KHAM PHA KHOA HOC 6 TRE M A U GIAO O ThS, NGUYEN THI NGA* Khdm phd khoa hqe (KPKH) Id mdt qud trinh tim ra cdi mdi, giup tre hinh thdnh cdc khdi niem khoa hqe (KH) don gidn Khdng chi hqe sinh phd thdn[.]
Trang 1KHAM PHA KHOA HOC 6 TRE M A U GIAO
O ThS, NGUYEN THI N G A *
Khdm phd khoa hqe (KPKH) Id mdt qud trinh
tim ra cdi mdi, giup tre hinh thdnh cdc khdi
niem khoa hqe (KH) don gidn Khdng chi
hqe sinh phd thdng mdi ed t h i KPKH md ngay tu
do tudi mdu gido, thdng qua hoat ddng vui choi
tre dd b i l t KPKH
1 Jean Piaget (189d-l 980) nghien cuu ve cdc
giai doqn phdt t r i l n cua tre quo hoi qud trinh
ddng hda vd dieu ung Khi gdp vd'n de khdng
phu hqp vdi kinh nghiem vd hieu b i l t cuo minh
tre ty tim h i l u trong trqng thdi khdng cdn bdng
ve tinh thdn De trd lai trong thdi cdn bdng, tre
cdn thue ddy hoqt ddng trong mdi trudng Trong
qud trinh ddng hda cd nhQng khdi niem duqc
thay ddi hodc cd nhQng khdi niem mdi duoc hinh
thdnh qud h-inh thfeh nghi d i l n ra Theo quon
d i l m cuo Piaget, duo tre nhin t h i gidi vd cdc
khdi niem KH khdng gidng nhu ngudi Idn
Rochel Gelman - GS Tdm If hqe tqi DH Rutgers
dd dp dyng k i l n thue cuo minh vdo sy phdt trien
cua chuong trinh gido dye mdm non Cdc dn
phd'm gdn ddy ve cd hoi mdn Todn vd Khoa
/jqc.trong nghien cuu tre tho dd ddnh rieng cho
nhiem vy phdt trien cdc loqi li thuylt v l hoc tqp
thfeh ung d tre
Cdc nghien cuu deu khdng dinh: cdch tdt nhdt
6e tim h i l u KH Id Idm KH Ddi vdi mdt nhd KH,
khi gdp mqt hien hrqng bdt ki, nhd KH se quon
sdt, ddt cdu hdi, duo ra gid thuylt, Idm thf nghiem
vd di d i n k i t ludn Vdi tre mdu gido, qud trinh
KPKH cung d i l n ro tuong ty N l u cd mdt cdc
nude trdng vd mdt Iq mdu, t r i se rd't td md mudn
b i l t n l u minh bd cdi mdu ndy vdo cdc nude thi
nd se ro sao Tre ed t h i d y dodn rdng ede nude
se d d ra hodc b i l n thdnh cdi gi d d K i t qud se
duqc chung minh khi t r i «ldm thf nghiem" bd
mdu vdo nude Tu dd t r i h i l u ra rdng cdc nude
trdng se ddi mdu sou khi bd mdu vdo
2 V a i trd cua KPKH d d i v d i su phdt trien
eua tre mau g i d o
Khi duqc khdm phd, thu nghiem t r i khdng chi
phdt trien mdt kT ndng cy t h i md cdn phdt t r i l n
cdc kT ndng cdn t h i l t ve t h i chdt, tinh cdm, xd hdi
Tap clii Giao due so 2 6 5 (kii 7/2011)
vd nhdn thuc Quo khdm phd, tre b i l t ro q u y l t djnh vd gidi q u y l t vdn de Vf dy, tre hqe duqc cdch tqo ra mdu sdc mdi khi pha trdn mdu xanh
vd mdu vdng vdi nhou se tqo ro mdu xanh Id cdy Tham gio Idm vudn tre duqc hoc ve muo vd cdch thuc thye vqt phdt t r i l n tu hqt, cu hay viec cho tre thorn gio nhd ed cung Id dqy tre kT ndng phdn loqi, phdt trien khd ndng vdn ddng tinh Vdi ddc tfnh td md, ham h i l u b i l t , tre mdu gido khdng ngung tim h i l u ve t h i gidi xung quanh thdng quo ede gidc quon: nhin, nghe, ngui, n I m ,
sd D l cdc gidc quon phdt t r i l n , tre cdn duqc khdm phd, duqc trdi nghiem Mudn phdt t r i l n tu duy cua tre vd chud'n bi eho giai doqn phdt trien
t i l p theo, gido vien (GV) cdn dqy cho tre cdch
huy dqng tdt ed cdc gidc quon 6i phdn loqi, d y
dodn vd giao t i l p , khdm phd ro cdc d i l m gidng
vd khdc nhou cuo mdi sy vdt, hien tuqng
