Bài tập chính tả trong sách tiếng việt tiểu học nhìn từ thực tế bài viết của học sinh

Tgp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Quy Nhdn So 1, Tap VI ndm 2012 BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HQC NHIN Tl/ THl/C TE BAI VIET CUA HQC SINH NGUYEN QUY THANH^ 1 Trong chffdng trinh Tie''''ng Vi[.]

Tgp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Quy Nhdn So 1, Tap VI ndm 2012

BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HQC

NHIN Tl/ THl/C TE BAI VIET CUA HQC SINH

NGUYEN QUY THANH^

1 Trong chffdng trinh Tie'ng Viet tieu bpe phan mdn Chinh ta ed nhiem vu ypng tam la luyen cho hpc sinh kT nang vie't diing chinh ta tie'ng Viet

Phan mdn Chinh ta chi cd bai tbffe hanh, khdng ed bai II thuyet Cac kie'n thffc

ve chinh ta dffpc hlnh thanh thdng qua thffc hanh

Bdi luyen tap chinh ta (CT) dypc chia thanh hai hinh thffc cP ban: CT dogn, bdi

va CT am, van

Hlnh thffc ehinh td dogn, bdi luyen cho hpc sinh kT nang vie't mot van ban ed sd

chff (am tiet) tffdng ffng vdi thdi Iffpng quy djnh (tdc dp viet); gdm cae kieu: nhln-vie't (tap'chep) nghe-viet, nhd-viet (ehinh ta tri nhd)

Hlnh tiiffc chinh td dm, vdn luyen cho hpc sinh vie't cac tie'ng ed am, van, thanh

dl sai do khdng nam vffng quy tac vie't chff qud'c ngff bode do anh hffdng ciia phat am

dja phffdng Chinh td dm, vdn tiie hien d hai dang bai tap: bai tap CT bat bugc vd bai tap CT lUa ehgn

L l Bai tap CT bdt bugc dung chung tren ta't ca eac viing mien ea nffdc, nham luyen cho hpc sinh nhffng van khd (uinh, uich, uyu, oao, oeo, ); nhffng trffdng hpp cd each vie't khac nhau cho cung mpt am (c/k/q, g/gh, ng/ngh, d/gl, la/ya/li/yi, ) hoac la bai

tap cd tinh tdng hpp, ren luyen each vie't dung cho hpc sinh nhieu vung mien Cd the

thay tan sd xua't hien va sff phan bd' cac bai tap nay trong sach Tli'ng Viet qua Bang 1

va Bang 2

Bdng 1 Bat tap CT bat bugc vi dm vd thanh diiu

Am/thanh

c/k

g/gh

1/n

ng/ngh

r/d, gi

s/x

tr/ch

v/d

Ldpi

8

7

7

1

1

1

Ldp2

2

3

3

1

1

Ldp3

1

1

Ldp4

2

2

5

1

Ldp5

1

1

1

2

1

1

Cpng

11

11

2

11

6

7

5

1

ia/sa

ie/s e

\ e / \ a

o/o

ua/ud

ua/ud

ya/yd

?/~

'

4

1

1

—

1

-5

1

1

1

1

2

4

7

/?ff«^ 2 /^r// /(//? CT but huge vi' vdn

\ ;i n

ai/aN

an/a I

anh/aeb

ao/au

ao/oao

au/au

ay/ay

ae/oae

a m/a p

an/ang

at/ac

ac/at

an/uan

en/oen

eo/oeo

et/oel

et/ech

iec/iet

ien/ieng/uyen

ien/se-n

i e t / u \ e t

ieu/yeu

im/iem

inh/uynh

it/uyt

iu/uyu

oai

oam

oang/oae

Ldp 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Ldp 2

4

4

1

Ldp 3

-"

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

-1

T

1

1

Ldp 4 Ldp 5

1

Cpng

5

1

2

5

1 1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

«

L

BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HOC 105

oay

oat/oac

oc/ooc

ong/oong

uac/uat

uc/ut

uech

ui/u6i

ui/uy

udi/ydi

uot/uoc

uyet/uyec

ffc/irt

yi/ydi

ffPc/ffPt

ydm/ydp

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1.2 Bai tap CTlUa chgn la loai bai danh cho nhffng vung phffdng ngff khac nhau Loai

bai tap nay cd sdhieu dat trong da'u ngoac ddn, vl du: (2), (3) Mdi bai tap thydng gdm

