a \ O ThS PHAM VAN KHANH* Phd cdp gido dye (PCGD) Id biSn phdp quan Trong thye t l , d cd''''p THCS mudn thye hien dugc trgng nhdm thye hien myc tiSu ddn tri Ddn cdng tdc PLHS Idnh mgnh, dung hudng thi p[.]
Trang 1a \
O ThS PHAM VAN KHANH*
Phd cdp gido dye (PCGD) Id biSn phdp quan Trong thye t l , d cd'p THCS mudn thye hien dugc trgng nhdm thye hien myc tiSu ddn tri Ddn cdng tdc PLHS Idnh mgnh, dung hudng thi phdi tri Id tiln d l d l tdng trudng kinh t l , phdt thye hien tdt GD hudng nghiep eho HS GD huy ddn chu vd tien bd xd hdi Vi vdy, ddn trf hudng nghiep vd PLHS song hdnh vdi nhau Vl ludn duge coi Id mdt trong nhung myc tieu chiln vdy, trong phgm vi bdi ndy, cd t h i xem xet luge cOa cdc qudc gio dong phdt triln Trong thye hudng nghiep vd phdn ludng Id mdt ve cua vdn
te, qud h-inh ndng coo ddn trf cdn thye hi§n ddng d l (ggi tdt Id PLHS sou THCS)
bd vdi vi§c phdt triln GD-DT thi ddn trf mdi thye Vi ban chat: PLHS Id sy phdn hod theo nhdm
sy trd thdnh nhdn td cho phdt triln kinh te - xd hdi Idn ddi vdi HS sou THCS Dd Id nhung nhdm HS
Dd cung Id kinh nghiem cuo nhilu nude trong thye cd cung djnh hudng, cung nguyen vgng sou THCS
hien myc tieu ddn trf cuo minh Suy cho cung, myc Ve muc tieu: PLHS sau THCS nhdm phdt huy
tieu ddn trf khdng ehi vi ddn trf md phdi dugc ndng lye cuo ngudi hge tdt nhdt theo khd ndng, chuyin hod thdnh nhung ndng lye cuo dd't nude, hodn ednh, d i l u kien md hg ed duge
Ddng thdi vdi ddn trf vd sou ddn trf Id phdt trien Viy nghTa: PLHS sou THCS Id bien phdp thye
kinh te, ddn chu vd tien bd xd hdi Vi vdy, viec gdn hien hgp If hod xu hudng phdn hod cua HS sou kit giua PCGD vdi gido dye hudng nghiep (GDHN) THCS tren co sd ndng lye hge tdp, nguyen vgng phdn ludng hge sinh (PLHS) sou trung hge eo sd cua HS vd nhu cdu xd hdi
(THCS) Id vdn d l cdy nghTo thye te hien nay Trong Tgi sao phdi thuc hien PLHS sau THCS:
dd, hudng nghiep PLHS sou THCS Id bien phdp, Phdn hod trong GD Id xu huang fat yeu trong
ddng lye thuc ddy edng tdc PCGD ndi chung vd viec phdt trien ndng lye, hinh thdnh nhdn cdch
PCGD THCS ndi rieng, PCGD Id tiln 6e, dilu kien cua HS sou mot qud h-inh GD, ren luyen Trong
eho hudng nghiep vd PLHS sau THCS GD phd thdng, sou mdi Idp hge, cdp hge, sy phdn
1 Hudng nghiep vd phdn ludng trong GD hod se chia HS thdnh nhung nhdm khdc nhou ve
Theo Tu dien Tieng Viet, huong nghiep Id hge lye, ve sd thfeh, nguyen vgng, xu hudng nghe
«Thi hdnh nhung bien phdp nhdm bdo ddm sy nghiep Nhiem vy cua GD Id Idm sao ddp ung phdn bd tdi uu (cd chu y tdi ndng khieu, ndng tdt nhdt cdc yeu cdu khdeh quan dd Dgy hoc lye, t h i lye) nhdn ddn theo ngdnh vd logi loo phdn hda, thye hl§n phdn ban vd PLHS Id nhung ddng" (1) PLHS sou THCS Id vige lyo chgn, sdp cdch thuc de gidi quyet vdn de Tuy nhien, phdn
x I p mong tfnh xd hdi 6e HS sou khi tdt nghiep ludng khdc vdi phdn hda Ddi vdi HS sou THCS,
tilp hjc dugc GD vd DT theo nhung khuynh hudng pbdn hdo giup eho phdn ludng dugc da dgng