Qua KPKH, tre duqc phdt triln khd ndng phdng dodn dya vdo nhQng thdng tin thu nhdn duqc quo quon sdt vd thu nghiem, tre bdt ddu ed nhQng suy ludn ve nhQng dieu xdy ro trong mdi trudng xung quanh minh NhQng suy ludn logic ddu tien cuo tre dyo vdo khd ndng quan sdt vd nhQng gi tre bdt gdp, nhin thdy trong mdi trudng GV ed the giup tre suy ludn logic bdng cdch khuyin khfch tre xem xet nhQng khfo cqnh khde nhou cuo mqt sy viec hay tinh hudng ndo dd Khd ndng suy ludn ehfnh xde cuo tre phy thudc vdo nhung trdi nghiem vd vd'n sd'ng kinh nghiem cuo tre Trong KPKH, tre di
d i n nhQng gidi thfeh, k i t ludn ve nhQng thdng tin chung nhdn duoc NhQng k i t ludn cuo tre duoc hinh thdnh tu k i t qud cuo nhung thu nghiem thye
sy Id CO sd cuo nhQng kinh nghiem cuo t r i Vf dy:
t r i cd t h i d u dodn, khdm phd nhQng gi se xdy ro khi thay ddi'ede do ddc vd do ddi cuo dudng ddc hodc su dyng dnh sdng khdc nhou
Quan sdt nhQng gi xdy ro, khd ndng giao
t i l p cuo tre phdt t r i l n khi tre md td gidng vd khde nhou d mdi «thf nghiem" eua minh Hodc khi tre phdi duo ro nhQng d y dodn If gidi eho hien tuqng Vf dy: tre ed the quon sdt sy khde biet ve
* Vien Klioa Iioc giao due Viet Nam
#
Trang 2aoqn ouong not Km ino oong iren aoc vi uy rre co ve Knong quan ram aen viec inut men mor khdc: mdt G V mdm non mang d i n Idp: mdt qud hoqt ddng cy the thi hdv de xud't mdt hoqt ddng tdo dd, mdt qud mdu xanh; hoi qud earn; noi khdc hodc thu Iqi vdo tndi d i l m khde Hdy phdt qud budi vd hoi qud ehudl T r i se duqc khdm triln khd ndng ty nhien ciio tre bdng cdch khdng phd qud bdng cdch quon sdt kfch thudc, hinh bude t r i phdi Idm dieu tre khdng thfeh md hdy dqng, mdu sdc, kit cdu, vi vd thdnh phdn cuo cdc bdng cdch khuyen khfch tre tham gio cdc hoqt loqi qud qua quon sdt, phdn loqi, cdm, ndm, sd ddng hudng tdi myc dfeh dd
md, ngui, n I m , 4) GV cdn xde dinh cdc khia egnh eua KH md
T r i mdu gido ed t h i ndm bdt cdc nguyin tdc t r i thfeh thu tu 60 ndi chuyin vdi t r i v l \q\ fch KH
KH CO bdn rdt d l ddng phu hqp vdi t r i Mdt thf t r i vd khuyin khich nhQng nd luc cua tre Vi du: nghigm don gidn su dyng 2 cdc nhyo ndi vdi nlu t r i bj hdp ddn bdi nhQng con khung bng thi nhau bdng ddy ed the dqy cho t r i em mdt bdi to chuc cho t r i «dqc" sdch v l khung long, rfido hqe gid trj ve dm thonh Judn ve khung long, xdy dyng cdc md hinh khung Tdt cd nhQng khdm phd KH vT dqi d I u bdt jopg gh^ thdm cdc viSn bdo tdng de thdy md ddu vdi cdc thu nghi§m, vd t r i em khdng boo hinh hda thoch khung long Su hilu bilt cua GV
gid qud \Th de bdt ddu thu nghiSm trong mdt ^ g^^p ^^^ ^d nhdn hod thdnh nhung kinh nghiSm
mdi trudng on todn vd duqc gidm sdt hoc tdp cuo minh
3 Td* chuc cho h-l mdu gido KPKH nhu t h i 5 / Qy ^.^^ f,,^, ^Q^ ^ d , ^hung khodnh khdc
ndo de dqt hiSu qud cd t h i day dd frl Khi t r i nhin thdy mdt bdng hoa
DDeto chuc hogt ddng KPKH cho trd, G V ^dng dep vdo muo xudn se su dung co hdi do 6^
cdn xdy dyng mdi trudng thue ddy h; duy KH: ^^do ludn v l dnh sdng vd hoa.' Cd t h i c h o tre
GV nen cd gdng cho tri theni thdi gian vd cdc ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^h trdng cu hodc hot gidng hoa nguyen vdt lieu de t r i khdm phd mdi trudng mdt ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ hodc trong lap vd eho tri xem
