MOT SO VAN DE LJ LUAN VE Kl NANG Û NG PHO V6l CAC KHO KHAN T A M LJ TRONG HOAT DONG O TS NGUYEN THI HU6'''' Kr ndng ung phd (KNUP) vdi cde khd khdn tdm li (KKTL) ed y nghta dgc biet quan trong dd''''i vdi[.]
Trang 1MOT SO VAN DE LJ LUAN VE Kl NANG U^NG PHO
V 6 l CAC KHO KHAN T A M LJ TRONG HOAT DONG
O TS NGUYEN THI H U 6 '
Kr ndng ung phd (KNUP) vdi cde khd khdn
tdm li (KKTL) ed y nghta dgc biet quan trong
dd'i vdi hogt dgng sd'ng cua moi ed nhdn
Neu cd nhdn nhanh chdng cd KNUPvdi cac KKTL
trong hoqt dgng ndo thi hogt dgng d6 se dien ra
thudn Igi vd dgt hieu qud cao hon Nguge Igi,
neu cd nhdn Widng cd KNLfP vdi KKTL hogc kt
ndng ndy y l u kem se dnh rd't Idn den ket qud
hogt dgng V i t h i , vd'n de KNUP vdi KKTL dugc
nhieu ngdnh khoa hgc quan tdm nghiin cuu, trong
dd cd tdm li hgc
Cde nghien cuu eua tdm li hge d trong vd ngodi
nude da di sdu nghien cuu ve vai trd eua KNL/P
vdi KKTL ddi vdi sue khde the chd't vd tinh thdn,
vd'n de chdng sh-ess, trdm edm vd t y t u , vd'n de
thich ling vdi hogt dgng hong n g h l nghiep, vd'n
de duong ddu vdi khd Ididn trong ddi sd'ng ,
bdn chd't, ed'u true vd bien phdp ren luyen ehung
Cdc nghien cuu ndy cd y nghla to Idn trong viec
ddo tgo nghe ndi ri§ng vd trong cugc sd'ng, hogt
dgng cOa con ngudi ndi chung
1 Cdc k h d i ni$m eo b d n
/ ; Ung phd vd KNUP
NghTa tryc tiep, «ung phd" Id su «ducing dau",
«doi mat" vdi nhung tinh huong vd hodn cdnh
bat thudng, Idid kbdn Tbeo nghTa rang, «ung
phd" bao gom td't cd cac dgng tuang tdc cua chu
the vdi nhung yeu cau eua thegioi ben ngodi vd
noi tdm - nam bdt, Idm cbu bay Id suy gidm Idm
quen, hogc Idng trdnh kbdi nhung yeu cau cua
hodn cdnh cd vd'n de Nhung dieu kien ben ngodi
(yeu cdu cua hodn cdnh) hay dieu kiSn ben frong
(dde diem tdm li eua chu t h i ) tgo nen ndi dung
cua cdch ung p h d , Idm chung hodn todn khdc
biet vdi sy thich ung don gidn
Theo Adler, tuong ung vdi dudng ddi cua con
ngudi, cd t h i coi ung phd Id phong cdch sd'ng
cua cd nhdn Cdn tuong ling vdi hodn cdnh, ung
phd nhu mdt sy thay ddi phong cdch sd'ng theo
hodn ednh
#
Lazarus vd edng sy dua ra dinh nghTa: <f(/ng
phd Id su cd'gdng cd trong hdnh ddng vd vS mat tdm lidekiim sodt nhung ddi hdi cua mdi trudng cung nhu b$n trong co the vd cdc xung dot"
( 1 ; tr 121) Djnh nghta ndy bao hdm cd cde khio cgnh nhdn thuc, cdm xuc vd hdnh vi cua qud trinh ung phd
N h u vgy, khdi niem ung phd bao h-urn mot phqm vi rdng, gom ed nhung ung phd ndi tdm trudc hodn cdnh xdy ra (suy nghtvd tinh cdm) v6 nhOng hdnh ddng ben ngodi nham d d p Igi yeu cdu cua hodn cdnh O ddy, ung phd boo hdm
cd ndi dung cua hodn cdnh md con ngudi tri gidc dugc vd Wid ndng tdm li cuo cd nhdn Y nghta tdm li ung phd d cho: Idm the ndo d l con ngudi thich ung nhanh chdng vdi nhung ySu cdu cua hodn cdnh, ndm bdt vd Idm chu chung, Idm cho nhung y&u cdu cua hodn ednh trd nen suy yeu d l thodt khdi hogc Idm quen vdi chung va bdng cdch do edi hoa dugc nhung tdc ddng gay stress cua hodn cdnh Nhiem vy ehO yeu cOa ung phd Id cung cdp vd ung hd sy ben vung eua con ngudi, sue khde the chd't cung nhu tdm li, Idm thda man edc quan he xd hdi eua ed nhdn KNUP Id loqi kt ndng mang tinh ndng lye eua ed nhdn Od Id khd ndng ducmg ddu vdi nhung khd khdn cuo ed nhdn trong cugc sd'ng
