I l l HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SU DUNG S U D U N G C A U H O I N H A N T H U C TRONG DM HOC MON LICH Si) 1 Quan niem va y nghia cua viec su* dung cau hdi nhan thdc trong day hoc Ijch sir a Ve bdn chdt Cau h[.]
Trang 1I l l HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SU DUNG
S U D U N G C A U H O I N H A N T H U C
TRONG DM HOC MON LICH Si)
1 Quan niem va y nghia
cua viec su* dung cau hdi nhan
thdc trong day hoc Ijch sir
a Ve bdn chdt: Cau hdi nhan
thdc la cau hdi khi dat ra tao
duoc mau thuan trong nhdn
thdc cua HS Muon tra ldi ciu
hdi, giai quyet mau thuan nhan
thdc thi ddi hdi HS phai vien
dan cac dieu kien sau: HS phai
huy ddng vdn kien thdc cu; HS
phai tiep nhan nhdng thdng tin
(kien thdc mdi) do thay cung
cap khi giang bai; HS phai huy
ddng rat nhieu thao tac ttf duy
(tong hop, phan tich, so sanh,
danh gia, ket luan) thi mdi giai
quyet dtfdc cau hdi
Vdi nhiing dac diem tren,
chung ta cd the thay rang, khi HS
tra ldi dtfdc cau hdi nhan thdc
thi cung ddng thdi da phat huy
tinh tich ctfc cua minh trong hoc
tap lich sd
b f nghia: Sd dung cau hdi
nhan thdc cd tfu the trong viec
hinh thanh kien thdc cho HS
Qua viec suy nghi, trao doi dtfdi
stf htfdng dan va to chdc cua GV,
HS dtfdc dinh htfdng trong hoat
ddng nhan thdc, cac em se ttfng
btfdc hnh hdi kien thtfc ttf thap
den cao, ttf viec tai hien lai kien
thtfc cu den biet phan tich, danh
gia tim ra mdi lien he, ban chat
rdi nam khai niem, rut ra quy
luat va bai hoc kinh nghiem Ttf
dd ma vdn hieu biet lich sd cua
HS trd nen ben vdng va sau sac,
bdi vi cac em ttf minh tim kiem
tri thdc dtfdi stf htfdng dan, chi
dao cua GV; Sd dung cau hdi
nhan thdc cd tac dung to ldn trong viec giao due cho HS ttf ttfdng, tinh cam, dao ddc, hinh thanh nhan each HS nhtf thai dp ttf tin trong hoc tap, tinh kien tri ; Sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc trong day hpc lich sd d trtfdng phd thdng cdn cd tac dung ren luyen nang ltfc nhan thdc, dac biet la ttf duy ddc lap, hinh thanh
ki nang giai quyit van de, diin dat mdt van d l va hdng thu hpc tap cho HS
Nhtf vay vile sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc cd vai trd, y nghia
to ldn trong day hpc lich sd, giup HS nam vtfng ndi dung bai hoc, tich cdc, chu ddng, sang tao trong hoat ddng nhan thdc
2 Cau hdi nhan thdc trong tong the sir dung he thdng phtfdng phap day hoc lich sir
a Stf dung cdu hdi nhdn thiic kit hdp vdi do dung true quan quy Udc dqng md de HS tU duy vd chu ddng khi nhqn thuc noi dung lich sit
Dd dung trtfc quan quy tfdc dang md d day cd nghia la nhtfng
sd do, ban dd, niln biiu cd san hay do GV thiit k l nhtfnj» ndi dung cua nd chda dddc the hien hit d trln do dung trtfc quan quy ddc D l hilu dddc toan bp ndi dung cua nd, ddi hdi HS phai td duy Td duy nay se cd hieu qua hdn khi GV biet sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc ttf chinh do dung trtfc quan do Lam dtfdc nhtf vay se
cd tac dung rat ldn trong vile phat huy kha nang ttf duy ddc lap, sang tao cua HS
Vi du khi day bai 26 (lich sd
Nguyin Tuan Anh
TrUdng DHSP - DH Hui
ldp 12, chtfdng trinh chuan): Dat niidc tren dtfdng doi mdi di len chu nghia xa hdi (1986-2000), muc ILl.a Dai hdi VH12-1986)
md dau cdng cudc ddi mdi D l giup HS chu ddng tiep thu kiln thdc, GV sd dung cau hdi nhin thdc: "Vi sao ba chtfdng trinh kinh te ldn trong ke hoach 5 nam 1986-1990 l i phu hdp vdi tinh hinh, hoan canh dat ntfdc?
