32 s ^ 308 2011 DauvaHpc Mpt so bien phap sir dung tai lieu cua Ho Chf Minh di tao bieu tucftig trong day hpc Ijch sir & Tru''''crng THPT ThS VO VAN MINH Tradng THPT Nam tHai Lang Hai Lang Quang Tri Hd C[.]
Trang 132 s ^ 308-2011 DauvaHpc
Mpt so bien phap sir dung tai lieu cua
Ho Chf Minh di tao bieu tucftig trong
day hpc Ijch sir & Tru'crng THPT
ThS VO VAN MINH
Tradng THPT Nam tHai Lang - Hai Lang - Quang Tri
H d Chf Minh Id anh hung gidi phdnp ddn tdc cua nhan dan
Vi^t Nam, nhd vdn hda Idn, m$t chiln sT qu6c ti l§i lac Hoat
ddng cdch mang cua H 6 Chf Minh d trong nudc vd nudc ngodi
trong the ki XX gdn vdi tiln trinh phdt triln cua LS dan tpc, vdi
phong trdo gidi phdng dan t^c, phong trdo c^ng san vd cdng nhan
qudc tl Cudc ddi vd svr nghi$p cdch mang cua Ngudi d3 dl 1^ cho
ddn tOc ta nhilu di sdn qu;^ bdu tren nhieu Ghh vuc, trong dd cd di
sdn su hgc
Trong day hpc lieh sii (DHLS), tai lieu ciia Hd Chi Minh la
mdt trong nhieu ngudn tai lieu tham khao ed the va can thiet
phai si/ dung de trinh bay kien thilc mdi, eiing ed, on tap kie'n
thife eu, kiem tra danh gia ket qua hpc tap eiia hpe sinh (HS),
thUe hien hoat ddng ngoai khda v.v , trong dd, viee eung cap
thdng tin trinh bay kie'n thifc mdi giuf mpt vi trf quan trpng Bdi
vl, tac pham ciia Hd Chf Minh gdp phan tao bieu tUpng, khoi
phuc bifc tranh lich sit (LS) Do vay, viec sil dung ngudn tai
lieu quy gia n&y de tao bieu tiidng trong DHLS b triidng pho
thdng se gdp phan vao viec nang cao hieu qua DHLS tren ta't
ea eae mat giao dudng, giao due va phat trien Bai vie't trinh
bay mdt sd nguyen tac va bien phap sU pham si/ dung tai lieu
eiia Hd Chf Minh de tao bieu tUpng trong DHLS b trUdng
trung hpc phd thdng (THPT)
SU kien LS dUPe phan anh trong chi/dng trinh, SGK LS
cap THPT rat phong phu da dang tren nhieu ITnh vUc khac
nhau Viee sil dung tai lieu ciia Hd Chi Minh de tao bieu
tUdng trong DHLS can tap trung vao nhuTng sU kien ed ban
eiia kie'n thife bai hpe ma tai lieu cd de cap de'n, nham tai tao
hinh anh ve cac sU kien eg the, sinh ddng tren eae ITnh viie eiia
ddi sdng xa hdi Viet Nam dUd\ che dp thUe dan phong kien,
ve ddi sdng vat chat, ddi sd'ng xa hdi - chfnh trj, eae nhan vat
ljch sil, ddi sd'ng tinh than van hoi, dien bie'n cac sU kien
(quan sU, chfnh trj, tU tudng, kinh te, ) v.v lam ed sd eho
viee hinh thanh khai niem, neu quy luat va riit bai hdc LS eho
hien tai De dat cac mue tieu neu tren, can van dung linh hdat
sang tao cac bien phap suf pham chu yeu sau:
1 Suf dung tai lieu cua Hd Ctif IVIinh de xay
di/ng bai mieu ta Ijch suf
Hinh thifc pho bie'n khi van dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chf Minh
la xay dUng cac bai mieu ta ed phan tich, tife la mieu ta khdng
nham khoi phuc lai toan bp bifc tranh qua khif, ma tap trung vao mdt dac diem chii yeu, di sau vao phan tichcd cau ben
trong eiia sU vat, eiia sd kien LS dang hpe, nham Idt ta dUdo
nhiJng net ban ehat eiia eae bien cd, hien tUdng Ijch sif, qua