Chinh vi vgy, chung tdi quan niSm: KNUP Id khd ndng van dung kien fbuc d4 gidi quyet ed ket qud nbi/ng finh huong, hodn cdnh bat thudng
vd khd kbdn
Lien quan den KNUP Id viec ed nhdn lua chgn
phuong dn ung phd vd cdch ung phd Phuong
dn ung phd Id su ung phd mot cdch chu ddng, co
du dinh trudc mot tinh huong xdy ra (2} Cdch ung pbd Id nhung phuong rfiuc ung phd cu the han trudc mdt finb huong, mot hodn cdnh nbat dinh Trong mdi phuong dn ung phd cd t h i c6
nhieu cdch ung phd khdc nhau
* Tnrong flai hoc sir pbaa Ha Noi
Tap chi Biao due so 2 7 7 (ki i • i/aoia)
Trang 2phy thugc vdo ddi tuong nghien cuu eua Krng tdc
g i d Khdng cd mot bdng phdn logi chung cho
cdc phuong dn ung phd md ehung dugc xdc dinh
bdi cde nhd nghien cuu khdc nhau, tuy theo hudng
nghien cuu eua hg
M o i phuong dn ung phd deu dugc xdc djnh
bdi y nghta chu quan cua hodn cdnh trdi nghiem
vd d i u d d p Igi cdc nhiem vy dgt ra theo cdc cdch
khdc nhau - gidi quyet vdn de thyc te hogc trdi
nghiem cdc cdm xuc, thay ddi ty ddnh gid hogc
dieu chinh mdi quan he qua lai vdi moi ngudi
1.2 KKTL vd KNUP v6\ KKTL
Khd khdn dugc h i l u Id nhung trd ngqi edn frd
ed nhdn di den mye dich, k i t qud edng viec Theo
Tu d i l n t i ^ n g Vi#t 2 0 0 8 , khd khdn Id viec cd
nhieu t r d nggi, ddi hdi phdi cd nhieu dieu kien
hogc cd' gdng n h i l u , vdt vd n h i l u mdi cd dugc,
mdi Idm dugc (3) Tu cdc quan d i l m tren, cd the
hieu: khd ld\dn Id su gay go, khac ngbiet gay ra
nhung trd nggi trong hogt dong, ddi bdi chu
the phdi n6 luc d^ vugt qua
Tu khdi niem khd khdn, qua nghien cuu vd
tdng hgp cdc tdi lieu, chOng tdi quan niem: KKTL
la todn bd cde yeu to tdm li cua cd nhdn ndy sinh
trong qud trinb hoqt ddng cd tdc dgng tieu cue,
gay dnh hudng xd'u din tiin trinh vd ket qud cua
hogt dgng
Nhung khd khdn, dgc biet Id nhung KKTL Idm
xudt hien nhung hien tugng tieu eye nhu sde, choang,
met mdi, Idm mdt f ^ u o n g hudng vd dnh hudng
xd'u dwi chdt lugng vd hi§u qud edng viec
KKTL d o nhung yeu to' ben ngodi (yeu td'
khdch quan) vd yeu to' ben trong cua cd nhdn
(yeu to' cho quan) gdy ra N h u n g yeu to' ben
ngodi nhu; nhung dieu kien, phuong tien hogt
d g n g , mdi trudng gia dinh, mdi trudng xd hoi,
d n h hudng g i d n t i l p d i n qud trinh hogt d g n g
cua con n g u d i N h u n g yeu to' ben trong chinh
Id nhung yeu td' xud't phdt t u bdn thdn ndi tgi
moi ed nhdn khi tham gia v d o hogt d d n g n h u :
kien thue, kinh nghiem, K N , k t x d o , h u n g tfiu vd
d d n g c o , dnh hudng true tiep d i n t i l n trinh
vd k i t qud hogt d d n g
Xet theo ngudn gd'e xud't phdt, cdc yeu to' ben
trong ed the phdn Idm 2 logi: yeu t d sinh hgc vd
yeu ID' tdm li NhCmg khd khan do yeu to tdm li
tgo n§n ggi Id nhung KKTL
KNUP vdi KKTL Id mot bieu hien ndng lye cua
cd nhdn frong viec logi b d hogc Idm gidm nhung
hgp cho hogt dgng, nhdm giup cho cd nhdn thich ung vdi mdi trudng, vdi edng viec d l thu dugc hieu qud cao trong hogt dgng KKTL Id y l u ben trong cua mSi cd nhdn, vi the cd nhdn cd khd ndng ung phd vdi KKTL tue Id dang «chien thdng" chinh minh, vugt qua chinh bdn thdn minh