ttf sd do "3 chUdng trinh kinh te ldn trong ke hoach 5 nam (1986-1990)" (Xem sd do trang 34)
D l t r i ldi dtfdc cau hdi, trtfdc h i t GV cho HS xem ki sd
do bdi day l i can cd quan trpng
de tra ldi cau hdi nhin thdc Neu HS van chtfa t r i ldi dtfdc cau hdi nhan thdc thi GV cd the
n i u cau hdi gdi md: Die diim cua cac nganh kinh t l trong 3 chtfdng trinh kinh te ldn l i gi? Cudi cung GV k i t luan: (1) Can nhiiu ngudn lao ddng; (2) Yeu cau khdng ldn v l vdn, khoa hpc
ki thuat nhtf cac nganh kinh
t l khic; (3) Ndng - l i m - ngtf nghiip ludn ddng vai trd quan trong trong n i n kinh t l
(4) Dat ntfdc ta cd t h i manh
d cac linh vtfc niy (diiu kiln ttf nhiln, con ngtfdi )
Qua do chung ta thay: Viec sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc kit hdp vdi do dung trtfc quan quy tfdc dang md cd y nghia rat ldn trong vile phat huy tinh chu ddng, sing1
tao cua HS trong hpc tap
b SU dung cdu hdi nhdn thitc kit hdp vdi cdc doan tdi liiu thdnh van di hudng ddn HS tich cUc,
28 • TAP CHI THltfr B| QIAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/2011
Trang 2HUdNG DAN QUAN LY.SUT DUNG I I
chu ctong gidi quyet cdc nhiem vu
nhdn thiic
Trong day hoc noi chung,
day hoc lich sit noi rieng, viec
trinh bay mieng co y nghia rat
quan trpng "Vi 161 noi gitf vai
tro chu dao v6i viec giang day
cua GV va viec hpc tap cua HS
Viec trinh bay mieng khong chi
de thtfc hien phtfdng phap thong
tin - tai hien nham khoi phuc
hinh anh qua khd ma con giup
HS nhan thdc sau sac sd kien,
trinh bay nhdng suy nghi, hieu
biet trong nghien cdu, tim toi"
Co nhieu each trinh bay mieng,
phu hdp vdi kien thdc dac trdng
cua bp mon lich sd va yeu ciu
sd pham ve qua trinh nhan thdc
stf kien ay Trong do quan trpng
nhat ia sd dung cac doan tai lieu
thanh van nham cung cap, tai
hien, mieu ta hay neu dac diem
cac sd kien lich sd vdi day du
tinh cu the, net dac trdng, ban
chat chu yeu Tren co sd do
ma viec sd dung cau hoi nhan
thdc ket hpp vdi cac doan tai lieu
thanh van lai cang cd y nghia
trong viec tang cddng tinh tich
cdc nhan thdc cua HS
GV can ket hpp kheo leo viec
to chdc hoat dpng nhan thdc cua
HS vdi thong bao kien thdc khoa
hpc, phong phu, tao dieu kien
gpi md, cung cap tai lieu nhim
giup HS td giac, tich cdc giii
quyet cac van de tdng bddc, tdng
phan Sau khi dat van de thong
qua cau h6i nhan thdc, neu thay
HS gap kh6 khan, GV phai biet
cich cung cap them kien thdc
cho HS Trong dd viec dda ra cac
doan t i i lieu thinh vin cho cac
em l i mpt bien phip mang tinh
chat "md" quan trpng de giup cac
em cd the ttfng bddc giii quyet
van de Sau do thay l i ngddi dda
ra ket luan dung nhat lam cd sd
cho HS td hoin thien nhdng dieu
cac em vda nhan thdc
Vi du, khi day b i i 25 (lich
sd ldp 12, chddng trinh chuan):
"Viet Nam xiy ddng chu nghia xa
hpi v i dau tranh bao ve td qudc
(1976-1986)" muc 1.2 Thdc hien
ke hoach n h i midc 5 nam
1976-1980 De giup HS tfch ctfc, chu dpng tiep nhan kien thdc mdi,
GV sd dung ciu hdi nhan thdc:
"Nguyen nhan cua nhdng han che trong viec thdc hien ke hoach
5 nam 1976-1980"? Ket hdp vdi mdt doan t i i lieu thanh van:
"Ngudn gdc sau xa cua nhdng khd khan ve kinh te va ddi sdng l i : Nen kinh te cua nddc ta cdn phd bien l i sin xuat nhd, lai phai ganh chiu nhdng hau qui het sdc ning ne cua chien tranh dii v i cua chu nghia thdc dan; 5 nam qua, chung ta phai tien hanh chien tranh gid nddc ngdt 3 nam; vet thddng
cu chda hin xong da tiep nhin nhdng t i n phi mdi; thien tai ldn ddn dap xay ra; ke dich thddng xuyen phi hoai ve mpi mat
