O T R U O N G T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G O TS NGUYEN THANH NHAN* 1 Ljch si) (LS) la bdn than cua hien thyc khach quan Trdi qua qua trinh ddu tranh vi su sinh ton vd phdt trien, con ngudi da de Iq[.]
Trang 1O T R U O N G T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G
O TS NGUYEN THANH NHAN*
1 Ljch si) (LS) la bdn than cua hien thyc
khach quan Trdi qua qua trinh ddu tranh vi su
sinh ton vd phdt trien, con ngudi da de Iqi nhung
ddu vet, chung minh cho qua khu co that trong
thdi dqi minh; mot trong nhung ddu vet do Id di
tich lich su (DTLS) «Trong cac khoa hoc khao co,
bao ton - bdo tang khdi niem Di tkh Id de chi
nhdng vet tich cdn sot lgi cua mot thai da qua
Thdi da qua ndi chung khdng de Iqi cho chung ta
horn nay mot cdi gi cdn nguyen ven"(l) GS Phan
Ngoc Lien, trong gido trinh Phuong phap day hoc
lich su (DHLS), cho rdng: di tich thuoc nhom dd
dung true quan hien vdt, day Id nguon tdi lieu gdc
rdt cd gid trj, gom nhung hien vdt Id vdt chdt nhu
nhd cua, thdnh gudch, Idng tdm, dinh chua, tugng
ddi Cd di tich cdn ndi tren mat ddt, cd di tich
chim sdu trong Idng ddt hay bi ngdp nude (2)
Nhu vdy, «Tieu chi ddu tien de xdc dinh mdt DTLS
Id no phdi co thuc tu trudc vd luu giu den ngay
nay, bao gid cung gdn lien, phdn dnh, ghi nhdn,
minh chung mot su kien, nhdn vdt LS, dgc biet Id
nhung su kien LS ldn, quan trong" (3)
2 Su dung di tich trong DHLS Id rdt can
thiet vd cd y nghTa vd cung to ldn Su dung cd
hieu qua di tich trong dgy hoc giup hoc sinh (HS)
cd phuong tien de nhdn thuc cdc su kien trong
qua khu; tqo duqc bieu tuang cy the, chinh xdc,
sinh ddng ve cdc sy kien, nhdn vdt LS, gdp phdn
khdc phyc tinh trang «hien dqi hoa LS"; bd sung
nhung tri thuc md HS dd tiep thu tren Idp; rut ra
nhung ket ludn khdi qudt, phdt hien quy ludt van
ddng, phdt trien cua LS Mat khdc, su dyng di
tich trong dgy hoc gdp phdn boi dudng tu tudng
tinh cam, dqo due vd phdt trien nhdn each cho
HS, nhu: gido dye truyen thdng, Idng kinh yeu,
khdm phyc, biet an ddi vdi cdc anh hung ddn tdc
tung phyc vy cho Iqi ich nhdn ddn; boi dudng HS
y thuc ton trong vd bdo ve DTLS Bdi «DTLS - van
hoa Id nhung ddu dn cua mot thdi dqi Thdi dqi
nao vdi trinh do phdt trien kinh te van hoa nhu
the ndo, deu co the nhin thdy khd rd trong cdc di
tich Vi vdy, ta cd the ndi, di tich Id nhung tdm guang cua LS" (4) Su dyng di tich trong DHLS
cdn gdp phdn phdt huy ndng lyc hoqt ddng tu duy ddc lap cho HS, ren luyen kT ndng quan sat, ddnh gid, phdn tich vd rut ra ket ludn khoa hoc
vd tqo duqc sy hung thu hoc tap
Thua Thien Hue, manh ddt keo ddi tu sdng O Lau den deo Hdi Vdn, dja danh dd chung kien biet bao thdng tram cua LS; nai hdi ty cua hdu het cdc nen vdn hda dd tung ton tqi tren ddt nude Viet Nam; cung Id nai ghi ddu dn ve nhung sy kien ldn cua LS ddn tdc Vi vdy, Thua Thien Hue dang luu giu mdt he thdng di tich da dang Tuy nhien, bdi viet nay chi lay vi dy cy the qua viec
