CAM THU VAN CHUONG TRONG DAY VAN TWEO QVVTTIWH B A T A M G C A V T R V C O TRUONG D iNH '''' Cgm thy vdn chuong Id ydu edu khong t h i thi lu v l ndng luc ddi vdi gido vidn (GV) dqy van kd hqc sinh (HS}[.]
Trang 1CAM THU VAN CHUONG TRONG DAY VAN TWEO QVVTTIWH B A T A M G C A V T R V C
O TRUONG D i N H '
Cgm thy vdn chuong Id ydu edu khong t h i thilu
v l ndng luc ddi vdi gido vidn (GV) dqy van
kd hqc sinh (HS} hgc vdn, ddng thdi Id hieu
qud cudi cung the hien ehd't luqng dqy hgc van
Hien nay, d nhieu GV, ndng lye ndy edn rdt bdt
cdp; v l phia HS, ede em ngdy edng chdn hgc vdn vi
khong dgt dugc hieu ciud trdn vd vi hgc vdn md
khdng cdm nhdn dugc dde trung bq mdn so vdi cdc
mdn hgc khde Cdm thy vdn chuong theo quy ludt
bo tdng cdu true (BTCT): di tu ngdn tCr (A} qua hinh
tuqng (B) den ndi dung y nghta (C) khdng mdi, nhung
cdn duqc dqt Igi mot cdch sdu sde hon
1 Thue t r g n g : Cd t h i khdi qudt cdc kieu phdn
tich vdn cOa G V theo gdc nhin BTCT hien nay nhu
sou: 1) Chi phot hien (A) vd quy k i t ngay (C), ddn
de'n dp dgt y nghta, khdng giup HS hieu tgi sao
(A) Igi ddn den (C); 2) Chi phdt hien (B) rdi dp dgt
y nghta (C}, ddn den khdng djnh mdt (B) ed khi
khdng phdi cua (C); 3) Tu mdt y nghta vd dodn,
ydu edu HS ehimg minh bdng (A), ddn den dgy
vdn theo kieu minh hog; 4) Tfiodt li vide phdn h'ch
tu BTCT, dan d i n suy d i i n theo «chu nghta hien
thuc ngdy tho" (ddi cnieu vdn vdi ddi sdng di gidi
thich von bdn); 5) Khdng b i l t su dyng hgp li quan
hd BTCT, Idm rdi logn quy ludt edm thy vdn chuong,
khdng hinh thdnh duqc kt ndng
Chdng hqn, mot so k i l u cdu hdi vd mdnh de
nhu sou duqc dua ra khi phdn tfeh bdi «Cdnb
khuya" (Hd Chi Minh): / ; Hay cho biet K> «nhu
ve" (A) t h i hien edm xuc hqi hoq (C) cuo nhd tho
the ndo?; 2) Phep so sdnh (B) d cdu 1 noi Idn
nhung rung dgng finh te (C) cua nhd tho nhu the
ndo?; 3) Ve dep tho mgng ciia cdnh khuya (C)
t h i hien d cac ti> ndo? (A); 4) O Viet Bdc, trong
dem khuya ludn co fie'ng hdt vdng tu xa eua b q
ndo (A} ndi Idn ve dep tho mgng cua cdnh khuya
( 0 ? Cdc Kr d d (A) tgi sao cd the ndi dd su dyng
phep so sdnh (B)? Phep so sdnh do (B) t h i hien a
cac t u ndo? (A) Cdc cdu hdi nhu vqy, neu dugc
Idp di lap Iqi se khong hinh thdnh duge d HS kt
ndng cdm thy theo diing quy luqt cua BTCT
2 C o sd If ludn eua BTCT
1) Ca so li lugn vdn bgc Vdn ban vdn
chuong boo gdm ndi dung vd hinh thue Dgc diem cua thuyd't minh nghe thudt ndm trong md'i quon
he duge xde lap gii/a ndi dung vd hinh thi/c Hinh thue vdn chuong oao gdm hinn thuc ben ngodi Id ngdn Kr (A) vd hinh thde ben Kong (B) Hinh thi/c bdn Kong Id cdc phuong dien nghe thugt ve ngdn