vd ngdnh hge khdc nhau phu hgp vdi nguyen vd cy t h i hon Phdn ludng vd phdn ban Id cdc vgng, ndng lye HS vd nhu cdu xd hdi hodc tham g'di phdp thye hien dgy hge phdn hda Trong gio lao ddng sdn xudt (LDSX) HS sou tdt nghiep f"di ludng cd sy phdn hda theo ludng, vi dy: THCS dugc phdn chia theo bdn ludng khdc nhou: ^rong ludng hiing hge phd thdng (THPT) cd trudng
GD phd thdng (ludng ehfnh); GD thudng xuyen; THPT chuyen, h-udng «khdng chuyen", cdc frudng gido dye nghi nghiep (GDNN) vd tham gio LDSX " ^ " 9 khieu khde nhau hodc phdn hda nhd hon (cdc ludng phy) Xu the hien nay cdn gidm HS (*^60 nhdm mdn hodc theo mdn hge ty chgn)
vdo ludng chfnh den mdt ti le phu hgp, tdng ti le '^^^ cdc ban khoa hoc h/ nhien, khoa hge co
HS cdc ludng- phy d mue cdn thiet, trong dd, ^^> ^^°° ^9^ xd hgi nhdn vdn trong h-udng
ludng LDSX gidm thilu cdng nhilu edng tdt * Sd Giao due va Bao tao fien Giang
Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 4 (ki 2 6/2011)
# ,
Trang 2THPT «phdn ban" Trong GDNN cd trudng trung
cdp chuyen nghiep (TCCN), trudng trung cdp
nghe, so cd'p nghi vdi nhilu ngdnh, vd hdng
trdm nghi DT khdc nhou Trong gido dye thudng
xuyen (GDTX) cd hinh thuc hge tdp trung, vua
hge vua Idm, ty hge cd ddng kf, hge theo Idp
phd cdp
Cudi cd'p tilu hge, sy phdn hod chuo ddn d i n
phdi phdn ludng Cudi cdp THCS, HS chudn bj
bude vdo tudi vj thdnh nien, tudi lao ddng, nen
sy phdn hod hong HS cung do dgng vd du Idn
6e phdi tiln hdnh phdn ludng sou THCS Dd Id
nguyen vgng cua mot bd phdn ddng ddo HS, Id
yeu cdu cua xd hdi
Nhu vdy, PLHS sou THCS cung Id yeu cdu khdeh
quan Yeu to khach quan trong PLHS sau THCS la
do tinh tdt yeu cua xu huong phan hod trong GD
quy dinh
PLHS sau THCS co Idm xoi mon Met tieu
cdc ca hgi hoc tdp cua HS sau THCS?
PLHS sou THCS Id phdn ludng sdm, tfch cue
nhdm gidi quylt nhu cdu nguyen vgng cuo ngudi
hge vd xd hdi Khdc vdi PLHS sou THPT Id chi cd
ludng GDNN vd tham gio LDSX, PLHS sou THCS
ngodi GDNN vd tham gio LDSX, ngudi hge cdn
cd ludng tiep hjc hge vdn phd thdng vdi muc do
phu hgp vdi trinh do, d i l u kien cua ngudi hge
theo chuong trinh GDTX O nude to, n l u thye
hien khdng tdt viec PLHS sou THCS cung cd nghTo
Id chung to vd tinh ddy mdt bd phdn ddng ddo
HS sou THCS yeu v l hge lye vd cd hodn ednh,
d i l u kien gio dinh khd khdn, khdng dugc t i l p
tyc hge md phdi nghi hge, tham gio LDSX, khdng
cd n g h i qua DT PLHS sou THCS Id tgo ra
phuong thuc hge phu hgp vd co hdi hge tdp ed
hieu qud, ft rul ro, ddp ung dugc nhu edu,
nguyen vgng dugc hge, cd nghi nghiep cuo
HS Thye hien PLHS sou THCS Idnh mgnh, dung
hudng, thdng thodng thye ehd't Id ndng coo hieu
qijd GD vd hl§u qud xd hdi (mdt bdng ehd't
lugng GD phd thdng dugc ndng len, eo cd'u
nhdn lye dugc cdi thlen, trdnh dugc Idng phf
xd hdi trong GD, )
Nhu vdy, PLHS sau THCS chdng nhCrng too co
hdi hge lgn md cdn do dgng hod phuong'thuc
hge, ludng hge cho ngudi hge, tgo dilu kien thfeh
hgp cho nhilu ngudl hge N l u HS cd nhu edu,
nguyen vgng vd ndng lye thi viec hge len cd nhilu
eo hdi, nhu; hge lien thdng, lien kit, tu xa, vua
hge vua Idm
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 6 4 (ki 2 6/2011)
2 Thye trgng PLHS sou THCS d Tiln Giang hien nay
Nhin chung, viee PLHS sou THCS trong ngdnh