Mat khac, chung ta lai het sdc bio thu, tri tre d i duy tri qua lau cd che quan l i hanh chinh quan lieu, bao cap, cham thay doi cic chinh sach, che dp kim him sin xuat Trong hoat dpng sin xuat v i quin li kinh te,
td td6ng y lai r i t nang"
Sau khi sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc ket hpp vdi doan
t i i lieu thinh vin nhd da neu, chic chin HS se hdng thu hon trong viec giii quyet cac nhiem
vu nhan thdc Tren cd sd dd m i phat huy dddc tinh tich cdc hpc tip cua HS
c Su" dung cdu hdi nhqn thdc ket hdp vdi cdc do diing triic quan nhu tranh dnh, video, hien vdt lich st? de tqo hdng thu, tich cUc hda hoqt dong nhdn thdc cua ngUdihoc
- Sd dung cau hdi nhin thdc
ket hop vdi tranh inh lich sd:
Viec sd dung ciu hdi nhin thdc ket hdp vdi tranh inh lich sd se
cd tie dung rat ldn trong viec ning cao nhin thdc lich sd cho
HS Bdi khi HS tiep thu kien thdc lich sd qua nhflng hinh inh tinh
se dem lai cho cac em nhtfng an ttfdng siu sic Td trtfc quan sinh
ddng, HS se nhin xet v i rut ra dtfdc nhtfng ket luan cua chinh cac em Day chinh la mpt trong nhdng nhan td co ban cau thanh nen tinh tich cdc cua HS
Vi du: Khi giang bai 25: Viet Nam xay ddng chu nghia x i hdi va dau tranh bao ve td qudc (1976-1986), muc I I Dau tranh bao ve td qudc (1975-1979), lich
sd 12 (chddng trinh chuan), GV
cd the sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc: Y nghia cua cudc dau tranh bao ve bien gidi phia Tay Nam? ket hop vdi cho HS xem mdt sd bde tranh ve tdi ac cua che dp die)t chung "Khome dd" de giup
HS nhanh chdng Hnh hdi kien thdc mdi
Thdng qua viec sd dung cau hdi nhin thdc ket hpp vdi tranh inh lich sd, chic chan HS se hieu dtfdc y nghia quoc te cua cudc dau tranh bao ve bien gidi phia Tiy Nam, ddng thdi HS cung
se nhin xet v i rut ra nhdng ket luan dung ve tdi ac cua "Khdme do", td dd se cd thii dp cim ghet che dp diet chung v i yeu chuong hda binh
- Sd dung ciu hdi nhan thdc ket hdp vdi hien vat lich sd: Trong he thdng do dung trtfc quan thi dd dung trtfc quan hien vit lich sd l i mdt loai tai lieu gdc rat cd gii tri, cd y nghia to idn ve mat nhan thdc Trong qua trinh hpc tap, neu HS tiep xuc vdi hien vit lich sd thi y nghia dd cing to ldn Tuy nhien viec cd hien vat lich sd de sd dung cdn gap nhieu khd khan, vi hien vit lich sd khdng nim d trong trddng hpc hoac khi tiep xuc vdi hien vat thi hien vit khong con nguyen ven Vi vay, khi tien hanh qua trinh day hpc, GV nen sd dung ciu hoi nhin thdc ket hpp vdi hien vat lich sd gdc (neu cd dieu kien) hoac hien vat lich sd phuc che Lam dtfpc dieu niy se cd tic dung rat ldn trong viec phat huy tri ttfdng ttfdng t i i tao, ttf duy lich sd, td dd m i se phat huy dddc tinh tich cdc cua HS
(Xem tiep trang 34)
TAP CHI ThTCT Bj QIAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/<2011 • 29
Trang 3I l l HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SUf DUNG
tao cua Trai dat nhU the nao? la
nhiing noi dung dtfpc phan anh
trong Chtf ong I: Trai dat (Dia 6)
Nhtfng van de dai ctfong ve Trai
dat dtfpc trinh bay khoa hpc va
cu the qua ttfng bai vdi lddng
thong tin ttfpng doi ldn Khi ket
thuc chtfong nay, tuy khong co
bai tong ket chuong nhtfng GV
van nen danh thdi gian cung HS
he thdng lai cac ndi dung da hpc
ve Trai dat de them mdt lan ntfa
khac sau kien thtfc cho HS va
cung cd cho cac em cac van de
trpng tam can ghi nhd (Hinh 3)
Qua BDTD v l Trai dat, HS
dtfdc khic siu cac ndi dung ve
Trai dat nhtf vi tri cua Trai dit