Kr, k i t ed'u, d i l m nhin trdn thudt, xdy dyng tinh cdch nhdn vdt, v.v kieh thich sylidnKrdng, h/dng Krong eua ngudi dqe h> do suy ro y nghta h/ h;dng
Ld'y cdu tho ddu trong bdi «Cdnb khuya" Idm vi
dy: neu chi dqc edu tho Idn, ta chf mdi tiep can ve
phuong dien ngu phdp thudn tijy (Cdu chu vj
-bd} Tu hinh thi/c oen ngodi dy, edn lidn tudng, tudng tugng de thdy tinh nghe thudt cuo phep so bdt ngd cuo cdu tho vd phep dn dy ehuyen doi
cdm gidc cua chu the sdng tgo («trong" - ti> dn
tuqng thj gidc chuyen ddi song d'n K/qng thfnh gidc}
t h i hien sy tinh te eua tam hdn cua nhd tho D6 Id hinh thuc bdn trong ddn den y nghta tu K/dng Do
id «bf d n " ciia ngdn Kr nghe thugt md chi bdng kinh nghiem thdm mt mdi phdt hien dugc, nhung
d l \u do di d i n y nghta vdn chuong iqi cdn phdi
ed quon d i l m tu tudng thdm mt vCrng ehdc
2} Co sd tdm it bgc Tdm li hqe nghe thudt
eho rdng, ehi ed edm thy duqc hinh thirc bdn Kong mdi thyc sy Id cdm thy nghe thudt Dd'i voi cde khdc sucdm thy thudng do tryc gidc (perception}
- mdu sde, dm dieu, hinh khd'i edn vdi vdn chuong Iqi phdi quo ngdn tir nghe thudt vdn rdt gidu y nghta, ddi khi hinh Krqng sdng tgo ed the giup ta thd'y dugc Kong d d mdu sde, dm nhgc vd hinh khd'i nhu ddng chi Trudng Chinh d d noi Ndng luc d d thugc v l vo thuc, nhung Id cdi «v6 thuc ed t h i y thi>e duqc" Tdm If hge nghe thuqt cung cho rdng, ndng lue phdt hien nghe thudt
ngdn \u khong chi h> nhin (hay dgc) md cdn tu
* Tnrang fiai boc sir pliam - Dai lioc Hue
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 7 7 (ki i vaoiai
Trang 2K/dng, mqng mo Dqy vdn ro rdng Id dgy mot
thu nghe thudt dqe thu, ed the giup to trdng rong,
Kdng x a , trdng cao, Kdng thdp, Kdng tdt, trdng
sdng, trdng v l qud khu huong den v i i n tudng,
khdng d l g i ndm bdt duqc, song Iqi gdy hung
thu cho dgy vdn, hqe vdn
3) Ca sd the logi vdn bgc Cdm thy cdc the
loqi vdn chuong nhu tho, vdn xudi, kjeh d i u xud't
phdt tu ngdn Kr (ehCr viet Ken vdn bdn} nhung dd'i
vdi tung the loqi, ti> ngdn tu md phdt hien nghe
ben dudi ngdn tir Id ede bien phdp tu h> ngi/ d m ,
K/ v y n g , eu phdp Ddi vdi vdn xudi, edn khdm
Bhd nhdn vdt, k i t cd'u, diem nhin trdn thudt D l
i d i qudt chu de kjeh, tCr d d suy dien y d d Kr
Krong kjeh, ddi hdi phdi phdt hien finh hudng
kich, mdu thudn vd su phdt t r i l n mdu thudn kjeh,
tinh cdch nhdn vdt Mot dieu nua Id; d cdc the
loqi vdn chuong, khong chf d ede chi fiet cd gid
tri thdm m t c a o moi vdn dyng BTCT md cdn phdi
Kgn ven hay hgc doqn trich
Trdn ddy Id ede eo sd li luqn eua vide thd'm
dinh vdn chuong chung eho moi dde g i d , trong
nhd trudng, vide dgy edm thy vdn chuong theo
BTCT bi khdng che bdi nhieu dieu kien su phgm
