VAN DUNG NGUYEN TAC TRIfC QUAN TRUNG UAY HUC PHAN LUA! CAU THEU CAU TAO NGd PHAP CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO O TS PHAM THI A N H '''' 1 Ngu phdp (NP) vd dqy hpe ngu phdp (DHNP) ludn Id vdn de phi/c tqp,[.]
Trang 1VAN DUNG NGUYEN TAC TRIfC QUAN
TRUNG UAY HUC PHAN LUA! CAU THEU CAU TAO NGd PHAP CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO
O TS P H A M THI A N H '
1 N g u p h d p (NP) vd dqy hpe ngu phdp
(DHNP) ludn Id vdn de phi/c tqp, khd ddi vdi gido
vien (GV) bp mdn vd hpe sinh (HS) trong mpi
cd'p hoc, dqc biet Id cd'p trung hpe eo sd (THCS)
Npi dung cua chucmg trinh NP bao gdm nhieu
vd'n de, trong d d ed phdn logi cdu theo cdu tgo
NP Ddy Id mdt npi dung tuong ddi khd, truu
tuong, phuc tqp dd'i vdi HS THCS Yeu edu ed y
nghTa phuong phdp ludn Id GV edn hinh thdnh
eho HS nhung tri thi/c ve cdu phdn loqi theo cd'u
tqo NP, vdi ede budc, thao tde nhdn biet, tqo lap
ede kieu edu d o n , cau ghep eung nhu gid trj cua
nhOng loqi cdu ndy trong cdc tfnh hudng giao
tiep vd cdc vdn bdn dpc hieu Dieu ndy doi hdi
GV edn linh hoqt, sdng tqo trong viec su dyng
ede phucmg phdp dqy hqc, dong thdi eung cdn
hjdn thu chqt che ede nguyen tde dqy bqc, trong
dd ed nguyen tdc trye quan (NTTQ); vd quan trpng
Id edn cd quan niSm dung ddn ve NTTQ, cdeh
van dyng NTTQ trong DH ndi dung phdn logi
edu theo edu tgo NP
2 Q u a n niem ve NTTQ t r o n g DHNP va
cdeh v a n d y n g trong DHNP cho HS THCS
Viec DHNP d trudng phd thdng cdn tudn thu
ede nguyen tdc sou: 1) Hudng vdo hoqt ddng
gloo tiep; 2) G d n If thuyet vdi thye hdnh; 3) Ren
luyen ngdn ngu gdn lien vdi ren luyen tu duy;
4) True quan; 5) Tfch hpp Cdc nguyen tde ndy ed
mdi quan he chqt ehe, tdc ddng, chi phdi Idn
nhau trong qud trinh DHNP Vi vdy, qudn triet
NTTQ Id dieu edn thiet, giup HS Itnh hpi nhung
tri tht/c truu tuqng mdt cdeh de ddng hon Nguyen
tdc ndy dupe the hien qua cde phuong dien sou
trong DHNP :
2.1 Chon vd su dyng ngu lieu Theo Tu
d i e n tieng Viet, «ngu lieu" duqc hieu Id: «tulieu
ngdn ngO duge dung Idm cdn cu de nghien cuu
ngdnngiy[\) N h u v q y , n g u l i e u l d c d n c t / , « m d u "
tieu bleu de nghien cuu ngdn ngCr d nhung cdp
do khdc nhau, t u ngu dm cho den vdn bdn Do
dd, trong thye te DH, «ngij lieu" ddi khi duoc thay t h i bang khdi niem «mdu" « M a u " trong
DH heng Viet di/pc hieu Id «nhung ngu li$u dien hinh (tu, cdu, dogn van) dugc trich chu yeu HJ ede vdn bdn HS vua hgc a phdn mdn Vdn hoc" (2)