day hoc LS Viet Nam tu 1919-1975 d trudng Trung hoc phd thdng
3 He thdng cdc DTLS Thua Thien Hue cd
the su dyng trong DHLS Trong sach DTLS van hoa Thua Thien Hue (Bdo tang Td'ng hqp Thua
Thien Hue) dd trinh bay he thdng di tich duqc Bd Vdn hda thdng tin xep hang (tinh den 2002) nhu
sau: Di tich luu niem Bde Hd, gom: Di tich luu
niem thdi nien thieu Bde Hd tqi ngdi nhd 112, Mai Thuc Loan (TP Hue); Nhd luu niem Bde Ho d Duang No, dinh Duang No, Trudng Qudc hoc
Hue; DTLS each mang, gom: Di tich luu niem tdi
dc Khu chin ham vd nhd Ngd Dinh Cdn; Dja dgo Khu uy Trj Thien Hue, dinh Bdn Mdn, dinh Hda Phong, dinh Vdn The, dudng Ho Chi Minh tren dja phdn tinh Thua Thien Hue, Di tich luu niem
Xu uy Trung ki tqi ngdi nhd sd 95C - Phan Ddng Luu (Hue), Nhd luu niem ddng chi Nguyin Chi
Dieu, Trudng KT nghe thyc hdnh; Di tich luu niem danh nhdn, gdm: Lang md Tran Thuc Nhdn, Lang
md Tran Van Ky, Lang md - Nhd tha Ddng Huy Tru, Lang md Nhd thd Nguyin Khoa Chiem -Nguyin Khoa Ddng, Lang md Nguyen Cu Trinh, Ngdi md chung hai nhd yeu nude Thdi Phien -Tran Cao Vdn, Nhd d - Lang md - Nhd thd vd NghTa dja mang ten Phan Bdi Chau, Nhd thd
-* Truong Dai hoc sir pham - Dai hoc Hue Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 3 (k 1 • 6/2011)
Trang 2Lang mg Nguyen Tri Phuang, Nha tha - Lang md
nhd tha Tuy Ly Vuong, Phii tha Ton That Thuyet;
DTLS, gom: Thdp doi Liiu Cdc, Nui Bdn; Nganh
nghe truyen thdng, gom: Thanh Binh tCr dudng,
Lang md yd Tu dudng Kim hoan tdc, Lang mg vd
Nhd thd Ong td nghe due dong; Di tich kien true
nghe thuat: Chua Gidc Luang, Chua Thdnh Duyen,
Cdu ngdi Thanh Todn, dinh An Truyen, dinh chua
Thuy Duong, dinh Lgi The, dinh Dg Le, dinh MT
Lgi, dinh Phu Xudn, dinh Thu LI, dinh vd mieu
khai canh The Lgi Thuang, dinh Van Xd
4 Su dung DTLS - van hda trong dgy hgc
LS Gido vien (GV) cdn quan triet mdt sd nguyen
tdc, nhu: ddm bdo myc tieu bdi hoc tren cd ba
mat kien thuc, bdi dudng tu tudng tinh cam vd ren
luyen kT ndng hoc tap cho HS; ddm bdo tinh khoa
hoc (quan trong nhdt); ddm bdo tinh Ddng, the
hien tu tudng, quan diem cua GV khi lua chgn, su
dyng di tich; ddm bdo tinh su phgm de phu hqp
vdi chuang trinh, ndi dung ca bdn, yeu cdu bdi
hoc, trinh dd HS vd thuc tien dja phuong; ddm
bdo phdt huy tinh tich cue nhqn thuc cho HS
Su dyng DTLS - van hda Thua Thien Hue trong
DHLS d trudng phd thdng, GV cd the tien hdnh
trong mdt sd trudng hqp:
1) Su dyng tai lieu lien quan DTLS - van hoa
Thua Thien Hue trong bai hoc noi khoa tren lap
Day Id viec Idm cd y nghTa ddi vdi qua trinh day
hoc, bdi, cdc tdi lieu nay Id bdng chung khoa
hoc, phong phu, cy the ve sy kien LS Tren ca sd