nhieu Idii Idm bien chdt gid vdn: - Chuong trinh vd
sdch gido khoa duqc sap xep theo mdt he thdng
cdm thy nhd't djnh Tinh he thdng do ddi hdi vide
dgy hge vdn phdi qudn Kidt finh thdn dgc hieu lidn
vdn bdn; - Dd'i Krong HS GV khdng dugc dgy
cdm thy qud sue HS (vdn bdn cd ede tdng nghta
sou xa qud «tdm ddn nhgn" ciia HS); nguqc Igi,
- Vdn bdn vdn chuong (ed vdn xudi vd kjeh) deu
rdt d d i , k l cd dogn Kieh, md thdi lugng dqy hgc
Ken Idp nhieu nhd't Id hai t i l t (!} ndn GV khdng the
edng nghe thdng tin duqe ung dyng qud d d Kong
dqy hqc van khien HS chi chO tam vdo edc slide
mdu sde md thodt li ngdn hr Id noi doi hdi cdc em
phdi phdt huy dc lien tudng, K/dng tugng Kong
cdm tny Vide ren luyen ndng lye cuo cdm thy van
chuong theo BTCT cdn tdp Kung gidi q u y l t cdc
khd khdn ndy ehu khdng phdi do loi eho chuong
Kinh, sdch gido khoa qud tdi
3 M o t so' g i d i p h d p k i l n nghj
G i d i phdp eo bdn nhd't Id tdp trung ren luyen
ndng lye cdm thy theo BTCT d cdc Kgng diem, tuc
Id edc «diem sdng thdm mT"
hgp mot cdch sdng tqo nha't, cd hieu qud dfch thye vdi vide ren luyen ndng luc edm thy Chqn
dugc «diem sdng thdm mt', trdnh duqc cdch
dqy ddn trdi Id fiet kiem thdi luqng Khi khai thde mot «diem sdng thdm mt" theo BTCT nha't
Id dgng thdi gdy hirng thu, kich thich su Hm tdi euo HS Chgn «diem sdng thdm mt" bdt budc phdi sdng Igc edc diem khdng phu hqp voi ndng luc edm tny cuo HS
«Diem sdng thdm mT" Id nai xdy ra «finh hudng
cd vd'n d l " trong cdm thy, gdy khd khdn cho HS
vd ddi hdi cdc em phdi dqng tdm, ddng ndo Khdo sdt sdch ngCr vdn Kung hge vd thyc Hen khoi khdc «diem sdng thdm mT" theo Hnh hud'ng cd
vd'n d l cua G V hien nay, cd the tgm khdi qudt 1 4
«finh hud'ng":
?/Trong nhieu «diem sdng iham mT" ciia liinh lirgng nghe thuqt, HS gap kho khan khi phdi chon mot vdi diem sdng tieu bieu nhd't - Id noi hinh tfiCrc (B) vd noi dung (C) cua van chirang duoc ket hop hdi hod vd sdng tqo nhdt
2) Khi mot sdng tqo dqc ddo ve hinh thik (B) tqo nSn cdc
cdc chieu hi/dng khdi qudt khdc nhau (C] md IHS chua b i ^ nen khdng djnh mot hudng noo
3} Khi mot sdng tqo dqc ddo ve hinh thuc {B} Iqi dan den nhung khdi qudt ddi lap nhau (C| md IHS chua biet
su khdi qudt ndo Id dung ddn
4) Khi HS phdi tim sy tuong tdc giua hinh thuc (B) vd noi
dung |C) trong dieu kien mot phuc hop hinh thiic |B1 + B2 + B3 ) dien dqt mot phiic hop ciia noi dung (CI +C2 + C3 1
5) Khi HS phoi phdn tfch mot hinh thuc (B) md / nghTa
khdi qudt cOa no (C) Iqi mdu thuan voi triet li nhdn vdn cOa nhd vdn
6} Khi HS phdi phdn tich sy phdt trien cua hinh thuc (B)
tuong irng v6f su phdt trien cuo noi dung (C) trong phqm vi chinh the mot tdc phdm, mot tdc gid, mot thdi dqi