Tu d d cd t h i hieu: KNUP vdi nhung KKTL Id khd ndng van dung kien thuc de loqi bd nhung dde diem tdm li cd nhan vd kieu hdnb vi ung xu kbdng phu hgp voi noi dung, doi tugng vd muc dich cua hoqt dgng
Mud'n ung phd dugc vdi KKTL trong hogt dgng
cd nhdn cdn cd KN gidi quyet vdn de Cy t h i Id:
- KN nhgn thuc: Nhdn thuc dugc nhi/ng KKTL cOa
bdn thdn trong hogt dgng, thd'y dugc nhung dnh
hudng eua nd den ket qud hogt dgng; - KN thu thdp tbdng tin: Thu thdp thdng tin, liet ke cde phuong dn cd t h i d l khdc phuc khd khdn; - KN pbdn tich cdc phuong dn ung phd: Phdn tich
nhmig edi Igi vd edi hqi, gid trj vd yeu to cdm
xuc eua tung phuong dn lua chgn; - KN lua chgn edc phuong dn ung pbd: Lya chgn cdch gidi quyet td't nhdt ddi vdi bdn thdn Cf ddy phdi su dyng
KN so sdnh, cdn nhdc gid trj, t u duy sdng tgo ;
- KN thuc bien cdc phuong dn: Kien djnh thye hien cdc phucmg dn md minh d d lya chgn; - KN kiSm tra ddnh gid: Kiem tra, ddnh gid k i t qud
cua vide thye hien cde phuong dn ung phd
2 NhCrng y e u to' dnh h u d n g den KNUP
v d i KKTL Trong nghien cuu, ngudi ta thudng chia thdnh
2 nhdn t d chinh dnh hudng den cdch ung phd eua eon ngudi vdi khd khdn: cdc nhdn td chu quan cOa cd nhdn vd cdc yeu t d khdch quan bSn ngodi
- Cdcye'u to chu quan
Nhdn to di truyen: Cde dgc diem di truyen
tqo nen sy khdc biet ed nhdn Id mot trong nhung tdc nhdn dnh hudng mgnh me d i n viec cd nhdn si> dyng phuong dn ung phd ndo trong tinh hudng
khd khdn Nhieu nghien cuu dd dugc tien hdnh
de khdm phd mdi quan he ndy vd d d chi ra di
t r u y i n cd vai trd quan trgng trong khd ndng ung phd eua con ngudi dd'i vdi cdc KKTL
Tinb Igc quan, bi quan: Tinh Igc quan hay bi
quan dugc coi Id mdt trong nhi/ng phuong hudng cua nhdn edeh Tinh thdn tgc quan dugc Scheier
vd Carver djnh nghta Id ludn ludn mong d o i , tin tudng rdng nhCrng dieu td't dep se xdy ra Vdi nhimg dgc diem ndy, cdch suy nght, thdi do ndi
Trang 3ngucn xung quanh ludn theo c h i l u hudng tieh eye
N h d the, nd cho phep con ngudi ung phd hieu
qud hon hude nhung tinh hud'ng khd khdn, gidm
di nguy co benh tdt
Tinb tu tin, tu ehu vd cdi tdi hi$u qud: Ty tin Id
sy tin tudng vdo bdn thdn Cdn ty chu Id ty qudn
li, t y dieu hdnh edng viec cua minh, khdng bj ai
chi phdi Ngudi h/ chu se cd the Idm chu tinh cdm
cung nhu hdnh ddng cua minh, khdng d l hodn
cdnh ehi phdi d i n cdch ung x u cuo minh vdi xung
quanh Nhung l ^ d i niem ndy gdn gui vdi nhau
trong mdi lien quan vdi viec ung phd vdi hodn
cdnh eua moi ngudi
N h u n g nghien ciju cOa Bandura vd eong sy
cho thd'y, edi tdi hieu qud cd vai trd to Idn dd'i
vdi sy thdnh dqt eua eon ngudi trong nhieu hodn
cdnh khdc nhau: edi tdi hieu qud lien quan chgt
che tdi khd ndng vugt qua hodn cdnh khd khdn,
hodn thdnh td't nhtem v y , dgt dugc myc dich,
dd'i mat vdi stress vd thyc hi§n mye dich so'ng
cua minh
- Cdc yeu / d ' Jc/idc/i quan Cdch ung phd
Clio con ngudi khdng chi chju dnh hudng eua
nhdn cdch, cua nhdn to ben trong eon ngudi md
cdn chju chi phdi bdi mdi h-udng xd hdi, cdc yeu
t d b§n ngodi
ChS dua xd bdi: Con ngudi khdng sd'ng don
dgc trong xd hdi Mdt lien k i t giua ngudi vdi
ngudi trong x d hdi tren nhieu mat khde nhau