dd, HS cd the ndm vung bdn chdt sy kien, hinh
thdnh khdi niem, neu quy ludt, rut ra bdi hoc LS
Trong trudng hqp nay, GV cd the su dyng tu lieu
ve di tich dudi cdc bien phap sau: - Phyc che mo
hinh di tich da mdt (dya tren ca sd tdi lieu vd
tranh dnh cdn luu giu duqc) phyc vy cho ndi dung
bdi hoc; - Su dyng tai lieu ket hqp voi phuong
tien day hoc hien dqi (may tinh, may chieu vd
mot sd phdn mem tien ich) de trinh chieu hinh
dnh nhdm tang tinh tryc quan, sinh ddng Chang
han, khi gidng ve phong trao each mang
1930-1935, GV cd the su dyng dnh nhd luu niem ddng
chi Nguyen Chi Dieu vd dogn tu lieu trong cuon
«Chi khi trong lao tu" ndi ve dung khi cua mdt
chien sT each mang trudc phien tda «Dqi hinh
dqc biet" cua thyc ddn Phap nam 1933; - Su
dyng tai lieu phan anh nqi dung di tich de thiet
ke bai tap LS giup HS hieu rd nhung van de, sy
kien, nhdn vdt LS GV cd the yeu cdu HS xdc djnh
tren bdn do, sa do cdc di tich lien quan den mdt
giai doan LS cy the Chdng han, khi day ve phong
trao dan chu 1936-1939, yeu cdu HS xdc djnh
tren bdn dd Thua Thien Hue (dang bdn do cam)
vj tri cua ca guan Xu uy Trung ky thdi ki
1936-1939, try sd tda bdo Ddn, Nhd luu niem ddng chi Nguyin Chi Dieu hodc yeu cdu HS suu tdm tdi lieu de xdy dyng ho sa dudi dgng mieu td, tudng thudt phdn dnh ndi dung di tich Vi dy, khi dgy ve budi ddu hogt ddng cua Nguyen Ai Qudc (tu ndm 1911-1918), GV cd the suu tdm nhung cdu chuyen ve thdi nien thieu cua Bde Ho khi sdng tren ddt Hue (cd lien quan den di tich 112 Mai Thuc Loan vd dinh Duong No)
2) Su dyng DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Hue trong bai hoc LS nqi khoa tqi thyc dia, GV can
chgn vdn de vd dja diem vdi sd tiet hoc vd dieu kien tien hdnh GV cdn chudn bi cho HS chu ddo
ve tu tudng, kien thuc chuyen mdn, dja diem, do dung tryc quan vd each thuc td chuc tien hdnh Trong trudng hqp, neu hudng ddn di tich thyc hien, GV phdi trao ddi vdi hq myc tieu, ndi dung
vd tien trinh bdi hoc Chang hgn, dgy ve Cach mgng thdng Tdm - 1945, d Hue, GV cd the tien hdnh bdi hoc tgi Ngq Mdn, nai chung kien I I thoai vj cua vua Bao Dgi, ddnh ddu sy sup dd* hoan todn cua che dd quan chu chuyen che d nude ta Ngodi viec tien hdnh cdu true bdi hoc ndi khoa, GV cd the suu tdm nhung cdu chuyen trong nhieu sach noi ve viec van ddng vua Bdo Dgi thoai vj, diin bien budi II (neu cd the cho HS diin lgi sy kien noi tren) Nhu vdy, HS se hung thu vdi budi hoc tqi di tich Hodc khi day ve
Cuoc tien cdng va ndi day xuan Mau Than, GV
cd the tien hdnh bdi hoc tqi Bia tudng niem chien cong cua 11 co gai song Huong dd chien ddu
anh dung day lui mdt tieu doan dich (duqc Bde
Ho gui thu khen ngai) De cd gid gidng sinh ddng,
GV cd the mdi nhdn chung cdn sdng ke chuyen hodc suu tdm nhung mdu chuyen ve khdng khi chudn bj vd chien ddu anh dung cua cdc chj trong