each day du nhdt^Khong du thoi gion khom pha, ^^Ong phdt triln nhu t h i ndo Cdn tdn dung nhQng tre se khong the ihu nhqn duqc nhung kien thue ^ - , ^ ^ ^ ^ludc vdi t r i biln thdnh nhung
KH tu nhien can thiet de suy luon mot each logic ' - » - •*' 1 ^ 1 1 , f j ' " _ , • , X , , , I , " i I "i, ^ ** noi CO von de can duoc hm hieu, kham pna de
Coc cong cu ho fro khom pho: kmh lup, conq cu 1 - ' J * L I _ ' ' J - ' «• I / U
•« I > '^ 4\- « • ^ ^ ^ • tqo sy hop don cho h-e den vai KH
01 T X-' L'' L X J - i/'oi/'u L x_» r-\/ dj Hdy chia se sd thich KH cua minh vdi tre
2) Trong to etiue t)oat dong KPKH eho tre, GV r-\/L - L X _ « ' -^ - - 1
1 L- -» ' L' 1 • j ^ - A I - G V hoac cha me tre co mot cong viec lien quan
khong con quo chu trong den su ngon ndp (vi j ' i^ij L • J ' L • 1 • L o" L
-•I, >„ - L« L-" - 1- "I den KH hay so thich cua tre hay hm ro nhimg
thuong xuyen tao ro su buo bdn cung lo mot j ^ > / , „ , , H.-1 - 4»' ^ W I L phdn hoe tdp tfch cue vd sdng too cua tri) Quo * ^ " 9°" 9"j """l^^ ^, ^"^"9 ^"^ ^^- ^^^°"3
«thu" vd «sai" se hinh thdnh khd ndng tu hoe d " ! " 5 " " 9 ^^^P^^^^ ^f y » ^ 9 son co mo hdy de h-l sou ndy Khdng cho phep tre mdc ldi cung ^® ^"^^ ^ ' ^ ° ' " P^^ '^^^c xdy dyng nhung y
ddn tdi tdm If so thdt boi khi h-l hoot ddng Thdng tvAwg cua rieng minh , , ,
thudng G V hoy gdp qud nhilu ndl dung trong ^' ^' c^^^/e" vdi tre ve cdc chu de KH lien
mdt hoat ddng gido due md mdi hoot ddng dd 9 " ° " ^en tryyen hinh, tqp chf, sdch hodc ve
mang y l u td, hodc tinh hudng gido due Vf du: ^°^ ^^^ "^^9 KH md h i gap phdi: dieu gi tre Chi vdi mdt cdi thou ddy nude t r i ed the bd vdo ^^°^ ^°"^ ^^l ^^e dd hoc duqc gi Vdi tre mdu
dd vdi thu dd choi: mling bqt biln, qud bdng, 9'<^o 1°^ cd the thdo ludn ndng coo nhu: lieu KM
milng gd Tu dd t r i cd nhOng trdi nghiem vd ^^^ ^^inh bdy trong cdc cdu chuyen KH vien
cd gido dd ed t h i giup t r i hllu t h i ndo Id chim ^^'^^g ' ° *^dt hay hu cdu
vd ndi, phdt triln khd ndng tu duy cuo t r i ^J Ddn/i thdi gian detre thdo ludn Cuqc thdo
h
Idp
thien nhien vd thdm chf ngay ed h"ong cdc hop " Logi CH myc dieh: + Tdp trung sy chu y den chi
66 choi cuo h-l Quon sdt thdi do khi t r i KPKH thi h i t quon trqng, tinh hudng ; + De Idm gi?;
G V se ddnh gid duqc hoqt ddng dd cd phu hqp (Xem tiep trang 60)
Tap clii Giao due so 2 6 5 (ki
Trang 3fch md gido dye mong Iqi eho cdng ddng trudc
khi gido dye ddl hdi sy ddng gdp eua eqng
ddng Dilu ndy ddl hdi sy vdn hdnh Idn, ddng
bd eua todn ngdnh gido dye ndl chung vd
GDMN ndl riSng Trudng MN cdn xdy dung
cho minh mqt thuong hlf u rilng, khdng djnh
eho minh mdt ehd't luqng CSGD tdt, ddp ung
ylu cdu ngdy cdng coo cOa xd hdi, xdy dyng
nhd trudng M N trd thdnh don v\ cung ung djch
vy tdt nhd't ddp ung don ddt hdng cuo xd ndl tu
dd cdng tdc QL XHHGDMIM se ed hiSu qud
***
Cdc BPQL cdng tdc XHHGDMN ndm trong
mqt ehfnh thi ed mdi quon h i qua Iqi dnh hudng
Idn nhou, hd trq nhau vd ed Knh thdng nhd't
ddng bd Trong qud trinh thye hien ede bl§n phdp khdng nen tuylt dd'i hod bien phdp ndo
vd cung khdng xem nhe biln phdp ndo, md phdi phdi kit hop vd thye hiln llnh hoqt ede biln