Idm nen nhCmg cho d y a ehdc chdn cho cugc sd'ng
moi n g u d i V e eo b d n , cho d y a xd hdi cd the
hieu Id nhung noi md con ngudi ed the nhdn
dugc ngudn edm xuc, thdng tin, sy Ong hd vd sy
t r g giup thdng qua nhung mdi quan he x d hdi
D d Id noi con ngudi ed the nhd cgy, tin tudng
Id cho d y a cd v l vdt chd't Ian tinh thdn Chinh
nhung dieu ndy dnh hudng den sue khde vd cugc
sdng tdm If cua con n g u d i Cho d y a xd hdi bao
g d m g i o d i n h , bgn b d , dong nghiep, cdc t d chuc
ton g i d o , tin ngudng Cho d y a xd hdi edng vung
chde, cugc sd'ng tdm li eua con ngudi edng cd
d i l u kien phdt friln on djnh hon So lugng cde
cho d y a xa hdi eua moi ngudi phy thugc vdo
phgm vi hogt dgng cua ed nhdn
Cho d y a x d hdi cd vai trd quan trgng trong
vigc ung phd vdi khd khdn, bdi nd giup con
ngudi duy tri dugc cdm gidc duong tinh ve bdn
thdn, t u do tgo khd ndng ung phd vdi cde tinh
hud'ng khd l ^ d n
dugc tgo nen bdi mot chuoi lien tyc cdc sy kign khdc nhau Cd nhCmg sy kien duong tinh lien quan den nhijng dieu tot dep, may man vd cung co nhijng sy Kien dm tinh lien quan d i n nhi/ng nji
ro, bdt hgnh Mot so nhd chuySn mon cho rdng, nhung sy kien d i l n ra trong euoc ddi cOa moi ea nhdn d i u d l lgi nhung ddu dn nhdt djnh N h i l u
sy kien dd dien ra nhu Id nhCmg sang chdn tdm li
md tinh thdn moi ed nhdn phdi gdnh chju, trong
d d khdng it sy kien g d p phan thay doi hdn cugc sdng tinh cdm cung nhu suy nght cua moi ngudi Khi nghien cuu mdi lien he cuo cdc bien cd, nhung trdi nghiem eua cd nhdn ddi vdi cugc sdng tdm li cOa eon ngudi, edc nhd nghien cuu con nhdn thdy mdi lien quan dgc bi§t cua nd vdi cdch ung phd cua cd nhdn trong nhung hodn cdnh khd khdn
Tdm Igi, KNUP vdi cde khd khdn, nhdt Id KKR
cd vai trd h i t sue quan trgng trong ddi sdng cOa moi ngudi Nhung hieu b i l t sdu sde v l chung se giup cho ed nhdn ed bien phdp hge tdp, ren luyen
de ed cdc KNUP hieu qud vdi cde khd khdn trong ddi sdng, trong d d cd cdc KKTL Q
(!) Lazarus R.S - Folkman S Stress, appraisal and
coping NY, 1984
(2) Frydenberg Erica - Lewis Ramon - Kennedy Gregor
- A r d i l a R u b e n "Coping with converns: An
exploratory comparison of Australian, Colombian, German and Palestinian adolescents" Journal of
Youtti and Adolescence Vol.32/2003
(3) Hokng Ptie (ct)u bidn) T u d i l n ti^ng Viet 2008
NXB Dd Ndng Trung tdm Tudign hgc, IQ/Ql
Tai lieu tham khao
L NguySn Thanti Binh Giao due Id nSng stfng NXB
Gido d M c H 2008
2 Nguygn Minh Hai "Kh6 kh3n tam Ii trong qua
trinh giai toan cua hgc sinh ti^u hgc" Tap chi Gido
due, s6 41X99%
3 Phan Thi Mai Huong Cach ung phd cua tre v|
thanh ni£n vdi hoan canh khd khdn NXB Khoa hgc
xa hdi H 2007
SUMtUIAFiY
Response slaTls (RSs) fc^psychologlcc^ problems (PRsJ are essential in each person's life activity, If an individual has prompt RSs for PPs in particular activity ttiat activrty will t>ecome much more productive and effective On the other hand, if an individual does not have such sl<ills or if those sl<ills are inadequate, that activrty will not be productive anf effective Therefore, response skills for psychological problems have been • studied In many fields of science, psychology included