cuon Hue Xuan 68 (Thdnh uy Hue - 2002) 3) Su dyng DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Huede bien soqn cac tiet LS dia phuong quy dinh trong chuong trinh Td chuc cho HS suu tdm tdi lieu ve
cdc di tich de bien soqn gido an LS dia phuang Qua dd cd the giup HS budc ddu Idm quen vdi nghien cuu khoa hoc vd y thuc duqc day Id cdng viec quan trong, cd y nghTa quyet djnh Khi bien soqn bdi gidng LS Thua Thien Hue, GV chu y tham khao cdc loai tdi lieu, trong dd cd tdi lieu
di tich (bdi gidng phdi mang tinh thdng su chu khdng phdi Id chuyen su) GV phdi chu y trinh Tap chi Giao due so 263 (k, i 6/201 n
Trang 3bay day du cac giai doan phat trien cua LS dja
phuang, lam ro mdi lien he giua LS dja phuong
vai LS dan toe Chang han, d Thua Thien Hue,
GV co the thiet ke bdi gidng theo cdc chu de:
Thua Thien Hue trong each mgng Thdng Tdm
-1945, Thua Thien Hue trong khdng chien chong
MT cuu nuac (1954-1975) Vdi chu de Thua
Thien Hue trong each mgng Thang Tam - 1945,
bdi gidng co the co cdc myc sau: Bdi canh LS,
dien bien vd tdc dgng cua each mgng thdng Tdm
d Thua Thien Hue ddi vdi thdng lgi chung cua
each mang cd nude Moi sy kien lien guan den
diin bien each mgng thdng Tdm deu diin ra trong
mdt khdng gian, thdi gian cy the, do dd, tgi day
cd nhieu DTLS van cdn ton tgi, nhu: Tda Khdm su
Trung ky (nay Id trudng Dgi hgc su phgm Hue),
Sdn van dgng Tu Do (nai diin ra cudc mft tinh
do dong chi Td Huu - Chu tjch Uy ban khdi nghTa
tuyen bd xda bd chinh quyen thyc ddn phong
kien vd thdnh lap chinh quyen each mang cua
tinh Thua Thien vd thdnh phd Hue), Dgi Noi (nai
thdnh lap chinh quyen bu nhin Tran Trong Kim,
cudc van ddng vua Bdo Dqi thodi vj), Cua Ngg
Mdn (nai diin ra I I thodi vj) Viec su dyng tdi
lieu lien quan den cdc di tich giup HS cd cdi nhin
day dii, sinh ddng, hdp dan ve cdng tdc chudn bi
cung nhu khdng khi hdo hung cua nhung ngay
diin ra each mgng d Cd dd
4) Su dyng DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Huede
tien hanh mot so hogt dong ngogi khoa, GV cd
the tien hdnh dudi nhung hinh thuc sau:
- To chuc trd choi LS Vi dy, khi td chuc cho
HS tham quan nhd tudng niem dong chi Nguyin
Chi Dieu, GV cd the td chuc trd chai gidi dap «0
chu hi an", vdi tu hdng dqc Id nhdn vdt Nguyin
Chi Dieu vd cdu hdi cho cdc tu hdng ngang lien
quan den phong trao nhu: Hoang Anh, Nguyin
Chi Thanh, Td Huu, Hdi Trieu, bdo Sdng Huang
tyc ban, bdo Nhanh lua Hodc td chuc trd chai
nhdm tim hieu sy lien quan giua dja danh vdi
cdc sy kien, nhdn vdt LS, vi dy, to chuc trd chai ve
nguon (tim hieu each mang thdng Tdm - 1945 d
Thua Thien Hue), GV yeu cdu HS tim hieu tdi lieu
de trd ldi cdc sy kien cd lien quan den dja danh
(sdn van ddng Ty Do, Ngq Mdn, Dam Cdu Hai),