Theo chuong trinh, sdch gido khoa (SGK) Ngi> van d phd thdng hien nay, ngu lieu trong DHNP ndi rieng vd DH tieng Viet ndi ehung dupc dan tu cdc vdn bdn dpc hieu Dieu ndy tqo dieu kien thudn Iqi cho sy tich hop kien thuc cuo phdn mdn Vdn, Tieng Viet vd Tdp Idm vdn Tuy nhien, ddi vcri vlec DHNP, tri thue cdn hinh thdnh eho HS thudng mang tfnh khdi qudt, tn>u tuqng Vi vqy, ben cqnh nhung ngu lieu trong SGK, GV nen chpn mot sd ngir lieu tu thuc te giao tiep de hinh thdnh khdi niem hoqc cijng cd khdi niem (trong tiet Luyen tap} Tdt nhien, ngij lieu ndy edn ddp i>ng cde dieu kien:
tieu bieu, chua dyng day du cdc du kien de hinh thdnh khdi niem; rd rdng, cd linh khoa hgc, tinh tu tudng, tinh gido dye, tinh suphgm
Ben cqnh d d , viee phdn tieh ngiJ lieu cung edn tudn thu theo quy trinh gdm 4 budc sou: 1} Hudng ddn HS phdn tich ngu lieu; 2) Sdp xep, khdi qudt hod cdc ddc trung eua khdi niem dupe the hien qua ngu lieu; 3) Trinh bdy khdi niem; 4) Cy the hod, eung cd khdi niem bdng nhOng ngCr lieu mdi nhdm giup eho viee hinh thdnh vd cung cd khdi niem cua HS nhanh hon, trdnh dupe sy nhdm chdn, edng thdng, kich thfch dupe sy tdp trung cuo cde
em vd phu hpp vdi thdi lupng cua mdt gid dciy
Vf dy: khi dqy bdi Cdi; ghep (NgCr v d n 8, tdp
1), ngodi 3 vi dy ddn h> vdn bdn Tdi di hpe (Thanh Tinh), cdn cu vdo tinh hinh eija tt>ng Idp, GV cd
^ e chqn vd su dyng them mdt so edu sou:
#
* Tnrong DaJ hoc Hong fiiTc
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 7 8 ym 2 -1/2012)
Trang 2cd Lan - mot cd gido mdi chuyen ve trudng ddu do, m d h l n h , bdng ) dupc dung trong viec phdn ndm ngodi" G V hudng ddn HS phdn tieh: - Lop lopi cdu theo edu tqo NP phu hpp vdi dd'i tuqng
c n u n g / d i b p phdn chu n g u ; - D o n g hpc g i d tieng HSTHCS
Viet: b d phdn vi n g u ; - Mot ed gido mdi ehuyen a) Cdc logi bdng lien quan den binh dien NP
ve trudng ddu ndm ngodi: thdnh phan phy, gidi cua edu Ben cqnh binh dien ngiJ nghTa vd ngu
thich rd eho b d ngiJ ctJo ddng tu «hpc" Mde du dyng, NP Id mdt trong ba binh dien cua cdu, tqo
ddy Id mot ket cd'u C-V nhimg ket cd'u ndy bj bao eho edu mdt the thdng nhdt «Binh dien NP Id bdi bp phdn vj n g u , Idm r d nghla cua vj ngu nen binh dien ve td ehuc NP cua edu" (3) N d i dung
ddy chi Id mdt cdu d o n ciJo binh dien ndy dupe DH d CT, SGK NgCf vdn
b) «Gid hgc dien ra rdt sdi ndi, bgn ndo cung THCS gdm hoi vdn de: cde thdnh phdn NP eua hdng hdi phdt bieu y kien" G V hudng ddn HS edu vd cdc kieu edu
phdn tich: - Gid hgc dien ra rdt sdi nd'i; Id mpt ket De hinh thdnh cho HS nhijng khdi nlSm vd quy cd'u C-V, trong d d , «gld hpe" Id ehu ngu, «dien ra tdc NP lien quan den hai vd'n de tren, cd the quan rd'^ sdi ndi" Id vj ngu; - Bgn ndo eung hdng hdi sdt qua hai bdng sou (xem bdng I vd bdng 2) phdt bieu y kien: Id mdt
kg't cdu C-V, trong d d ,
«bgn ndo" Id chu ngu,
«cung hdng hdi phdt bieu
y kien" Id vj ngiJ Ddy Id
mdt edu ed 2 ket edu C-V