dd tien hanh viee giao due tu tudng tlnh cam va phat trien nang lUe tU duy HS Vi the, bai mieu ta ed van dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chi Minh can phai hUdng vao lam ndi bat kie'n thife cd
ban ciia bai hpc, gay b HS an tUdng sau sic ve cac sU kien
LS Chiing ta can hpe tap each mieu ta tai tinh eiia Hd Chf Minh ve cae sU kien LS xa hdi NgUdi khuyen chiing ta nen
"mieu ta cho hay, chan that va hung hon" Chfnh nhd mieu ta
"hay, chan that va hung hon" ma chiing ta ed the tao dUng
dUde nhufng bieu tUdng LS hap d i n eho HS
Vf nhu, khi day hpe bai 12, muc 1.3 "Nhdng chuyen bien
mdi ve kinh te va giai cap xa hpi d Viet Nam"b Idp 12 , giao
vien (GV) cd the sif dung doan trfch trong "Phong trao cadi
m'ang d Ddng DUdng"de xay dUng mdt bai mieU ta ve dc(i
sd'ng ciia ngUdi ndng dan Viet Nam dUdi che dp thUe dan Phap sau Chien tranh the gidi thU nhat:
"Ddi sdng ndng dan cung chang hdn gl Dat thi xau, phUPng phap canh tac thi lac hau, do dd nang suat kem NgUdi ban
xU do rudng dat bang "mau", chU khong do bang hecta Mot
m l u dat td't san xuat khoang 50 thiing thde trj gia 24d75 Trong sdtien nay, Chfnh phii da trich thu 2d10, khoang 10% NhUng cay cay moi mau rudng, ngUdi ndng dan da phai chi phf het 28d50 ve tat nUde, phan bdn, gidng ma, thue trau bo, nhan cdng, v.v NhU vay la Id von mat 3d75
Sudt nam, phan idn nhdng ngddi ndng dan phai in rau, an khoai Rat It khi hp an cdm, chi trong nhdng ngay gip Tet chang h^n thi hp mdi dam ddng tdi hat eom quy gia ay Ngoai thue ma nStng ne, tang len 550% trong khpang
10 nam, ngddi dan bin xd cdn bi kho sd vdi hang tram nghin thdhach sach"{^)
Bai mieu ta nay khdng ehi neu kha day dii hinh anh v§ eupc sd'ng khdn cung eiia ngUdi nong dan Viet Nam bj bdc lot nang ne dudi che dp eai trj eiia thUe dan Phap va phong kien tay sai, ma cdn giup HS hieu rd hdn bUc tranh nen ndng nghiep lac hau va nhufng bien doi trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi Viet Nam sau Chien tranh th^ gidi thU nhat Vdi bieu tUdng eu thi nhu vay (do tai lieu doan trfch va cac thao tac sU pham cua
Trang 2DaijvaHpc
GV tao ndn), 6 HS nay sinh sU thUdng cam vdi nhiJfng ngUdi
ndng d&n eUc kho, si^ cam thu ddi vdi bpn thuc ddn phong
kiln tan bao Qua dd, cac em khdng chi hilu bai sSu sac hdn,
hSng say hUng thu hpc tap hdn ma cdn dUdc bdi dUdng v%
tlnh cam tu duy
2 Sur dung tai lieu cua Hd Chi IVIinh de neu
d^c diem cua, sur kien
Trong cac tac pham ciia Ho Chi Minh de cap de'n LS dan
tdc va ljch sif the gidi, ed nhieu bieu tUdng LS dUde NgUdi tao
dung bang phddng phap hinh tddng hoa Day la nhufng doan
tu lieu ngin gpn, giau hinh tUdng, mang tfnh khai quat eao,
do vay, viecsU dung nd se gay an tUdng manh me dd'i vdi HS,
eae em de ghi nhd sU kien, gdp phan phat trien tu duy bien
chifng, tU duy logic eho HS Viec sif dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf
Minh de neu dac diem eiia sU kien dUde tien hanh trong
nhOng trUdng hdp sau:
ThUnhat, dung de khai quat tlnh chat, dac trUng hien tugng