2 hoac 3 bai bai tap nho ed ki hieu a), b), c) danh cho tffng viing phffdng ngff nha't dinh Chang ban:

(3) Tun cac tiif:

a) Chffa tie'ng bat dau bang s bode x, ed nghTa nhff sau:

Ciing nghTa vdi chdm chi

- Trai nghTa vdi gdn

(Nffdc) chay ra't manh va nhanh

b) Chffa tie'ng cd van ddn hoac ddng, cd nghTa nhff sau:

Cung nghTa vdi thui

Trai nghTa vdi phgt

Lam chin bang each dat trffe tie'p len than, Iffa

(Tli'ng Viet 3, Tap 1)

Cd the tha'y tan so' xua't hien va sff phan bd cac bai tap trong sach Tli'ng Viet qua

Bang 3 va Bang 4

Am/thanh

1/n

-n/-ng

r/d gi

s/\

tr/ch

\/d.ci

i/ie

o/o

-y-c

?/~

Bang 3 Bui tgp CT lUg chgn vc

Ldp 1

2

1

1

1

1

1

Ldp 2

18

\5

18

21

3

4

26

Ldp 3

16

14

16

17

2

20

dm vu thanh diiu

Ldp 4

10

7

7

1 1

2

1

1

Ldp 5

2

2

4

3

2

1

1

I

9 2

COng

48

2

41

45

52

10

7

4

1

59

V^n

an/ang

ao/au

at/ac

an/ang

al/ac

ac/at

an/ang

en/eng

et/ec

en/enh

et/ech

iec/iet

ien/ieng

ien/in

iep/ip

ieu/iu

im/iem

in/inh

ong/ong

6n/6t

6ng/6c

uc/ut

un/ut

ung/uc

u6n/u6ng

u6t/u6c

Uc/yt

ydc/ypt

ypn/ypng

/?a«g •/ fia/ tap CT lUa chgn vc vdn

Ldp 1

1

Ldp 2

1

3

1

2

2

1

3

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

Ldp 3

2

2

1

2

1

0

2

T

T

") ->

Ldp 4

2

Ldp 5

1

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

~>

2

2

2

1

3

T

1

1

1

1

1

1

COng

6

1

5

1

1

1

4

7

4

4

1

1

1

4

6

5

5

3

1

~i

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

6

1

1

1

4

1

1

4

5

6

3

5

BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HOC 107

2 Vie't diing chinh ta la vie't diing chuan chff vie't ngdn ngff dan tpc Nguyen tae

ehinb ta ed ban eiia tie'ng Viet la nguyen tae ngff am hpe-ndi sao thi vie't vay Tren

thffc te, bpc sinh vie't sai ehinh ta do hai nguyen nhan ehii yeu Thff nha't, chff Qude ngff

khdng cd sff tydng ffng tuyet dd'i 1-1 giffa am va chff Hpc sinh lieu bpe, dac biet la cae

ldp dau cap, cbffa hlnh thanh \ ffng chac bieu tffdng am-ebff nen vie't sai Vi du: ke >

ce, kip > cip; nghe > nge; gia dinh > da dinh; Thff hai he thdng ngff am tieng Viel

tdn tai trong eac bien the phffdng ngff Khdng ed viing phffdng ngff nao phan anh day

dii eae am \i dffdc the hien tren cbff vie't Phat am dia phffdng ehi phd'i rat Idn de'n

viec vie't chinh ta eiia bpc sinh VI \ ay day hpc ehinh ta d lieu bpe can gan vdi thye te

eac \ ung phydng ngff

So \di sach Tli'ng \'lct cii sach mdi da ebii y nhieu den ehinh ta phffdng ngff, phu

hpp vdi nguyen tae ehinb ta tie'ng Viet So lieu thd'ng ke cho tha'y bai tap Iffa chpn

chie'm ti le eao hdn bai tap bat bude Tuy nhien, tff thffc te' phypng ngff va thyc trang

ldi chinh ta d tieu hpc, chiing tdi tha'y can trao ddi vdi cac ddng nghiep mpt so' diem

nham nang eao hieu qua luyen tap ehinb ta eho hpc sinh

2.1 Bai tap chinh ta bat bude nhy da neu, dya ra luyen ehii ye'u cac van khd, trydng

hdp cd each viet khac nhau eho ciing mpt am bode la bai tap c6 tinh tdng hdp, ren

luyen each viet dung cho bpc sinh nhieu vilng mien Song, nhin vao Bang 1 va Bang 2

ta tha'y ed nhffng am, van ehi danh eho viing phffdng ngff nha't dinh, lap lai d bai tap