n h u n g k h d n g bj b a o
nhau (trong tieng Viet,
loqi cdu ndy dupe goi Id
edu ghep)
N h u vdy, ket hop vdi
ngCr lieu trong SGK, ngu
ifeu tren dupc dan tu thyc
te giao ttep se giup HS hinh thdnh khdi niem cdu Hal bdng tren cho thdy: viec phdn loqi edu ghep nhanh hon, de ddng hon theo cd'u tqo NP se don gidn hon rd't nhieu, tiet
2.2 Ngdn ngucOa GV trong gid day Ngdn kiem dupe thdi gian eua G V vd HS tren Idp,
ngu ndi cuo G V trong DHNP ndi riSng, tieng Viet thudn tien eho vlec hinh thdnh cdc khdi niem NP ndi ehung ehinh Id «gtdo cy tn/e quan" sinh ddng cung nhu cdc quy tde NP Nhung bdng ndy se
- nhu mpt «dqng mdu" de HS hoc tqp, bdt ehude duqc st) d y n g nhu nhiJng «phuang tien true
vd Idm theo mdt cdeh sdng tqo Ddi vdi g i d dqy q u a n " ed y nghla quan trqng trong cde g i d li
NP, ngdn ngCr cua G V ed mot sd yeu cdu rieng: thuyet hoqc dn tdp Cdn cu vdo eo sd vdt ehd't,
phdt dm dung ehudn tieng phd thdng; khi neu, G V cd the trinh chle'u hope treo ede bdng phy phdn tfch ngu lieu edn phdi cd nhung «diem nhdn" de HS tiep nhdn vd hinh thdnh quy tde phdn loqi
rd rdng glup HS nhdn dien cdc khdi niem NP trong cdu theo cd'u tqo NP
g i d dqy
Vf dy: Khi dqy bdi «Cdc thdnh phdn biet lap NTTQ Id mot trong nhung nguyen tdc ea bdn tinh thdi, edm / / i d n " ( N g i ? v d n 9, tdp 2), GV ddn trong DHNP ndi chung vd DH ndi dung phdn loqi ngu lieu trong SGK: «Trdi oi, cbi cdn ed ndm cdu theo edu tqo NP ndi rieng dh-udng phd thdng phut" G i p n g dpc eua G V phdi cd su khdc nhau Nguyen tdc ndy duqc hieu mpt cdeh linh hoqt
dtungthdnh phdn, tung bd phdn trong cdu;chdng boo gom: ehpn vd su dyng ngu lieu; ngdn ngu
hqn: «Trdi oi" - doe eao han binh thudng, the ndi cua G V ; st> dyng tranh d n h , so d d , md hinh,
hign thdi dd vua ngae nhien, vua tlec re eua anh b a n g , Cdn cu vdo ddi tuqng HS, npi dung tiet
thanh nien, «Cbi cdn ed ndm phut" - doe chdm dqy cung nhu dieu kien ca sd vdt ehd't , G V cdn
hon, thd hien su ddnh gid ve thdi gian edn Iqi
qud ft ddi vdi anh l^^"^ Tiep trang 41)
Tap chi Giao due so 2 7 8 (ki 2 -1/2012)
Bdncf / Cdc thdnh phdn NP tronp cdu
TT
1
2
3
Cac loai ttianli p h i n Cac thanti phan ctiinli Cac ttiant) phan phu
Cac thanti phan biet l^p
Cac thanh phan NP tronq cau Chu nqQ VinqCf Tranq nqQ Khcfi nqCr B6 nqu' Dmh nqCf Thanh phan phu chu Thanh phan ooi dap Thanh ph§n tinh thai Thanh phan cam Un^n
Vidu Chunq loi danq hoc qid lienq Viet
Horn nay, t6i di hoc Con di/dng nay, toi da di hoc rat nhieu lan Toi thay hai ban dang lang nghe rat ch§m chii Cac em hoc sinh I6p 6 danq tap the due Lan - nqudi mac ao mau do, hoc rat p i o i ' Mai oi, bon minh di hoc dii
Co le, to! se hh6ng den buoi hen duoc
Oi chaoi Trang m6i dep lam sac!