LS dudi dang mdt hinh anh tUdng trUng, nham giup HS d§
tiep thu ndi dung, ban chat ciia hien tupng ljch sil Vi du, khi
day hpe bai 12, muc 1.2 "Chinh sach chinh trj, van hoa, giao
due eiia thdc dan Phap" b Idp 12, GV ed the sif dung hinh
tupng ma Hd Chi Minh neu trong "Ban an che dp thUc dan
Phap" khi viet ve viee thUe thi cdng ly eiia ehinh quyen thUe
dan Phap d Ddng DUdng: "Cdng ly dUde tUdng trung bing
mdt ngudi dan ba dju hien, mdt tay cam qua can, mpt tay cam
kiem Vl dudng td Phap den Ddng Dddng xa qua, xa den noi
sang dUge tdi dd thi can can da mat thing bang, dTa can da
chay Idng ra va bien thanh nhdng tau thudc phien hoac nhdng
chai rdgu ty, nen ngddi dan ba tdi nghiep chi edn lai ddc cai
kiem de chem giet Ba ehem giet den ea ngddi vd tdi, va nhat
la ngddi vd tdi"(2) Cach neu hinh tupng ve "Cdng ly"cua thUe
dan b eae thudc dja dUdi dang hai hUdc, de lot ta dUde ban
chat eiia nd, ed tae dpng de'n tu tudng, tinh cam HS
ThU hai, dung de danh gia tae ddng, y nghTa eua sd kien
ddi vdi sU phat trien LS d nhufng giai doan tie'p sau Vf du, khi
day hpc ve td ehUe yeu nUde - each mang Hpi Viet Nam Cach
mang thanh nien d bai 13 "Phong trao dan tge dan diii d Viet
Nam td nam 1925 den nam 1930" b Idp 12, GV co the sif
dung hinh tUPng dUde Nguyen Ai Qude neu sau day de giup
HS danh gia diing ve vai trd LS ciia td ehUe nay dd'i vdi qua
trinh van ddng thanh lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam: "Hgi An
Nam Thanh nien Cach mang (tdc Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang
thanh nien - tic gii chu) dp chung tdi tc chdc tdnam 1925 Cd
the ndi ring, nd la qui trdng, ma td dd, nd ra eon chim non
cdng sin (Ding Cdng sin)" (3)
3 Suf dung tai lieu cua Hd Chi IVIinh de tao
bieu tu'gfng b^ng sis thdng ke sd lieu
sif dung sd lieu va tai lieu thdng ke ciia Hd Chf Minh de
tao bieu tUdng eho HS khdng lam cho bai hpe LS trd thanh
khd khan nang ne, ma trai lai lam eho nd sinh ddng va de
hieu hdn Bdi vi, nhOng sd lieu va tai lieu thd'ng ke ma Hd Chf
Minh sif dung la nhOng tai lieu thUe te giup eho HS thay rdng
"Nhdng ccn sd chan that va mia mai (ay) lam eho chung ta
cSm thu va da nddc mat" (4)
Trong bai "SU pha sin eua die dp thdc dan Phap"b mue
"Mdt vii con sd" Hd Chf Minh da sif dung 52 sd lieu d l vach
trSn b^n chS't ciia e h i dp thUc dSn Phip Trong "Bin in che
dd thuc din Phip", Ngudi sif dung g&n 250 sd lidu d l ndi ve
sU cUSng doat, bdc lot, dan ap, ham hiep ciia bpn thUe dlin va
ve phong trao each mang Trong bai "Ddi sdng kinh te"c6 gan
100 sd lieu d l k i t luan rang "sd ip bdc ve kinh te cung ning
trTu e che tren Idng ngddi ban xdnhUsdap bdc ve mit xa hdi"
(5), Nhijfng sd lieu va tai lieu thdng ke trong cac tae phim va bai viet ciia Hd Chf Minh dUdc d i n ra 6 tren ehungta ed t h i
van dung nd vdo bki gling LS nhim mang lai hieu q u i giao
due eao