CT lya chpn (Bang 3 Bang 4) Chang ban, cae cap am, van dypc in dam chi thydng

nham lan d phydng ngff tff Thffa Thien-Hue trd vao: dn/dng, dc/dt, ac/at, uoc/uot,

uac/uat, Hpc sinh mien Bac bau nhff khdng vie't sai cae cap am, van nay

2.2 Bai tap CT Iffa chpn dypc dung cho eac vung phypng ngff Mdi bai cd 2 hoac 3 bai

tap nho de Iffa chpn luyen cho phii hdp vdi bpc sinh tffng vung Theo cac nha soan sach

giao khoa, "cac cap am, van, thanh dffpc luyen vie't gdm ed:

Phu am dau (danh eho bpe sinh phypng ngff Bac bp): l/n, tr/ch, s/x, r/d/gl

Van (danh cho hpc sinh eac phffdng ngff Nam Trung bp Nam bp): an/ang, an/

dng, dn/dng, en/eng, uon/uong, uan/uang, lin/ling; at/ac, dt/dc, at/ac, uot/uoc, ut/uc,

ut/uc, uat/uac, lit/lie; in/inh, et/ich; Im/lim, lu/liu; o/o

Thanh (danh eho hpc sinh cac phffdng ngff Bac Trung bd Nam Trung bd va

Nam bp): thanh hol/thanh ngd" [10,107-108]

Ddi chieu bai tap vdi cac vung phffdng ngff, chung ta tha'y tinh hlnh nhff sau:

2.2.1 Cd nhffng bai tap bao quat dffdc ta't ca cac vung: bai (a) ffng vdi vung nay, bai

(b) ffng vdi cac vung cdn lai Loai bai tap nay cd sd Iffpng khdng nhieu

Vi du: (3) Dien vao chS trdng:

a) tr hay eh!

eay e, mai e, ung thanh, ung sffc

b) dd hay dd7

rae tbi , trdi mffa, xe lai

(Tli'ng Viet 2, Tap 1)

Trong bai tap (3), bai faj danh cho hpc sinh tff Thanh Hda trdra, bdi f^j ddnh cho

bpe sinh iff Thanh Hda trd vao (Thanh Hda la vung dem giffa phffdng ngff Bdc va

phffdng ngff Trung vffa khdng ed eae phu am quat Iffdi r, s, /r nhff phffdng ngff Bdc; vffa

pbal am khdng phan biet thanh hdi va thanh ngu nbff phffdng ngff Trung va Nam)

2.2.2 Phan ldn la cae bai tap khdng bao qudt dffdc ta't ea cdc viing

Vl du 1: (2) Dien vao chd trdng:

a i l h a y n ? b ) a n h a y a n g ?

ha enh d ' hodng

- dp bai d.' dng

- hdm p s.' lodng

(Tli'ng Viet 3, Tap 7)

(J vi du 1, bai (a) chi dp dung dd'i vdi mpt so' vung thupc phypng ngff Bac bp co

phat am lan ldn l/n; bai (b) cho cdc phffdng ngff tff Thffa Thien-Hue trd vdo (phat am

an > ang)

Vi du 2: (2) Dien vao cho trong:

a) I bay n?

ong anh day ffdc in trdi

Thanh xay khdi bie'e on phdi bdng vang

NGUYEN DU b) en hay eng?

[ ]

c) i hay ie?