7) Khi HS gdp kho khdn neu su phdn tich hinh thuc (B) vd
noi dung (C) phdi ddo sdu mot bgic tir ngdn tu (A) quo nghe thuqt (B) vd dqt den y nghla (C) cd the chop nhdn duoc 8} Khi HS phdi dieu chinh mot sy phdn tich theo «chu nghTa hien thyc ngdy tho" |ddi chieu tho thien voi cuoc sdng] song sy phdn tich theo BTCT vol tir tudng cdm xuc phu hqp giOo noi dung vd hinh thirc (B)
9) Khi mot noi dung (C) dd duoc xdc djnh (trudng
hop GV phdi di nguqc quy trinh), HS gap kho khdn Wii phdi phdt hien mot hinh thuc (hay cdc hinh thuc) tirong ling voi ndi dung do
10} Khi mot ndi dung (C) duqc gid djnh 6 cdc cdp do
tn>u tuqng khdc nhau, HS phdi tim cdc hinh thi/c (B) tuong ung vdi tung cd'p do dd
/1) Khi mot noi dung (C) vd mot hinh thuc (B) dd duqc
xdc Idp tren co sd ngdn tir (A), HS gap khd khdn khi phdi
If nhdt
Trang 3tren ciing mot de tdi {tuc Id cdm thy lien vdn bdn} de t h ^
ro diem tuong ddng vd di biet
13) HS gap kho khdn khi phoi xac Idp phong cdch
nhd vdn quo mot sd tdc phdm ve phuong dien BTCT hoqc
sy bien ddi vS phong cdch ciia mot tac gid trong qud trinh
sdng ldc hay mot sdng tdc
14} HS gap khd khdn khi phai dqc bieu cdm bdi vdn
sou khi hqc, sao cho phii hop vdi BTCT cua bdi vdn 6 cdc
diem sdng cung nhu d todn bdi trong qud trinh cdm thy
Vide ren luydn ndng lye edm thy theo BTCT
Widng chi bd hep trong cdc fid't gidng trdn Idp
md pndi thyc hien thudng xuyen trude khi hqe,
trong qud Kinh chudn bj bdi vd vdi ede bdi tap
sou khi hgc bdi (dgc them hay ngogi khod}
Dd'i vdi viec dgy hqc, quan trgng nhd't Id g i d
idn Idp O ddy, tde dyng ndng iue cam thy theo
BTCT eho y l u qua Idi dien gidng vd ddm thoqi
goi mo Ngodi vide vdn dyng edc cdu hdi phan
tfeh qudn triet quy trinh tu hinh thuc den ngi dung,
chu y den mdi quan he giua nghe thudt ngdn tu
vd ngdn tu nghe thudt; I d i gidng cua G V cOng
phdi bdm sdt vdn bdn, thuylt minh mot edeh thuyet
phyc vd hd'p ddn md'i quan he giCra hinh thuc vd
ndi dung, trdnh finh trgng soy sua md di qud xa
hode thodt li vdn b d n , hdp ddn HS bdng nhCrng
thuqt de gdy truyen cdm
4 Dieu kien c d n c d
(A) - (B) - (C) Kong BTCT Id ede yeu to gdn bd
chgt che vdi nhau tgo ndn «diem sdng thdm mT';
ndng lye edm thy vdn chuong Id mot quy Kinh,
khdng phdi quy Kinh edng nghe cd tfnh mdy mdc
dyng hieu qud quy Kinh n d y d d i hdi cde dieu kien:
1) Sy hieu b i l t v l vdn hge, dde biet Id If lugn
vdn hgc d nhirng phdn lidn quon d i n vdn bdn
loqi, Id ngudn Ki thuc de phdn h'ch ede « d i l m
sdng thdm mT" Quan Kgng hon nua Id ndng khieu
thidn b d m , ehfnh Id sy nhqy cdm thdm mT trudc
cdi dep, cdi bi hode edi hdi trong vdn hge vd ddi
sd'ng Cd GV vd HS d i u edn tieh luy nhCrng Kdi