Sil dung sd lieu va tai lieu thdng ke eiia Hd Chf Minh d l tao bieu tUdng trong DHLS phai dam bao tfnh ehinh xac va chpn Ipc eho phii hdp vdi tC/ng dd'i tUPng, ed tinh tieu bieu va gdi cam Viec sif dung sd lieu phai kem theo sU giai thfeh can thiet ve thdi diem, va can dUde phan tfeh thau dao de lam ndi bat IUdng thong tin can ndi de'n
4 Sur dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf IVIinh de tao bieu ti/Gfng b^ng si/ so sanh
Trong cac tac pham ciia Ho Chi Minh ehUng ta nhan thay
NgUdi sif dung phd bien phUdng phap so sanh LS "theo dddng
ngang", "so sanh ddi ngiu", tUc la de cap den eiing mpt chii
de, mpt thdi ky LS nhUng lUdng thdng tin neu ra lai trai ngUde nhau, xung ddt nhau PhUdng phap so sanh ma Hd Chf Minh sif dung thudng di kem vdi nhufng sd lieu xac thUe, ngin gpn nhUng ldi fch ciia nhOng thdng tin mang lai qua la Idn VI vay,
cd the van dung phUdng phap so sanh LS eiia Hd Chi Minh
de giiip HS hieu ro hdn dac trUng tfnh chat sU kien hay danh gia tac ddng, y nghTa cae sU kien dien hinh dd'i vdi sU phat trien lich sif
Vi du, khi de cap den viee thUe thi chfnh sach ngu dan eua
thUe dan Phap d Viet Nam, Hd Chf Minh so sanh: "Luc ay, cd
mdt nghin lang thi cd den mdt nghin nam tram dai ly ban le rUgu va thudc phien Nhung cung trong sd mdt nghin lang dd lai ehied ven ven mUdi trUdng hge" (6)
5 Siif dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf IVIinh de xay di/ng cac cau chuyen ke ve ljch suf
Ke chuyen LS la trinh bay nhOng cau chuyen cd that, "ed
dau cd dudi", cd tlnh tiet cu the ve mdt sU kien, mpt nhan vat
trong qua khU Viec van dung chuyen ke ve LS trong tac pham eiia Hd Chf Minh phai hUdng vao nhijfng kien thUe trpng tam, ed ban eiia bai hpe, phai lam ndi bat kie'n thUe ed ban eiia bai hpc, khic phuc tinh trang kho khan, ddn dieu trong day hpe nhUng eung khong nen lam cho bai giang them nang
ne, khong vUa sUe Do vay, can phai xay dUng nhufng eau ehuyen k l sinh dpng, ngin gpn, chfnh xac dUa tren tai lieu ciia Hd Chf Minh de sil dung phu hdp vdi mue tieu, yeu ciu, ndi dung eiia bai hpe va sat vdi trinh dd nhan thUe ciia HS
Chang han nhu, khi day hpe bai 12, muc 11.2 "Hoat ddng
cua tUsan, tieu tUsan va cdng nhan Viet A/am" d Idp 12, GV
dUa vao doan trfch trong "Phong trao each mang Ddng DUdng"
d l ke chuyen ve cac cupe truy dieu, d l tang Phan Chau Trinh nam 1926:
"Nha chf sT Phan Chau Trinh, mdt ngUdi thupc phai qude
gia khac vUa qua ddi Ba mUdi nghin ngUdi An Nam b khip
xU Nam Ky da lam le an tang theo qude le va khip nUde da td chUe le truy dieu nha chi sT Chi trong vai ba ngay, mdt cudc lac quyen da thu lUdm 10O.OOOd Tat ea HS sinh vien deu d l tang eu
TrUde phong trao yeu nUde eiia toan dan, bgn thdc din Phip Sd hai, bilt dau phan cdng iai Chung dm HS de tang va
Trang 334 SO 8-2011 DamHpc
to chdc lac quyen Chung cam to chdc eic le truy dieu, v,v- De
phan ddi lai, HS da bai khoa d Ha Noi, Hai Phdng, Nam Dinh,
HuS, Sii Gdn, Phu Lam, v.v dau diu HS cung deu bai khoa
Nd sinh cung tham gia phong trao Mgt sU viec day j? nghTa
sau diy da chdng to tinh thin yeu nudc ciia HS: Tai trudng
Saxdiu Ldba d Sai Gdn cd ngUdi da viet len bang may chd:
"A.B LF." (A bsa les Francai - di dio thdc din Phip) Cic
giip sU Phip bat HS len bang Chang mdt em nap chiu xpi
ea"[7)
6 Suf dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf IVIinh de tao
bieu tifcfng ve hoat dong each mang cua chfnh
Nguygn Ai Qudc Hd Chf IVIinh
Ljch sif Viet Nam tU dau the ky XX de'n nay, dac biet tU
nam 1911, g i n lien vdi hoat ddng each mang eiia Hd Chi
Minh Tao bilu tUdng dung din, chfnh xac ve hoat dpng each
mang eiia NgUdi se giiip HS hieu sau LS dan tdc Tren cd sd
nhufng kiln thUc LS ay, giao due eae em Idng kfnh yeu lanh tu
Hd Chf Minh, vCfng tin vao eon dUdng each mang ma Dang
Cdng san Viet Nam va Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da lUa chpn va
kien tri dau tranh tif nhOng nam dau ciia the ky XX
Viec si/ dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chi Minh d l tao bilu tUdng
ve hoat ddng each mang ciia NgUdi phai tuan thii nguyen t i c
chung ciia viee tao bilu tUdng vd hoat dpng each mang eiia
Hd Chf Minh trong DHLS Viet Nam d trUdng THPT, dd la:
"Qui trinh DHLS d trddng phe thdng khdng giang day tieu sd
khoa hpe HP Chi Minh, mi thdng qua cac sd kien ed ban trpng
SGK de lam sing td edng lap to idn cua HP Chi Minh dd'i vdi
each mang Viet Nam DP dd, khi tao bieu tddng ve hpat ddng
each mang eiia Ngddi phai iam rd moi quan he gida hoat ddng
cich mang eiia Ho Chi Minh vdi tien trinh phit then LS din tdc
(vaLS the gidi)"(Q)
Sif dung tai lieu ciia Hd Chf Minh d l tao bilu tUdng ve
hoat ddng each mang ciia Nguyin Ai Qude - Ho Chf Minh
dUde tien hanh trong nhOng trUdng hdp sau:
ThUnhat, si/ dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chf Minh nham cu t h i
hoa cac sU kien phan anh tUng hoat ddng cu t h i eiia Hd Chf
Minh d l hilu cudc ddi va sU nghiep each mang eiia NgUdi,
qua dd giiip HS hieu sau hdn jihOng sU kien LS dan tdc cd
lien quan
Vi nhu, khi day hpc v l sU kien Nguyen Ai Qud'c cung vdi
mdt sd ngUdi yeu nUde eiia Angieri, Mard'c, Tuynidi v.v lap ra
Hdi Lien hiep thudc dia b Pari nam 1921, GV cd t h i thdng
bao ngin gpn doan trfch trong Tuyen ngdn va Dieu le ciia Hdi
do Nguyen Ai Qud'c soan thao d l giiip HS hilu rd hdn mue
dfch thanh lap td ehUe qudc te nay, qua dd danh gia diing ve
vai trd eiia Nguyen Ai Qude: 'Trong Dieu le ciia Hpi (do Nguyin
Ai Qud'c soan thao) da neu rd: "Mgc dich ciia Hdi ia tap hgp va
hddng dan cho mgi ngddi din cic xd thudc dia hien sdng tren
dat Phip nham muc dich doan ket hg; thao luan va nghien
edu tat ca nhdng van de ehinh tri va kinh teeiia thugc dia"[Q)
Tu tudng chi dao chung ciia Nguyen Ai Qude dUdc Hdi tan
thanh, Tuyen ngdn ciia Hdi da xac djnh: ' edng cudc giii
phdng anh em ehi cd the thdc hien bang sU no ldc eiia bin
than anh em" va "Ddng trddc ehii nghTa td ban va ehii nghTa
dequpc, quyen igi cua chung ta la thong nhat •"(^0) Tren ed
sd dd, GV cd the neu"c&u hdi: "Td tddng va hanh ddng cua
Nguyen Ai Qudc thdng qua viee thinh lap Hdi Lien hiep thudc
dja d Pari nam 1921 ehdng tc dieu gi?'
