdc, cdng tdc
vdi cdc lyc lugng gido dye trong vd ngoai
trudng; Phdt hien vd gidi quyet van de nay sinh
trong thuc tien hogt ddng nghe nghiep nhdm dap
ung nhung yeu cdu mdi trong gido dye (3)
2.2 Doi mdi ndi dung, chuang trinh
DTGV THPT theo nhung djnh hudng sau:
a) Dap ung sy thay ddi ve vai trd cua GV
trong bdi canh cua xa hdi hien dgi Trong bdi
canh cua xd hdi hien dgi, vai trd cua GV se cd
nhung bien ddi quan trgng: - GV Id hudn luyen vien: trong nhd trudng truyen thdng, GV Id ngudi cung cap thdng tin cd sdn, theo each rot tri thuc vdo ddu HS Cdn trong nhd trudng mdi, GV
Id ngudi giup dd hudn luyen HS, cung cdc em tim ra con dudng rieng cua minh de di den hoc van vd su hieu biet; - GV Id ngudi cd vdn: vdi vai trd cua ngudi cdvdn, GV phdi luon luon theo sat hogt ddng nhdn thuc cua HS de khi cdc em gap khd khan thi kjp thdi ho trg, giup dd bdng nhung djnh hudng, ggi y cy the; - GV Id ngudi QL qua trinh hgc tap; - Trong nhd trudng hien dgi, cung mdt luc, HS cd the tham gia vdo nhieu hogt ddng khdc nhau Vi the, GV phdi dieu phdi cdng viec, ket ndi con ngudi, do dung hgc tap vd HS vdo mdt sy ket hgp cd hieu qua
b) Hudng vdo viec hinh thdnh nhung nang lyc
ca bdn cua GV Theo Hdi Lien hiep GV Hoa Ki
(INTASC), GV phdi cd cdc nang luc sau: - Hieu cdc khdi niem trgng tdm, cdc cdng cy tim kiem, cdc cdu true mdn hgc minh dgy vd cd khd nang Idm cho nhung yeu td nay cd y nghTa ddi vdi HS;
- Hieu HS hgc tap, phdt trien nhu the ndo vd co khd nang tgo ra cdc ca hdi de ho trg cho sy phat trien trf tue, xd hdi, nhdn each cua cdc em; - Hieu
HS khdc biet nhau nhu the ndo ve each hgc va tao ra cdc ca hdi day hoc thich ung vdi cdc ddi tugng khdc nhau; - Hieu vd su dyng cdc phuang phap dgy hgc da dgng de khuyen khfch sy phat trien tu duy phe phdn, khd nang gidi quyet vdn
de vd cdc KN hogt ddng cua HS; - Van dyng sy hieu biet ve hanh vi, ddng ca cua cd nhdn va nhdm de tgo ra mdi trudng hgc tap cd lgi cho sy tuang tdc xd hdi, tham gia tfch cue trong qua trinh hgc tap vd ty lyc canh sinh; - Van dyng tri thuc ve cdc kTthudt giao tiep bdng ldi, khong ldi
vd cdc phuang tien thdng tin cd hieu qua khdc de tgo ra su tim tdi tfch cue, sy tuong trg vd hgp tac trong lap hgc; - Lap ke hogch dgy hgc tren ca sd hieu biet ve mdn hgc, HS, cdng dong vd myc tieu cua chuang trinh; - Hieu biet vd su dyng cac phuang phap danh gid chfnh thuc vd phi chfnh thuc nhdm xdc dinh vd dam bdo su phdt trien lien tyc ve trf tue, xd hdi vd the luc cua HS; - GV
Id nhd hogt ddng thuc tien, cd suy xet, luon danh gid hieu qua cua cdc hanh ddng vd cdc lya chon cua minh ddi vdi HS, phy huynh vd cdc nhd chuyen nghiep khdc trong cdng dong gido dye vd Id ngudi tfch cue tim kiem cdc ca hdi phdt trien nghe nghiep; - GV phdt trien cdc quan he vdi ddng nghiep trong trudng, cdc phy huynh vd cdc ca
Trang 3quan trong cong dong rong Ion nhdm ho tro qua
trinh hoc tap vd phuc lai cua HS (4)
c) Dam bdo chdt lugng, hieu qua, hieu sudt
DT vd tinh SP cua chuang trinh: - Dam bdo chdt