Trang 3hqp de Idi eudn su tqp trung chij y cua HS
Viec si) dyng cdc PTDH phdi chu trong den
viec HS t y luc khdm phd, dpc Idp Hm tdi phdt
hien vd'n de vd doe Idp gidl quyet vd'n de Ddy Id
hinh thue kfch thfch cdc em tiep tuc qud trinh nghien
cuu, cung ed vd phdt hien nhung kien thuc mdi
me sou g i d hqc Luc cd thdi gian, HS nghien ngdm,
kiem nghiem cung nhu tdng hpp Iqi todn bd kien
thue thu nhdn dupc tCr SGK, tu tu lieu, tu bqn be,
GV Ket qud mot gid hpe khdng chf dupc ddnh
gid d HS thu nhdn dupe khdi lupng tri thue phong
phu, sdu sdc md quan trqng hon Id khd ndng vdn
dyng nhung tri thuc dd vdo Hnh hudng cy the
Chi khi ndo HS biet bien hda nhdo ndn nhung tri
thue dd thu nhdn dupc, biet dieu khien st) dyng
nd, gidi quyet tot mot vd'n de thi khi do cde em
mdi that su hieu thdu ddo vdn de vd Idm chu tri
thuc eua minh Thdng qua hinh thuc ndy ndng lye
cua HS duqc bqc Id todn dien vd quan trqng hem
Id su bde Id ndy khdng cdn nhOng gpi y hudng
ddn cua G V md hodn todn do sy tu huy ddng
vdn tri thuc cua HS
ra nhung vdn de vua mong tfnh khdi qudt, vua
mang tinh hdp ddn goi td md, hung thu de HS tu luc khai thde, suy nghT tim tdi, phdt hien nhijng vd'n de mdi vd tu minh gidi quyet vdn de d d G
T a i lieu t h a m khao
1 NguySn Ba Kim Phutnig phap day hpc mon loan
NXB Dgi hpc suphgm H 2004
2 Dao Tam - TrSn Trung To chirc hoat dong n h a n
t h u c trong d a y hoc m8n loan 6" truDug t r u n g hoc
phd thSng NXB Dai hpc suphgm H 2010
3 Tran Trung Ung dting eong nghe thong tin vao
day hoc mon toan 6 trirong pho thSng NXB Gido ducVielNam H 2 0 I 1
SUMMARY
To ensure effect and efficiency of teaching equip-ment, besides the quality of the equipequip-ment, the use
of teachers is very important This article introduces the principles of using teaching equipment accord-ing to the terms of pedagogical and psychological of students participating in the process of teaching moth
at high school
Van dung nguyen tac
(Tiep theo trang 35)
Bdng 2: Cdc kieu cdu tqo NP cua cdu
TT
1
2
Cac loai
cau
Cau dan
Cau ghep
Cac ki§u cau tao NP
cua cau
Cau dan binh thudnq
Cau ddn dac biet
Cau ghep sLt dung
quan h? tu d§ not cac
Cau ghep khong
dung tir noi
V i d u Chunq toi di hoc
1 Tfiang gieng
2, Mua
1 N i l b i n g mot quan he tir; Toi noi, con no thi
ISno nahe
2 N6\ bSng cap quan he lil: Neu que anh co nhiiu dua thi que loi co nhieu mfa
3 N6i bSng lis ho i/ng Toi cang do thi no lai
canq khoc to han
1 Cau ghep dung dau phay
Trdi mua nhu Injt nude, sam ch&p am am
2 Cau ghep dung dau hai cham: Cd giao noi
ngay mai chunq ta se di cam trai
vdn dyng ket hpp cdc thao tde, phuong Hen de
viee DH npi dung Phdn lopi cdu theo edu tqo NP
dqt hieu qud td'i uu nhd't •
(1} Ho&ng Phe {chu biSn) Tu- di^n Ueng Viet NXB
Dd Ndng 2005
(2) Le A - Nguyen Quang Ninli - Biii Minti Toan
P h m n i g p h a p d a y hoc ti^ng Viet NXB Gido due
H 1996
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 7 8 (ki 2 -1/2012)
(3) Bill Minti Toan Tigng Viet & trung hoc phd thdng NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2010
Tai liSu t h a m khao
1 Ngu-van 6 (tap 1, 2) NXB GjdodHc.H 2003
2 N g i r v a n S ( t a p 1,2)
NXB G/do J M C H 2 0 0 5
3 Ngu- p h a p ti^ng Vifet
(tap 2) NXB Gido due,
H.1992 SUMMARY
Visual rule is one of basic rule in grammatical teaching This rule was expressed specifically following the specific aspects such as- using corpuses from actual communication, language of teachers, using documents help the conprehension of knowledge Teaching the sentence following grammatical structure can use diagrams about pattern of single sentences, complex sentences, simple sentences which expand components, tables relate to grammatical aspect of sentence