Tra Idi dUdc c i u hdi niy, tiifc la HS nhan thUc ro Nguyen
Ai Qude khdng dii cham lo cdng viec cdu nddc cho dan tdc
minh ma cdn xuat hien tren vu dai chinh trj vao nhOfng nam
dau the ki trUde nhU mgt chien sTquoc te, dau tranh eho dpc
lap tu do cua cac dan tdc thupc dja
ThU hai, sif dung tai lieu ciia Hd Chi Minh d l tao bieu
tUdng phan anh tdc dung, ket q u i hoat ddng cich mang eiia
Hd Chi Minh ddi vdi tien trinh phat triln LS dan tdc Day la cae bilu tUdng quan trpng giup HS nhan thay bUde chuyin ve ehat trong nhan thUc, tU tUdng eiia Hd Chf Minh va dd cung la nhOng budc ngoat can ban trong tien trinh phat triln eiia each mang Viet Nam
Vf du, khi trinh bay ve y nghTa eiia viee Nguyin Ai Qudc
dpe "Sd thio lan thd nhat nhdng luan eddng ve van de dan tge
va van de thugc dia"cua V 1 Lenin, GV cd the trich dan mpt
doan trong "Con dddng din tdi den ehii nghTa Lenin" eiia Mb
Chf Minh de xay dUng mdt cau chuyen ve sU kien nay: ' mpt ddng chi da dUa cho tdi dpc Luan cUdng eiia Lenin
ve eae van de dan toe va thudc dja dang trSn bao Nhan dao Trong luan cUdng ay, ed nhOng chuf chinh trj khd hieu NhUng
eU dpe di dpc lai nhieu lan, cud'i cung tdi cung hieu dUdc phan chfnh Luan cUdng eiia Lenin lam eho tdi rat cam ddng, phan khdi, sang td, tin tUdng biet bao! Tdi vui mUng den phat khdc len Ngdi mdt minh trong budng ma tdi ndi to len nhU dang ndi trUdc quan chung dong dao: "Hdi dong bao bi doa day dau kho! Day la cai can thiet cho chiing ta, day la con dUdng giai phdng chung ta!"
Tddd tdi hoan toan tin theo Lenin, tin thep Qudc tethdba"
(11)
Chuyen k l LS dUa vao doan tU lieu tren se tao eho cac
HS bilu tUdng ve sU "vui mdng", "cim ddng", "phan khdi",
"sang td", 'fin tddng" ciia Nguyin Ai Qud'c sau khi dpe Luan
eUdng ciia Lenin, tren ed sd dd giiip HS hilu rd Luan eUdng cua Lenin da nang cao nhOng hilu biet thUe te eiia Nguyen Ai Qude ve edng cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc, lam sang to eon dudng eUu nUdc dung d i n
7 Si/ dung tai lieu eiia Ho Chi Minh d l tao bieu tUdng ve cic nhan vat LS khac cd lien quan den ndi dung bai hpc Trong cae t i e pham, bai viet eua Hd Chi Minh, NgUdi eo
de cap de'n cae nhan vat ehinh dien eung nhu phan dien gan
vdi LS dan tdc va LS the gidi, nhU "cic quan cai tri Phap"b
Ddng DUdng, Vua Khii Dinh, Vua Bao Dai, Pham Hdng Thai, mdt sd ddng chf can bd eiia Dang v.v; eae nhan vat LS the gidi nhu cic nha triet hpc anh sing Phip (Vdn-te, l^iit-xd ), Lenin, Hftle, Miitxdlini, NhC/ng nhan vat LS nay dUPc
de cap de'n b mpt hoac v i i sU kien trong SGK (trUc tiep hoac
gian tiep) Do dd, dd'i vdi nhOng nhan vat ma cudc ddi va sU nghiep ehi g i n vdi mdt hoac vai sU kien thi si/ dung eae bien phip sU pham nhU viee mieu ta, tUdng thuat, ke ehuyen, n§u
d i e dilm ve hoat ddng va tinh cich eiia nhan vat de giiip HS
ed bilu tUdng rd rang, eu the ve c i e nhan vat Ijch sif Dd la cd s6 cho viec tim tdi suy nghT, rut ra ket luan, hinh thinh khai niem d l hilu dUde b i n ehat eiia sU kien, ddng thdi giio due tlnh cam, dao dUc cho HS
Vi du, khi ndi ve "Cic quan thdng ddc", "Cie quan eai trj",
"Nhdng nha khai hoa" ciia thUe dan Phip, Nguyin Ai Qudc