[ ] (Tie'ng Viet 2, Tap 1)

O VI du 2, bai (a) chi phu hdp vdi mpt sd vilng thupc phffdng ngff Bac bp cd phat

am lan ldn l/n; bai (b) cho cac phffdng ngff tff Thffa Thien-Hue trd vao (phat am en >

eng); bai (c) cho vung Thanh Hda ( li > I, trong nhieu am tiet khdng md) va cac dja

phffdng NamTrung bp Nam bp (/ > ii, trong nhieu am tiet khdng md)

BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HOC 109

Cd the ddn ra nhieu bai tap nhff loai (ii): r/d,gl-len/ln; s/x-dn/dng; tr/ch-at/ac;

hol/ngd-ong/ong; l/n-v/d; r/d,gl-dn/dng: l/n-uon/uong; tr/ch-uot/uoe; tr/ch-lin/ling;

Nhff vay, dd'i chieu vdi thffc te ngff am dja phffdng, cd nhffng vilng khdng chpn

dffpc bai tap nay lln bai tap kia phu hpp vdi thffe trang chinh ta phydng ngff Chang

han, cac bai tap d vi du 1 va 2 deu khdng thude va'n de chinh ta Iffa chpn ddi vdi hpc

sinh tff Nghe An de'n Quang Trj

2.3 Nhff da trinh bay bai tap chinh ta Iffa chpn la danh cho cac viing phypng ngff

Sach giao khoa chi cd the dffa ra nhffng trffdng hpp chinh ta phd bien tren mpt pham

vi nha't djnh Thffc te phat am eiia cy dan cac viing kha phffc tap Tren nen ngff am

vung phffdng ngff cdn cd cae thd am; sff dan xen, pha trdn cac ngdn ngff, phffdng ngff,

yen mpt dia ban Tinh hlnh nay khien cho bffe tranh ldi chinh ta eiia bpc sinh tieu hpc

cung da dang, phffc tap Chang ban, cac tinh Tay Nguyen, dac biet la Dak Lak, cd ra't

nhieu ngffdi thupc cac viing mien tff Bdc chi Nam de'n day lam an sinh sdng Tren

vung da't cao nguyen nay cd sff dan xen giffa dan tpc Kinh gdc Bac-Trung-Nam; cac

dan tpc It ngffdi nhff E De, H're, M'ndng, Tay, Niing, Thai, Mffdng, Ket qua khao

sdt bai chinh ta ciia hpc sinh thupc 50 trffdng tieu hpc d Dak Lak va Dak Ndng phan

anh khd rd tinh da dang ve thanh phan cff dan d viing nay Ldi chinh ta cd trffdng hpp

do anh hffdng phat am Nam Trung bd Nam bd, Bac Trung bp, Bac bp; ed trffdng hpp

do phat am tie'ng me de ciia hpc sinh dan tdc thieu sd' Chang ban, ldi ve phy am dau

s/x, tr/ch, r/d, l/n; phu am cudi n/ng, t/e; thanh dieu (khdng ghi da'u thanh hoac dung sai

do anh hydng tie'ng me de cua hpc sinh dan tdc thieu so'), Dieu nay khien gido vien

gap khdng It khd khan trong viec ren luyen chinh ta cho hpc sinh

2.4 Ve ba phu am quat lydi r, s, tr, sach gido khoa chii ye'u dya vdo loai chinh ta lya

chpn cho phypng ngff tff Thanh Hda trd ra Tuy nhien, tren thffc te, hpc sinh Trung bp

vd Nam bp van vie't sai cac phu am ndy thanh d/gl, x, ch Cd nhieu nguyen nhan khien

hpc sinh pham ldi nhyng cd le nguyen nhan chinh la hien typng gan dm cua cac cap r/

d,gl; s/x; tr/ch-cung nhy hpc sinh Bac bp van vie't sai hai thanh gan dydng net hoi/ngd

Ke't qua khao sat bai chinh ta ciia hpc sinh thudc 136 ldp d 103 trydng tieu hpc 7 tinh

