22 £^ wAHMa^^MHM^MMMdW^r i teMM^ 308 2011 DatlvaHoC Lap y cho bai van nghj luan cua hoc sinh of trifofng phd thong ThS NGUYEN THI THU THUt 1 IVIor dau Lap y la khau quan trpng trong quy trinh lam van[.]
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Lap y cho bai van nghj luan
cua hoc sinh of trifofng phd thong
ThS NGUYEN THI THU THUt
1 IVIor d a u
Lap y la khau quan trpng trong quy trinh lam van nghi
luan Cae tai lieu nghien cdu ve van nghj luan da tap
trung phan tfeh va luan giai nhdm phan tfeh de, tim y va
lap dan y ciia khau nay Mae dd cac tai lieu da ly giai va
djnh hudng each lap y nhdng khi giao vien giup hpe sinh
(HS) van dung If thuyet vao thUe hanh ren luyen kT nang
v i n gap nhieu khd khan Bd qua khau lap y, HS chi v i l t
theo nhOng gdi ^ ciia giao vien hoac sao ehep trong tai
lieu ma khdng hieu rd van de neu trong de bai Khau
d i i n dat, hanh van, trien khai cac y vl the thudng rdi vao
be t i c , dan d i n chat Iddng bai van kem N l u HS dUde
ren luyen td't khau lap y, thuan thue eae each thdc lap y,
td minh xay dUng dUdc mdt dan y, thi viee van se chii
dpng hdn va k i t qua bai van se td't hdn
Tren cd sd nhOng tai lieu ve tao lap van ban va phUdng
phap viet van nghj luan, bai viet nay se t i l p tue tim hieu
cae thao tae trong quy trinh lap nham giiip cho HS cd
them nhdng gdi y trong viec ren luyen kT nang lam van
nghj luan d trddng phd thdng
2 Cac khai nigm tien de
2.1 Khai niem van nghj luan
Nghj luan dddc li giai la hoat ddng diing Idi le diing
d i n de thuyet phgc ngddi khac tin tddng, ddng tlnh theo
quan diem, y k i l n eiia minh ve mpt van de nao dd Van
nghj luan la hinh thdc nghj luan 6 cap dp van ban vdi
nhdng van de cd y nghTa thdc nhan sau sac va ed tinh
hoan ehinh hdn La the van sd dgng phddng thde nghj
luan, van nghj luan ehuyen tai td tddng, tlnh cam, thai dp
eiia ngddi v i l t ve cac van de thudc ITnh vdc van hpc, dao
If va ddi sd'ng xa hdi Ve hinh thde, van nghj luan dddc
eau tao la mdt van ban vdi bd cgc mach lac theo ba
phan: md bai, than bai, k i t bai Phan than bai dddc then
khai thdnh cac doan van bang lap luan chat che Id gich,
giau sdc thuylt phgc va bang ngdn td trong sang Moi
doan van cd nhiem vu lam rd mdt y Idn hddng vao viec
luan giai thuyet phgc van de nghj luan
Bai van nghj luan thudng de cap tdi nhufng van de ed
y nghT thiet thdc dd'i vdi nhan thde va tlnh cam eiia con ngddi Ngddi v i l t ddng tren lap trUdng quan diem cua minh dUa ra y k i l n phan tich, ban luan, danh gia v i n de vdi chdng cd xac thdc va lap luan phu hdp Ralph Waldo Emerson de cao viee ngddi v i l t neu ro quan diem trong
van ban nghj luan Ong ndi: ddng thuat lai quan diem cua
ngUdi khac Hay ndi vdi tdi nhdng gi ban biet [8] Quan
diem trong bai van can dddc the hien mdt each tU nhien, Chan thUe Mdt bai van nghi luan hay la bai van ed dddc
sd k i t hdp giu'a sde thuylt phuc eiia lap luan vdi sd sinh ddng eua hinh anh va tinh cam chan thUe cua ngddi vilt Bai luyen v i l t van nghj luan ciia HS d trUdng phd thdng
cd nhdng diem khac vdi van ban nghi luan do eae hpc gia bien soan Bai van nghj luan eiia HS dddc tao lap theo yeu cau ciia mdt de bai Muc dich viet la d l ren luyen kT nang viet va kT nang van dgng k i l n thde van hpe va kiln thdc ve cudc sdng xa hdi vao bai van nghj luan do dd,
yeu eau bai viet can dat b trinh dp phd thdng NhOng yeu
eau cd ban dd'i vdi bai v i l t van nghj luan eiia HS phd thdng la:
- Bai viet phai ed quan diem rd rang, ndi dung phong phu, cd g i n g ed y sang tao, the hien tlnh cam chan thUc, trong sang
Bai viet phai mach lac, giai quyet dung trpng tam eiia van de
Bai v i l t the hien tU duy Id gich, lien tUdng phong phu, tddng tUdng sang tao ciia ngddi vilt
Bai viet van dung linh hoat cae phUdng thde bieu dat: nghj luan, tU sd, mieu ta,
- Ngdn ngO trong sang, chinh xac