lugng DT: + Dam bdo DT dugc d bde cao ve cdc
nang luc nhdn thuc, nang luc thuc hanh, nang luc
tu duy vd pham chdt nhdn vdn cho ngudi hoc;
+ Dam bdo Hnh khoa hgc, Hnh cap nhat vd Hnh
thuc tien cua chuang trinh DT; + Phu hgp vdi yeu
cdu cua ngudi hgc vd dap ung thj trudng nhdn
luc, yeu cdu ciia su phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi
trong nude vd hdi nhap qud'c te; - Dam bdo hieu
qua DT: + Phdi bao gom mdt so hoc phdn cd Hnh
ke thua cao, tranh su trung lap; + Nhung hgc
phdn de tao kien thuc rdng cdn dugc bien soan
cd dd nen cao, mang Hnh tich hgp mgnh de «hgc
mdt, biet mudi"; + Cdc hgc phdn, SV cd the tu
hgc nhd cdc kien thuc ca bdn, ca sd dd trang bj
thi giam thdi lugng len lap; + Phdi bao gom cdc
hgc phdn bdt budc, tu chgn cd hudng ddn vd tuy
y Cdc hgc phdn nhu vdy se Idm mem hod qua
trinh DT vd Idm tang hieu qua DT; + Cd sy lien
thdng giua cdc chuang trinh, cdc bgc hgc; - Dam
bdo hieu sudt DT: + Dugc module hod triet de
thdnh cdc hgc phdn de cd the lap ghep xdy dyng
thdnh cdc chuang trinh DT khdc nhau; + Cd nhieu
hgc phdn dung chung dugc cho cdc chuang trinh
DT khdc nhau; + Chuang trinh dugc chia thdnh
cdc khdi kien thuc gido dye dgi cuang, gido dye
chuyen nghiep de Idm tang ddng ke hieu sudt
DT, nhdt Id d trong cdc trudng dgi hgc da ngdnh,
da hnh vuc; - Dam bdo tinh SP: + Phdi mang tfnh
khd thi cao ve mat thdi lugng cung nhu ndi dung
Cdn danh thdi gian thich ddng cho cdc hogt ddng
chu ddng cua SV (seminar, hdi thao, thao lugn
nhdm, ddi thogi, thuc hanh, thuc tap ); + Khdi
lugng kien thuc dua vdo chuang trinh phdi phu
hgp vdi thdi gian DT, tranh qua tdi, hodc ngugc
lgi qua nhdn roi; + Phdi bao gom cdc hgc phdn
ca bdn, ca sd, chuyen ngdnh cua mdt ngdnh hgc
de cd the d i ddng nang ddn trinh dd vd nang lyc
cua SV trong qua trinh DT sau nay
2.3 Doi mdi phuong phap DTGV THPT theo
mdt sd djnh hudng sau day:
a) Ket hap chdt che giua DT ve khoa hgc co
bdn (KHCB) vd khoa hgc gido dye (KHGD): Ndi
dung DTGV cua cdc trudng SP thudng cd hai
mang ldn: KHCB vd KHGD Hai mang nay ho trg
cho nhau, hudng vdo viec hinh thdnh d ngudi
hgc trinh dd chuyen mdn - nghiep vy Nhung lau
nay, DT v i KHCB chi mdi nhdm myc dfch ty no,
chua chf ra cho SV thay rd nhung kien thuc KHCB
md hg dugc trang bj se su dyng nhu the ndo Trong khi dd, viec DT v i KHGD cd khi lgi tach rdi khdi ndi dung cdc mdn hgc, cdc hogt ddng md
SV phdi dgy hodc tham gia d trudng pho thdng sau nay Vi the, cdn tfch hgp DT chuyen mdn (KHCB) vd DT nghiep vy (KHGD), Idm cho hai mang DT nay trd thdnh mdt the thdng nhat DT chuyen mdn phdi dam bdo tfnh nghiep vy, cdn
DT nghiep vy phdi ddng thdi vd tren nin cua DT chuyen mdn Do vdy, cdn huy ddng ddi ngu giang vien dgy cdc mdn KHCB tham gia tfch cue vdo viec DT nghiep vy su phgm (NVSP) cho SV
b) Gdn lien DT NVSP vdi thuc te cua nhd trudng pho thdng: xuat phdt tu thuc te cua nhd
trudng pho thdng (ddc diem tdm- sinh If cua HS, chuang trinh SGK, diiu kien dgy vd hgc.) de xdc djnh ndi dung vd phuong phap DT NVSP cho SV Ddng thdi dua tren ddc trung lao ddng