Nam Trung bp: Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dac Ndng,

Ninh Thuan-cho tha'y ldi ve cac cap phu am nay kha phd bien

Ldi ve r/d,gl; s/x; tr/ch dydng nhy khdng chi la rieng cua hpc sinh Bac bd

3 Tff viec phan tich bai tap chinh ta trong sff ddi chieu vdi thyc te chinh ta ciia

hpc sinh, cd the de xua't mot sd y cho viec ren luyen chinh ta d tieu hpc

3.1 Khdng nha't thiet phai thyc hien nhffng bai tap bat budc dd'i vdi vung phffdng ngff

hpc sinh It vie't sai; vl du cac cap: dn/dng, dt/dc, dt/dc, et/ich, ut/uc, uot/uoc, uat/

uac, dd'i vdi hpc sinh mien Bac Thay vao dd, cd the luyen cac hien tffpng chinh ta

cua dia phffdng, chang ban vung phffdng ngff Bac bp la cap van uau/liu, Uu/lu

3.2 Can phan loai bpc sinh trong mdl ldp Iheo diie diem phat am de ed ndi dung, bien phap luye-n tap phii hdp, diie biel la khu vffe "da ngff a m " nhff Tay Nguyen

3.3 Viet sai eae eiip phu am r/d,gl; s/x; s/x la bien tffdng phd bien d cac viing phffdng

ngff, khdng ehi rieng bpe sinh tff Ihanh Hda trd ra VI vay eung can luyen tap nhffng phu am nay eho hoe sinh Trung bo va Nam bp

3.4 Khi doe eho hoc sinh \ iet, giao vien can phat am chuan (the hien tren cbff vie't),

"trdn vanh, rd chff" nhai la nhffng trffdng hdp gan am

2>.S Nen hinb thanh eho bpe sinh ihdi quen dpc sach bao de nh('t mat cbff cua tff (O cac

bac bpe tren, hoe sinh dd sai ehinb ta bdn mae du van phat am dia phffdng ehii ye'u la

nhd cd \6w iff phong phii va nhd dffdc mat chff eiia tff nhieu hdn)

3.6 Cae Irffdng lieu bpe nen khuyen khich nhffng de tai nghien effa khoa bpc tap the: thd'ng ke phan K)ai ldi ehinb la tffng bai vie't ciia hpc sinh de lpc ra dffdc nhffng chff can luyen theo phffdng chain "sai gl sffa n a y " ed cap dp boa kie'n thffc Lam dffpc nhy vay chac chan ldi chinh ta cua bpe sinh se giam nhieu Dieu nay phu thupc rat Idn vao tam huyei eiia eac nha giao due, nha't la giao vien dffng Idp

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Chucmg trinh gido due phd thdng-Ciip Tieu hgc, Nxb Giao

due, (2006)

[2] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Tieng Viet I Nxb Giao due (2002)

[3] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Tieng Viet 2 Nxb Giao due (2003)

[4] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Tieng Viet 3 Nxb Giao due (2004)

[5] Bp Giao due va Dao lao, Tie'ng Viet 4 Nxb Giao due, (2005)

[6] Bp Giao due va Dao lao, Tieng Viet 5 Nxb Giao due, (2006)

[7] Bp Gido due va Dao tao, Hudng dan thuc hicn chudn kien thffc, kT ndng cdc mon

hgc d lieu hgc Ldp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Nxb Gido due, (2009)

[8] Hoang Thi Chau, Plmmg ngff hgc tieng Viet Nxb DHQG Ha Npi, (2004)

[9] Nguyen Minh Thuyet (chu bien) Hdi-ddp vi dgy hgc Tieng Viet 2, Nxb Giao due,

(2004)

[10] Nguyen Minh Thuyet (chii bien), Hdi-ddp ve dgy hgc Tieng Viet 4, Nxb Giao due,

(2006)

BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HQC 111

SUMMARY DICTATION EXERCISES IN "TIENG VIET" COURSEBOOK FOR

PRIMARY SCHOOLS THROUGH THE STUDY ON PUPILS' PAPER TESTS

Nguyen Quy Thanh

Dictation exercises in "Tieng Viet" coursebook for primary schools are divided into

two types The first is compulsory exercises for the pupils in all parts of our country The

second is flexible exercises used in different areas with different dialects In comparison

with the printed exercises in the book with the real writing dictation papers of our pupils,

we found that most of the second type of exercises haven't reflected the complexity of the

dialect dictation That is the reason why we should choose and build suitable types of

dictation exercises depending on the reality of each area, at the same time suggesting the

right way for pupils' practice

"Khoa Giao due Tieu hoc-Mam non Tru'dng Dai hpc Quy Nhdn

Ngay nhan bai: 23/02/2011; Ngay nhan dang: 05/9/2011