nghiem eude sdng Bdi, vdn sd'ng chinh Id dieu
thuqt, vdn hqc thuc ehd't Id cdm xiic ve eude sdng
dugc nghe thudt hod
2) Tinh yeu dd'i vdi mdn Ngir vdn vd long soy
me dgc vdn Cd ydu mdn N g u vdn mdi say me
dgc vdn, edng say md doe vdn edng ydu mdn V d n
Phdi coi dgc vdn Id mot niem vui, m d n g phdi niem
vui thdng thudng md Id « n i l m vui hudng thy" Dgc
d l khdm phd bdn thdn, nhu Franoise Sagan ndi
hieu edi tdi hda thdn vdo tdc phdm Pennae coi quon he voi vdn chuong Id quon he finh yeu, thdm chi Id finh ydu say ddm Dgc say md mdt bdi vdn
Id td finh vcn K/ ngu O n g k i t hep tinh le 3 dgng tir:
dgc - ydu thuong - mo mgng O n g cho rdng, cde eon dng vd nhieu Ke em khdc khdng thfch dqc vdn
id mot «vet thuong finh yeu" D d Id sy phdn bdi vd dng Idn dn gay gdt sy phdn bgi ndy
Cdm thy vdn chuong trong gid vdn Id mdt doi
hdi, mot hdng thu cua HS khi hgc vdn, tu dd cdc
em duqc phong phu hon ve tdm hdn Dd cung Id dqc thu cuo fid'p nhdn vdn chuong so vdi viec tilp nhqn cac mdn khoa hqe khdc Con ngudi vd'n co mot nghe thudt Igi khdng kich thfch dugc bdn chd't nghe st dd de HS ham thfch mdn Van? Dau biet rdng nhung khuc xg su phgm gdy khd khdn cho thdy vd Kd, nhung khdng t h i vl t h i md GV vdn rdi
bo ehuc ndng thidng lidng cOa minh Id bdi dudng tdm hdn vd ndng khid'u vdn hge eho HS thdng qua nhung khdm phd BTCT cua vdn hgc vdn id kho tdng thdm mt gido dye chdn - thidn - mT Q
Tai li€u tham khao
1 LX Vygotski Tam li hoc nghe thuSt (b^n djch)
NXB Khoa hgexa hgi H 1978
2 Tran Dinh Su Li luan phe binh v^n hyc NXB Hdi
nhd vdn, H 1976
3 F Sagan Lectures Gallimard, 1984
4 P Valery Oeuvres Bibli6th6que Gallimard, 1957
5 Truong Dinh Hiiu qud dgy vdn trong nhd trudng
phd thdng Ki y€u hOi thao kKoa Kqc ki ni§m 50 n3m
tKanh lap Tm&ng Dai hqc Sir pham Hu^, 4/2007
6- Tnrong Dinh Ndng cao hiSu qud dgy vdn Ki y^u h^i
thao khoa hqc t o ^ qudc D^i hpc Su pham Hu€, 1982
7 Tniong Dinh Phuong phapday viin d'tnidi^ trung
hoc Trudng Dgi hgc supfigm Hue, 1996
SUMMARY
Sensing literature under three - layer structure is the basic requirement to literary teaching method which
is presentty inadequate Sensing literature underthree
- layer structure Is a category which has foundation In literature is naturally difficult, teaching to sense literature in that way is more difficutt The best solution
is to focus on training the students in the step of raisesissue To tiave a capability of literary seree under three-layer structure and literary teaching, teachers need to hove a thorough knowledge atxiut literary argument, cultivate real - life experience; passion of literature and literary reading
Tap chi Biao due s6 2 7 7 (n i • i/aem