phdp tr§n 6e cdng tdc QL XHHGDMN dqt hllu
qud coo.G
Tdi li^u tham khio
1 Luat GWo dye NXB Gido due, H 2005
2 Bili Minti Hidn - Trdn Ki^m GiAo trinh qudn If vd
lAnh d^o nhd tnrdng NXB Dgi hge suphgm Hd N0i,
2009
3 UBND TP HSi Ph6ng Quyit dinh sd408/QD-UBND
vi phdt triin gido di/ie mdm non TP Hdi Phdng din ndm 2020, Hdi Phdng 2010
Kham pha khoa hoc
(Tlip theo trang 36)
- Loqi CH cdm gidc: + Do, dong, dim duqc bao nhldu?;
+ Ndng/nhe the ndo?; + C u n g / m l m ro soo?;
+ Coo - thdp; rdng hep; ddl - ngdn thi ndo?; Loqi
CH so sdnh, phdn tich, phdn loqi, glong vd khde nhou
nhu thi ndo?; Loqi CH khuyin khich khd ndng phdn
dodn, suy ludn: + Dy dodn dilu gi se xdy ro nlu ?;
+ Duo ra gidi phdp cho ede vd'n dl ?; + Khuyin
khfch sy phdn dnh v l kinh nghiem vd xdy dung ede y
tudng mdi: Tqi soo tre nghT nhu vdy? Cd thi gidl thfeh
dilu dd?
Vf dy, nlu ehu d l khdm phd Id sy «thay doi sinh hqe
vd vdng ddi* ed thi cho h i khdm phd: + Hqt gidng vd
cdy hdng (dim ede hqt bin h-ong qud tdo, trdng nhung
hqt gidng, quon sdt each thue thye vqt phdt triln h-ong
dilu kign khde nhou ); + Vdng ddl eua cdc lodi ddng
vqt khde nhou (vdng ddi cuo eon Ich, con ehd, con budm,
eon ngudi ); -»- Do ludng sy tdng hvdng d thuc vqt vd
dqng vdt ; + Sue khde vd binh tdt cuo mdi lodi
KPKH Id ndi dung quon trqng trong chuong h-inh
gido dye mdm non Dqy h i mdu gido KPKH se giup h-l
ed kT ndng hllu thi gidi, tdng eudng sy thdnh cdng cuo
tri sou ndy •
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1 Trin Thj Ngpc TrSm "Gido due khoa hqe vdi sy phdt tri6n
nhdn thirc ciia trg miu gido" Tgp chi Gido d^ie, sCf 81 thdng
3/2008 trang 28-31
2 Piaget J Tuyin tdp tdm Uhgc NXB Gido due, H 1996
3 Cac website: http://www.preschoolexpress.com/
discovery_station.shtml; http://www.first-shool schooo.ws/
theme/science.htm; http://Starbrigh preschool.com/
wordpress/curriculum
Anh hirdng cua moi hvong
(Tlip theo trang 53)
hudng tfch eye din thdi do vd kit qud dqy hqe Cd thi ndi, MTLH THMD ed dnh hudng h-yc Hip din kit qud hqe tqp cua SV cd v l kiln thuc, kT ndng Idn thdi do •
(1) J P Dorman Classroom environment research: Progress and possibiUties Queensland Joumal of Educational Research, 2002
(2) Vinesh Chandra and Darrell Fisher The application of the results of learning environments research to an innovative teacher-designed website Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Adelaide, July, 2003
Tdi lif u tham khao
1 J P Dorman B J Fraser Psychosocial
environment and affective outcomes in technology-rich classrooms: testing a causal model Soc Psychol Educ (2009) 12:77-99 DOI 10.1007/sl 1218-008-9069-8
2 Toansakul Santiboon Associations between Students' Perceptions in Laboratory Learning Environments and Teacher Interpersonal Behaviours in Physics Classes in Thailand, The 1st International Conference on Educational Reform 2007,2007 Mahasarakham University, ThaiLand
3 D L Fisher Learning environments in mathematics classrooms and their associations with students' attitudes and learning Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Adelaide, December 1998
4 Tieu chuin xdy dung Viet Nam Trudng dai hoc - tieu chudn thi^t k l TCVN 3981 1985
Tap ciii Giao due so 2 6 5 (ki i - 7/2011)