SP cua GV, nhung yeu cdu v i pham chdt vd nang lyc cua GV de hudng chuang trinh ren luyen NVSP vdo viec hinh thdnh cho SV nhung pham chdt vd nang lyc dd Cy the Id, hinh thdnh cho SV
If tudng nghi nghiep, Idng yeu nghi, tdm huyet vdi nghi; DT mdt each co bdn, he thdng cdc nang lyc SP; giang vien cdc bd mdn NVSP phdi thuc
sy sat vdi nhd trudng pho thdng Cd nhu vdy, cdc kien thuc md hg cung cap cho SV mdi huu ich
Do dd, cdc trudng SP can cd quy djnh cung ve che dd di thuc te pho thdng cua giang vien cdc
bd mdn NVSP, khuyen khich hg true tiep tham gia giang dgy mdt sd gid d trudng pho thdng
c) Xdy dung quy trinh ren luyen NVSP todn khod cho SV: Trong DT NVSP, ngoai viec cung
cap cho SV cdc tri thuc KHGD, cdn hinh thdnh d
hg nhung KN SP cdn thiet: dgy hgc; gido dye HS; phdi hgp cdc lyc lugng gido dye nhd trudng, gia dinh vd xd hdi; nghien cuu KHGD; ty hgc nang cao trinh dd Nhung KN nay chi cd the duac hinh thdnh trong qua trinh ren luyen NVSP thudng xuyen cua SV thdng qua cdc hogt ddng thuc hanh, kien tap SP, thuc tap SP Vi the, can xdy dyng mdt quy trinh ren luyen NVSP cho SV, trong dd xdc djnh rd nhung cdng viec cy the md
hg phdi Idm tu nam thu nhdt cho den nam thu tu Quy trinh ren luyen nay tuang ung vdi ndi dung
DT cua tung nam hgc vd todn khod hgc
dj Tgo mdi trudng thuan lgi deren luyen NVSP cho SV: hieu qua ren luyen NVSP cua SV phy
thudc rat nhiiu vdo mdi trudng: «mdi trudng gid djnh" (d trudng SP) vd «mdi trudng thuc" (d
Trang 4trudng pho thong) Trong moi tri/dng gid djnh,
SV ren luyen cdc KN SP tren nhung «ddi tuang
gid djnh" Nhung ket qua ren luyen a mdi
trudng nay lai cd dnh hudng ldn den ket qua ren
luyen trong mdi trudng thuc Do dd, can tao dieu
kien cho SV cd the ren luyen he thdng KN SP
bdng cdc hoat ddng ndi khod, ngoai khod, cdc
hoat ddng tap the, hoat ddng xd hdi Tuy nhien,
phdi thay rd y nghia quan trong cua viec ren
luyen NVSP trong «mdi trudng thuc", khong chi
gidi han d cdc dot kien tap, thuc tap SP SV cdn
dugc ren luyen trong mdi trudng thuc cdng sdm
cdng tdt Yeu cdu nay ddi hdi phdi xdy dung
dugc cdc trudng thuc hanh (true thudc trudng SP)
vd xem ddu tu cho trudng thuc hanh nhu ddu tu
cho cdc phong thi nghiem hien dai cua cdc khoa
thuc nghiem
2.4 Day mgnh nghien cuu khoa hgc giao
dye a cac trudng DTGV THPT Cy the, can tap
trung vdo cdc vdn de sau day: ddi mdi phuang
phap vd hinh thuc td chuc dgy hgc, gido dye
theo hudng phdt huy tinh tu gidc, tich cue, sang
tgo cua ngudi hgc; Nhung thay ddi trong lao
ddng SP cua GV THPT trudc xu the ddi mdi
Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh
(Tiep theo trang 8)
phd thdng hien nay d nude ta van cdn qua ndng,
nhieu phy huynh lo nggi ve khdi lugng kien thuc
vd tinh trgng hgc tap cdng thdng cua con em minh
HS phd thdng khong cd thdi gian de tham gia
cdc hogt ddng ngogi khoa vd nhieu trudng cung
xem nhe cdc ndi dung GD khdc: due dye, the dye
vd mT dye