GD tuy ed ehuyin biln tfch eye nhung vdn cdn nhilu hgn che nhu: phdt triln GD-DT khdng cdn ddi giua ede ludng, hieu qud xd hdi cuo phdn ludng chua coo, cdc ludng phy chuo thdng thodng
Nguyen nhdn co bdn Id: nhdn thue xd hdi v l
phdn ludng chuo dung hudng, nhdt Id tdm If cuo phu huynh vd HS Cdng tdc hudng nghiep trong trudng phd thdng cdn nhung y l u kem keo ddi,
b l tdc Cdc eo sd GDNN, GDTX chuo du mgnh
di cd sue thu hut vd thue hien tdt chuc ndng nhiem
vy PLHS sou THCS
Bllu hien tdp trung nhd't v l cdng tdc PLHS sou THCS Id cdc ti le, so lugng HS theo hge ede ludng nhu bdng dudi ddy:
Bdng sd lieu HS khdi 9 todn tinh trong PLHS sau THCS qua 3 ndm hge:
—^ yamhoc Cdc chi s6 " ^
S d l d p 9
86 HS ldp 9 S6 HS TN
PLHS sau THCS trong banam hoc
THPT Tile GDTX Tile GDNN Tile
Bo hoc Tile
2007-2008
601 23.299 22.924 15.982 69.7%
1.387 6%
520 2,3%
5.035 22%
2008-2009
566 21.668 20.841 13.926 66,8%
2.585 12,4%
1.060 4,6%
3.270 16.2%
2009-2010
574 21.739
21302 13.895 65.2% 2.950 13.8% 1.605 7,5% 2.852 13,5%
Nguon: Phong KHTC, So GD-DT Tien Giang Nhdn xet: Bdng tren cho thdy, trdng 3 ndm
qua, ti le HS sou THCS vdo hge THPT dd cd sy
gidm thilu ddn tu d9,7%xudng cdn d5,2%; Ti \'e
HS vdo GDTX tdng ddn len tu 6% len 13,8%
Ludng HS vdo hge GDNN tdng nhonh h> 2,3%
len 7,5% tdng hon 3 Idn Dgc biet, 2 ndm hge
2008-2009 vd 2009-2010 ed nhieu eo sd GDNN
di vdo hogt ddng Ti le HS sau THCS khdng tilp hjc hge cung cd sy gidm thilu tuong ung h> 22% xudng cdn 13,5%
Nhin chung, viee PLHS sou THCS dd phdt Win dung hudng ed nhung ddu hieu tfch cye song chua b i n vung (vi vdn cdn dn chua nhilu yeu td doo ddng, nhung ddu hieu cd tinh hinh thuc nhu
tl l§ cdc ludng khdc THPT cd tdng len nhung ti trgng giuo cdc ludng cdn qud chenh lech, ti le HS
bd hge sou THCS cdn qud Idn)
Trang 33 Mdt sd de xud't
Ti le hgp li cho djnh hudng PLHS sau THCS
a Tiin Giang:
Xem xet cdc ti le PLHS sau THCS tgi Tiln Giang
trong 5 ndm quo vd cdc ti lg tdt nghiep THPT,
trung tuyin DH, CD, thdy rdng: ti lg binh qudn HS
sou THCS vdo hoc THPT Id d8%, ti If tdt nghiep
THPT binh qudn Id 82%, ti le HS trung tuyin vdo
DH, CD binh qudn hdng ndm Id 35% Nhu vdy, ti
le thye te HS sou THCS tdt nghidp duoc vdo THPT
sou 3 ndm hge Id 55,7% (d8% x 82%), ti le HS
sou THCS, sou 3 ndm hoc THPT vd trung tuyin
vdo DH, CD Id 19,5% (55,7% x 35%) Nhin vdo
cdc ti le tren, mdi thdy rdng mong mudn cuo phy
huynh vd HS sou THCS vdi ti le hon 80% HS duge
hge len DH, CD Id phi thye t l N l u ddp ung mong
mudn tren cuo phy huynh vd HS thi hdng ndm
tinh Tiln Glong phdi tuyin vdo DH vd CD vdi sd
lugng Id 10.000 sinh vien, ehu ki hge binh qudn
Id 4 ndm, luu lugng sinh vign Id 40.000, tuong
duong vdi 10 trudng DH vd CD vdi quy md 4000
sinh vien/trudng Dilu ndy cung phi thye t l
Tdm loi, v l If thuyet, hien nay chi cd khodng
55,7% HS sou THCS vdo tHPT Id hieu qud V l
mat tri lye, khdng phdi JHS sou THCS ndo cung
hge theo hudng vdo DH, CD ngay dugc Vdy,
theo thdng ke ndy, nen chdng d i n ndm 2015 ti le
PLHS nen theo dinh hudng: ludng THPT: dO%; ludng
GDNN: 30%; ludng GDTX: 8%; ludng LDSX: 2%
Vi gidl phdp PLHS sau THCS: Trong bdn