da neu dac dilm noi bat eiia tUng loai "quan" trong bd may thd'ng trj b thudc dja NhiJfng nhan vat ma Nguyin Ai Quoc neu trong "Bin in che do thde dan Phap" la nhOng nhan vat
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cd thuc, nhiing nhin vat m i LS Viet Nam deu cd nhae tdi
nhu toan quyen Merlin (Mec-lanh), thdng ddc Utdriy, edng
sU Darles (Oic-ld) v.v Tong hdp c i c net i y la bd mat chung
cua chu nghTa thUc d i n t h i hi&n 6 viec bdc Idt, d i n ap, thuc
hien chinh sdch ngu d i n , sM tham lam d i n tpt cCing, sU xa
hoa, lang phf, h^Jm hTnh Nguyin Ai Qudc di den khang djnh:
"Cic quan cai trj deu li nhdng dng vua con" (12)
D l tao dUdc sU rung ddng 6 HS trong q u i trinh tao bilu
tUdng ve hoat ddng ciia c i c nhan vat lich sif, cd t h i si/ dyng
vai thil phap sU pham sau:
- Si/ dung ngdn ngO trong sing, gdi ta cd hinh anh k i t hdp
vdi viee phan tich ehinh xac ed tic dung kich thich sU phit
triln nang lUc tU duy ciia HS khi tao bilu tUdng
- Si/ dung thii phip "neu hinh anh tUdng phan"Xiic la neu
hai hinh anh trai ngUde nhau d l gay an tUdng manh me d HS
khi tao bilu tUdng cic nhan vat lich si/ Thii phap nay da dUdc
Hd Chi Minh si/ dung d l mieu ta ban chat eiia cic nhan vat
trong bai "Nhdng trd id hay li Varen vi Phan Bdi Chau"{y3)
Trong tie pham nay, Hd Chf Minh k l v l chuyin V/ehg thim"
Phan Bdi Chau ciia Toan quyen Ddng DUdng Varen khi Cu
dang bi thUe dan Phip bit giam 6 Ha Ndi v i o nam 1925
Trong cupe gap gd niy, Hd Chf Minh mieu ta vien toan quyen
Varen nhU mdt chfnh khich vd liem si, trd trio, giao quyet,
dai dien cho bpn phan bdi, cd hpi chii nghTa thdi bay gid vdi
mdt ben la hinh anh cu Phan Bdi Chau bi cam tii deo gdng
len vai nhUng rat diem tTnh, vdi chf khf eao thUdng eiia mdt vj
anh hiing dan too da xa than vl ddc lap, khdng d i m xia gl den
nhCfng Idi du do mua chudc ciia ten cio gia thUe dan Cich
neu hinh anh nhU the giiip cho HS thay rd sU khic biet de'n
trii ngUde giufa cic nhin vat, dai dien eho nhieu tang Idp, giai
cap khic nhau song cd md'i quan he vdi nhau, dd la eupc gap
gd giufa "ke phan bdi nhgc nha vi bae anh hung" Su so sanh
nay da lot t i mdt cich sau sic, toan dien cic nhan vat khac
nhau, tao eho HS nhQng tinh cam, thii dp rd rang, di/t khoit
- Si/ dung thii phip "neu hinh anh tddng d6ng"6e tao bilu
tUdng ve hoat dpng ciia cac nhin vat lich sif, tUe la neu lai
hinh i n h vio nhOng thdi dilm khic nhau, nhUng ed quan he
chat che, lam ndi bat ban chat ciia coij ngUdi, sU viec Chinh
Nguyen Ai Qude thUdng diing thii pfiip nay de mieu ta chan
dung, ban chat ciia c i c quan thUc dan cai trj d thudc dja Vf
nhu, ndi ve edng sU Die-Id, Nguyen Ai Qud'c nhic tdi "mdt
nha eai tri ed tai" da hpe dupe khoa cai trj "d khu phd latinh khi
dng (ay) edn li mdt anh hing chao" (14), tUe l i nhiing viec
ludng gat, an eUdp nhOng "kien thdc" ay gid day dupe 'thi
thd" b Ddng DUdng khi trd thinh mpt vien quan cai trj thUe
din
Ngoai nhiing bien phip sU pham neu tren, GV cd t h i kit
hdp viec si/ dung tii lieu cua Hd Chi Minh vdi eic phUdng
phip day hpe khic (dd dung trUc quan, tai lieu van kien Dang,
tai lieu van hoc, ) d l tao bilu tUdng Ijch si/