De giam tdi cho HS phd thdng hien nay, chung
ta cdn cat giam kien thuc hdn Idm; cdc kien thuc
phdi dugc lua chgn, vua du de phdt huy ndng lyc
tuduy, phdt trien ndng lyc gidi quyet van de Khong
dgy theo kieu nhoi nhet kien thuc Cdn ddi mdi
PPDH vd phuang phap kiem tra, danh gid ket qua
hgc tap cua HS theo hudng phdt trien tu duy vd
tinh tich cue, chu ddng trong nhdn thuc cua HS
4) Xay dung xa hoi hgc tap, mgi ngudi 6
mgi lua tuoi dugc hgc tap sudt ddi Xa hdi hgc
tap d nude ta hien nay dugc xdy dung tren 5 hinh
thuc GD chinh: GD chinh quy, GD vua Idm vua
hgc, GD tuxa, cdc trung tdm GD thudng xuyen vd
he thdng cdc trung tdm hgc tap cdng ddng Chinh
sach xdy dyng xd hdi hgc tap dd thu dugc nhung
ket qua budc ddu ddng khich le, cdc ca sd GD
phuang phap dgy hgc vd su dyng phuang tien hien dgi trong dgy hgc; Xdy dung mdi trudng gido dye, ket hgp gido dye nhd trudng, gia dinh
vd xd hdi
Tdm lgi: Ddi mdi cdng tdc DTGV THPT trong giai dogn hien nay Id mdt yeu cdu cap thiet, dap ung yeu cdu xdy dung vd phdt trien ddi ngu GV THPT du ve sd lugng, dong bd ve ca cdu, ndng cao chdt lugng •
(1) Nghj quyet 14/2005/NQ-CP cua Thu tuang Chi'nh phii ve ddi mai ca ban va toan dien giao due dai hoc Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2020
(2) Chi thj 40-CT/TU ngay 15/6/2004 cua Ban Bi thur
ve xay dirng, nang cao ch^t luang doi ngu nha giao
va can b£> quan li giao due
(3) Bp GD-DT Chuan nghe nghiep gido vien THCS,
gido vien THPT (ban hanh theo Th6ng tu so' 30/2009/
TT-BGDDT), 2009
(4) Dir an phat trien giao vien THPT va TCCN Md
hinh ddo tao gido vien trung hoc phd thong va trung hoc chuyen nghiep trong boi canh hoi nhdp quoc ti
Tai lieu hoi thao, H 2009
ngdy cdng dugc ddu tu tdt hon ve ca sd vgt chdt vd
ddi ngu gido vien Mdt sd Vien dgi hgc md da dugc thdnh lap, cdc chuang trinh ddo tgo tuxa da
dugc trien khai, Hdi khuyen hgc dugc thdnh lap a cdc cap tu trung uong den dja phuong Tuy nhien,
chu truang xdy dung xd hdi hgc tap a nude ta mai
chi tgo ca hdi hgc tap cho mdt ti le rat it ddn cu, chdt lugng hgc tap cdn thap
Thuc hien tu tudng cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh
ve xdy dyng nen GD md cho mgi ngudi, d moi lua tudi, (nhdt Id trong thdi ki hdi nhdp hien nay), chung ta cdn day mgnh hon nua chu truang xdy
dyng xd hdi hgc tap nhdm dam bdo cdc dieu kien
cdn thiet, tgo dieu kien thuan lgi de mgi ngudi, d mgi lua tudi, mgi trinh dd dugc hgc tap thudng xuyen, hgc tap sudt ddi gdp phdn ndng cao ddn tri, ndng cao chdt lugng nguon nhdn lyc, dap ung nhu cdu sy nghiep CNH, HDH ddt nude •
(1) Den nam hoc 1953-1954, a vung giai phong da co
3.673 truang cap I; 397 truang cap II; 34 truang cap III;
8 truang trung hoc chuyen nghiep va 4 truang dai hoc (2), (4) Van kien Dang cong san Viet Nam NXB
Chinh tri quoc gia, H 1998
(3) Nam muoi nam phat trien su nghiep giao due va
dao tao (1945-1995) NXB Gido due, H 2000.'
(5) (6) H6 Chi Minh "Ban ve phuang phap giao due"
Bao Nhdn ddn, so' 183, 11/5/1954