nhdn vdt (Phan Tu Lang, Td Huu, Ton Quang Phiet,
Tran Trong Kim, Bdo Dgi, Hoang Anh, Tran Huy
Lieu ) Vdi hogt ddng ngoai khoa nhu vdy se
giup HS cd hung thu nghien cuu, suu tdm tdi lieu,
hieu sdu han LS dja phuang, nhdt Id cdc sy kien
cd lien quan den di tich
- Tdchuc noi chuyen, ke chuyen LS Vi dy, khi
ndi ve tdi dc cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem ddi vdi each mgng mien Nam, GV cd the su dyng tdi lieu khao td ve cdc di tich Chin ham, Lao Thua Phu vd cdc cdu chuyen, ket hqp vdi nhung hinh dnh ndi ve canh lao tu hd khdc vdi nhung nhyc hinh, tra tan man rq ddnh cho cdc chien sT cdng sdn Dieu dd khdng chi giup HS cd bieu tuang rd rdng ve tdi dc cua chinh quyen hq Ngd, md cdn hun due trong HS Idng cam thu ddi vdi bgn bdn nude
- Td chuc cho HS tham quan DTLS - van hda
De budi tham quan di tich cd hieu qua, cdn tuy thudc nhieu yeu td nhu: cdng tdc chudn bj, each thuc td' chuc, kiem tra ket qua thu nhqn sau tham quan Nhung, yeu td khdng kem phdn quan trong tdc ddng den ket qua hoc tap Id phdi biet khai thac tdi da tdi lieu lien quan den hien vdt, sy kien, nhdn vdt; biet dan ddt HS di tu biet den hieu vd hieu sdu sdc cdc sy kien lien quan den di tich
- Tdchuc dg hdi LS Hinh thuc nay neu td chuc
tdt se cd y nghTa gido dye rdt ldn vd gdp phdn thyc hien phuang chdm dgy hoc gdn lien vdi thyc tiin, nhd trudng gdn lien vdi xd hdi Chang hgn,
td chuc dq hdi LS vdi chu de «Phong trao ddu tranh cua HS, sinh vien Hue trong khdng chien chong MTcuu nude", GV cd the td chuc mdt trong
cdc nai, nhu: try sd Td'ng hdi sinh vien, HS Hue, Trudng Qudc H o c , Ngodi phdn trang tri de tgo khdng khi I I hdi nhu: tranh dnh cdc cudc xudng dudng cua HS, sinh vien Hue; td chuc vdn nghe;
to chuc giao luu vdi cdc nhdn chung dd tham gia phong trao; ke chuyen ve mdt vdi nhdn vdt tieu bieu (tdm guang hi sinh cua liet sT - nhd gido Ngd Kha); td' chuc xen ke mdt sd trd choi LS
GV cdn cd the yeu cdu HS nghien cuu tdi lieu ve
sy chi dgo cua Tong hdi ddi vdi phong trao, mdt
sd cudc xudng dudng tieu bieu giup HS hieu day
du ve mdt giai dogn LS sdi ddng Ddng thdi, bdi dudng cho HS tinh than yeu nude, y chi qudt cudng chong ngogi xam dd hun due gua nhieu the he cha anh di trudc •
(1) Tran Quoc Vuong - Mai Dinh Yen "Cac di tich va the"
canh mdi sinh" Tap chi Xua vd Nay, s6 thang 4/1997
(2) Phan Ngoc Lien (chu bien) Trjnh Dinh Tung -Nguyen Thj Coi Phutrng phap day hoc ljch su, tap 2
NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2002
(3) Hoang Thanh Hai Sii dung di tich lich sii trong dgy hgc lich su ddn tgc d truong trung hoc ca sd
Luan an Tie'n si Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Ndi 1999
(4) Phan Khanh Bao tang - Di tich - Le hoi NXB
Thdng tin, H 1992
Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 3 pa i • 6/201 p