Tdm lai, ed nhieu hinh thUe v i bien phip sU pham van
dung tai li§u ciJa Hd Chi Minh de tao bilu tUdng trong DHLS
6 trudng THPT Tuy nhidn, can cd quan niem diing khi si/
dung tii li§u cua Hd Chi Minh v i o day hpe ljch si/ Nd phai
tuan thil nhi/ng nguyen t i c ciia li luan day - hpe ndi chung,
eiia phUdng phip si/ dgng tii lieu tham khao ndi rieng Can
trinh nhOng khuylt dilm thudng gap nhu: diing tai li^u tham
khao chi d l minh hpa cho b i i giang mdt cich dm ddm, may
mdc, cd khi i p dat nhufng nhin dinh budc HS phai chap nhan
m i khdng cd ddc lip tU duy NhQng thilu sdt nhU vay la bai giang trd n§n khd khan, cUng nhic, thilu sinh ddng, nang ne, khdng gSy dUdc hUng thU cho HS DTnhidn, vide van dung tai lieu ciia Ho Chf Minh d l tao bilu tUdng LS khdng phii hoin toin tich khdi cic khau trong q u i trinh day hpc, ma ed the dan xen v i o nhau, l i m cho vide hpc tip ciia HS dUdc sinh ddng v i sau sic hdn
DU van dung tii li|u ciia Hd Chf Minh trong nhQng trUdng hdp nio thi viee phit huy tfnh tich cUc va gay hUng thu hpc tap LS cho HS ludn phai dUde GV ehu y d l quin xuyin cac bien phip sUpham nham nang cao hdn nQa ehat IUdng DHLS
De phit huy tfnh tfeh cUc eiia HS, GV yeu eau cic em phai
lam viee vdi t i i lieu, suy nghT sau sic chU khdng phai tilp nhin mpt cich giao dieu, cang khong ehi dung minh hoa mot each hdi hPt T i i lieu ciia Ho Chf Minh phai la cd sd eiia sU kien cd ban, nen tang cho suy nghT nhin thUe sau sic ndi dung LS
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Dang Van Ho Tao biiu tugng vS hoat dgng ciia H6 Chi Minh
qua day hoc lich sd Viet Nam idp 12 trddng THPT (1919 -1969)
Luan an pho Tien sTKhoa hpc Su pham - Tam ly, Trddng Dai hgc SU
p/7am, H.1996
2 Phan Ngpc Lien Chii tjch Ho Chf Minh v6ii cong tac sCf hoc NXB G/aocfycH 1985
3 Phan Ngpc Lien NhCfng van de ljch si^f trong tac pham Ho
Chi Minh NXB Dai hgc Qudc gia Hi Ngi H 1999
4 Phan Ngpc Lien (chili bien) - Trinh D inh Tung - Nguyen Thj 061
PhUOng phap day hoc ljch sii, T?ip I, II NXB Dai hgc SUpham, H
2007
5 Phan Ngpc Ll&n Ho Chf Minh vdl tien trinh ljch sif dan tpc
NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia H 2008
6 Hd Chf Minh Toan tip, tap 1,2, 3 NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, H
1995
7 Vo Van Minh.'Tai lieu ci!ia HbChi lyiinh - nguibn tri thifc quan trpng
de tao bieu tupng trong day hoc Ijch su' 6 truong pho thong" Tap chi
G/ao dye, so 229 (1/2010)
CHU THICH (1), (2), (6), (10), (12), (13), (14) Hd Chf Minh Toan t?p,
tap 2 NXB Chinh tn Qude gia H 1995, tr 229; 91; 36; 128;
40-71; 172-174; 49
(3) Hd Chf Minh l o a n t?p, tap 3 NXB Chinh tri Qude
gia H 1995, tr 13
(4), (5) Phan Ngpc Lien, Chii tjch Ho Chf Minh v6i cong
tac sif hoc NXB Giio due, H 1985, tr 83 (7), (9) Hd Chf Minh Toan t^p, tap 1 NXB Chinh tri Qude
gia H 1995, tr 231;.447
(8) Dang Van Hd, Tao bieu tUdng ve hoat ddng eua Ho
Chi Minh qua day hgc ijch sd Viet Nam idp 12 trddng THPT (1919 - 1969) Luan i n phd Tiln sT Khoa hpe SU pham - T i m
ly, Trddng Dai hgc Sd pham H 1996, tr 128 (11) Hd Chf Minh l o a n t | p , tap 10 NXB Chinh tri Qudc
gia H 1995, tr 127