nhdm gidi phdp quon trgng thudng duge neu trong thye hien PLHS sou THCS nhdm gidi phdp tuyen truyln ndng eao nhdn thuc; nhdm gidi phdp ddu tu; nhdm gidi phdp chfnh sdch vd xd hdi; nhdm gidi phdp qudn If nhd nude), chung to nen chgn lyo cdc bien phdp (trong cdc nhdm gidi phdp tren
nhdt Id gidl phdp ddu \u) phu hgp vdi mdi djo
phuong vd thye hien triet d l theo hudng phdn ludng tfch eye, Idnh mgnh, dung hudng vd on djnh Do
se Id ddp sd, Id ldi gidi cuo bdi todn PLHS sou THCS dong ddt ra
Tdm Igi, viec PLHS sou THCS dugc thye hien vdi nhung bign phdp tfch cye, myc tigu Idnh mgnh, ti le,
sd lugng dn djnh, phdt triln dung hudng Id bien phdp quon trgng ndng cao hieu aud xd hdi cOa edng tdc phd cdp GD trong finh hinh hien nay •
(I) HoJing Ptie TOr di^n Ti^ng Vif t NXB Khoa hge
xa h^i - Trung tdm Tit dien hge, H 1994
T^i lieu tham khio
1 Nguygn van Lfi - Ha Th^ Truyen - Bui VSn Quan Mdt s^ vS'n d^ vS giio due huvng nghiep cho hpe
sinh phd thdng NXB Dai hpe supham, H 2004
2 NguySn Van HO (chu biftn) - NguySn Thi Thanh HuySn
Hoat ddng giao due hmmg nghiep \k giing day Id thuSt trong truong phd thdng NXB Gidoduc H 2006
3 Dang Danh Anti "Quan dilm mdi vS hudng nghiep
trong uiidng ph6 thdng" Tgp chi Gido due, sd' 38/2002
Dao dire nghe nghiep
(Tiep theo trang 3j
he vdi ddng nghiep, vdi cdc bd phdn chuc ndng
trong tod sogn, vdi Idnh dgo tod sogn vd vdi cdc
don vj huu quon Ddc biet, phdi thi hien rd edi tdm
cuo minh ddi vdi tde gid bdi vllt, vdi sdn phdm
khoa hge duge edng bd, v.v
Thye tien Idm bdo chf khoa hge eho thdy, ndi
dung vd hinh thuc dn phdm bdo chf cuo logi hinh
ndyIchdng thi thodt li khdi tinh ehfnh h-j, tfnh khoa
hoc - thuc tien vd tfnh vdn hod Dd Id nguygn tdc md
ngudi ldm bdo chf khoa hge cdn nhdn thik thudng
tryc bgn minh; d l khdng bao gid phgm phdi nhung
sai sdt, sal Idm ddng tiee Dd cung ehfnh Id DD cuo
ngudi Idm bdo
Hien nay, cudc vdn dgng «Hgc tdp vd Idm theo
tdm girong DD Hd Chf Minh" dang dugc tiep hjc
triln khoi sdu hon trong todn xd hdi, theo Chl thj
cua Bd Chfnh trj (khod XI) vua mdi ban hdnh (14/
5/2011) Khdng chi hge tdp, Idm theo Bde Id mdt
ygu edu coo hon, dong dot ro hien nay D ^ vdi nhOng ngudi Idm bdo, ldm theo nhung en? ddn aja Bde v l DDNN cung nhu nhung viec Idm cu thi sinh ddng eua Ngudi khi Idm bdo Id mdt vinh dy vd nllm h/ hdo Bdi Bde Hd cua chung ta Id mdt nhd tu hidng, mdt nhd vdn hod ldn, dong thdi Ngudi cung
Id mdt nhd bdo vT dgi md chung to phdi noi theo, bdng nhOng hdnh dgng thiet thuc cua minh •
(1) Trung tam lir diln hpe Tur dien tieng Vi« NXB Dd Ndng, 2007
(2) HOru Thp Milt sang, long trong, biit siic NXB Gido due, H 2007
(3) Bo Thdng tin Va TruySn thdng Mdt stf vSn ban
chi d^o v^ quin li cda Dang, Nha nuvc vi hoat ddng bao ehi NXB Thdng tin va Truyin thdng, H 2010 (4) H6 Chi Minh Toan tSp, tap 4 NXB Chinh trri qu6e gia, H 2000
Tai Hgu tham khao
1 Chl thi sd' 37/2006/CT-TTg cua Thu tudng Chinti
phu vi viic thuc hiin liit ludn cua Bd Chinh tri vi mdt s6biin phdp tdng cu&ng lanh dgo vd qudn li bdo chi
2 Cac Website: nhabaovietnam.com; nghebao.com;
vja.org.vn
Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 4 (ki 2 6/2011)