trong he Mat trdi, cau tao ben
trong cua Trai dat, kich thtfdc,
hinh dang, stf van ddng v i cic
he qui cua stf van ddng Vdi
he chtf chit loc nhflng thdng tin
quan trpng, hinh inh minh hoa
cac thdng tin mdt each sinh dpng,
BDTD ve Trii dat thtfc stf mang
lai cho HS cii nhin trtfc quan, de
hieu, de nhd
Khdng the phu nhin BDTD
l i mdt cdng cu htfu ich trong giang day v i hpc tip d trtfdng pho thdng cung nhu d cac bac hpc cao hdn vi chung giup GV
va HS trong viec trinh biy cic y ttfdng mdt cich rd rang, suy nghi sang tao, tich ctfc v i ddc lip HS
se hoc dtfdc phtfdng phap hpc tap, tang tinh chu ddng, sang tao
v i phat trien ttf duy, tiet kiem dtfdc thdi gian v i giup HS nim dtfdc kien thdc thdng qua mdt
"bin do" the hien cic lien ket chat che cua tri thtfc
Ket luan Nhin chung, cd the stf dung BDTD trong tat ca cic khiu cua qui trinh len ldp ttf kiem tra b i i
cu, trien khai b i i mdi den cung
cd kien thtfc, giao b i i ve nhi; ttf viec the hien ltfdng kien thdc nhd den ldn, ttf ddn giin den phdc tap;
td viec hpc ca nhin den nhdm, tip the GV can nghien cdu ndi dung chddng trinh, ndi dung b i i hpc, Ida chpn ra nhdng phan,
nhdng bai cd k h i ning ap dung BDTD Sau dd, GV phan tich npi dung bai day, tim ra nhdng van
dl, nhtfng bieu tddng, khai niem can hinh thanh v i truyen dat cho
HS, xic dinh cac dang bii tip vdi BDTD phu hdp vdi ddi tupng HS, quy thdi gian, diiu kiln trtfdng ldp, trang thiet bi day hpc Tuy nhiln, khdng phai bat ctf hdi dung nio, b i i hpc nio cdng cd thi sd dung BDTD v i cung khdng phai
sd dung mdt cich ap dat cho mpi gid hoc GV can cd sd linh hoat trong sd dung BDTD dung luc, dung each, phu hdp vdi ddi tddng
HS v i quan trpng l i dam bao viec truyin tai ndi dung bii hpc.a
TAl LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Trin Dinh Chau, Dang Thi Ihu Thuy, T6 chile hoat dpng day hpc vcfi ban d6 tu duy,
Bao Giao due va thdi dai, s6 184 va 185 nam
thii 51 (thang 11/2010)
2.http://vnn.vietnamnet.vn/giaoduc/ chuyengiangduong/201011/Ban-do-tu- duy-kieu-hoc-moi-giup-HS-thoat-loi-mon-948273/
S U f D U N G C A U H O I N H A N T H U C •(Tiep trang 29)
3 Ket luan
Nhd vay, muon sd dung ciu
hdi nhin thdc d l ning cao hieu
qua b i i giing c i v l kiln thdc,
thai dp v i ky ning, GV phii kit
hdp sing tao cau hdi nhin thdc
vdi he thdng phddng phip
day hpc theo hddng ddi mdi,
lay HS lam trung tim Nhdng biin phap dddc d l cap trong bii bao, neu dddc GV sd dung hdp l i se cd tie dung to ldn giup HS tich cdc hdn trong qua trinh hpc tip lich sd Tuy nhiln trong day hpc lich sd khdng cd bien phap nio l i van ning d l
3 chirong trinh
kinh te ldn trong
ke hoach 5 nam
(1986-1990)
Hang xuat khau
Luong thyc, thyc pham
Phu hpp vdi tinh hinh, hoan canh dat nude
(2)?
(3)?
(4)?
phat huy tdi da tinh tich cdc, chu ddng trong qua trinh hpc tip cua cac em Vile sd dung cac phtfdng phap ndi trln chi thtfc stf dem lai hilu qua giao due khi dtfdc GV sit dung mdt each linh hoat, m l m deo, tuy muc dich cua bai va kha ning nhan thdc cua cac em.a
TAlLI$U THAM KHAO [1] Bp Giao due va Dao tao (2008), Lich sit 12 (Chtfdng trinh chuan), NXB Giao due Ha Npi
[2] Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam(2006), Van kifin Dang - Toan tap, T|p 43, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia,
Ha Npi
[3] Phan Ngpc Lien, Trinh Dinh Tung, NguySn Thi Coi (2002), Phiiemg phap day hpc ljch stf, tip II, NXB Dai hgc stf pham, Ha Npi
34 • TAP CHI THlff H QIAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/2011