Bai luyen viet van nghj luan ciia HS la phddng tien de ren luyen ve td tudng, ren luyen kT nang tU duy, ngdn ngO, nang cao nang ldc nhan thdc cho HS, gdp phin hien thdc hoa muc tieu giao due phd thdng Mudn viet mdt bai van nghj luan dat yeu eau, HS can ren luyen td't cac nhdm kTnang tao lap van ban, dac biet la kTnang lap
y-2.2 Khai niem y
Theo quan niem cda chung tdi, y la k i t qua qua trinh
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JsG.W \.\Y
fvfli:n/t SO 8-2011
td duy cd djnh hddng dddc d i i n dat ra bang Idi Trong
van ban, y la nhOng ndi dung ed ban cua mdt bai v i l t Y
trong bai van nghj luan dddc h i l u la y k i l n , quan diem
eiia ngddi viet ve v i n de dddc de cap Do dd, y la mdt
trong nhdng thanh td quan trpng quylt djnh chat Iddng
eiia bai van nghj luan Neu chung ta hinh dung bai van la
ngdi nha thi ^ la nhOng chiec cdt tru d l ngdi nha can
bing va vOng c h i c Nd la nhOng thanh phan cdt y l u ma
bai van can phai cd va phai dddc giai quylt thau dao, de
v i n de ban luan dddc sang td Ddng thdi, quan diem dda
ra trong bai van ed sdc thuyet phgc ddi vdi ngddi dpc.Vdi
vai trd nhd vay, y eiia bai van nghj luan phai dam bao eae
yeu eau: diing, du, hay va he thdng
1) Y dung la y phan anh dung npi dung van de nghj
luan, tranh y sai la y nam ngoai van de nghj luan (lac de)
Y dung cdn la y dddc xay ddng tren cd sd khoa hpe dung
din, dao ddc va tlnh cam trong sang
2) Y dil la eae y phai phan anh day dii cac khia canh
eiia van de nghi luan, tranh thilu y hoac thda y
3) Y hay la y dUde chpn lpc, y tieu bieu, phan anh sau
s i c ndi dung van de nghj luan va mang tinh sang tao,
phat hien rieng ciia ngUdi vilt
4) Y phai cd tfnh he thd'ng tdc la cac y phai phai dddc
s i p xep theo mdt he thdng khoa hpe, 16 gich va lien k i t
chat che
Theo chdc nang lap luan va cap dp phan anh ndi dung
nghj luan, y trong bai van nghj luan dUdc gpi ten la luan
de, luan diem Luan de \a van de dUde neu trong de bai
ma ngUdi v i l t phai giai quye't thau dao trong toan bd bai
v i l t (y trpng tam, khai quat) Luan diem (y Idn) la nhOng
tieu diem cd ban eua luan de Moi luan diem ed tac dgng
lam sang td mdt mat, mdt khia each ciia luan de Mdt
luan de ed the cd mdt luan diem hoac nhieu luan diem,
trong moi luan diem Idn lai gdm eae luan diem nhd (y
nhd), chung eung ed nhiem vg thuyet minh, lam sang td
luan de N h i n manh yeu eau dd'i vdi luan diem trong bai
van nghj luan, tae gia Do Ngpc Thd'ng da vilt: "luan diem
trong bai van nghi luan phai neu dugc y hay Y hay ia y
dung, y sau, y mdi, y rieng, tap trung ndi bat, ed cd sd dao
11 va khoa hgc vdng chac, dap Ung ddi hoi cua thUe te, ed
sde thuye't phgc dpi vdi ngudi dge, ngudi nghe" [6,182]
Nhung lam t h i nao d l tim dung y, dii y, vda sau sic, vda
mdi me trUdc mdt van de nghj luan Dd ludn la eau hdi
e i n dddc dat ra khi viet van nghj luan va cau tra Idi eung
s§ la chia khoa giup cac em HS md thdng cae each cda
cho bai van ciia minh
Trong bai van nghj luan, HS can sd dung cac loai y
vdi chdc nang va cap dp khac nhau
- Phan theo cap dp- y trpng tam, y Idn, y nhd; y chinh,
yphg
Phan theo chdc nang: luan de, luan diem; y khing
dinh, y bae bd
H i l u rd eae v' e i n sif dgng cho bai van, HS se cd djnh
hddng Ida chpn, s i p x I p y mdt each he thd'ng, khoa hpc
n h i m thuylt minh cho quan d i l m can trinh bay ve v i n
de nghj luan
3 Lap y cho bai van nghj luan
3.1 Khai niem lap y
Lap y la qua trinh tim k i l m , thilt lap he thdng y ed
ban eho bai vilt Day la khau chuan bj e i n thilt trong hoat dpng tao lap van ban Can ed vao muc dich, van de nghj luan, ngUdi v i l t tap trung suy nghT, tim k i l m nhOng lien tudng, nhOng phan doan, nhOng y k i l n lien quan trUe
t i l p tdi van de can trinh bay trong van ban, sau dd Ida chpn, s i p xep mdt dan y cho van ban
Lap 9 eho bai van nghj luan la qua trinh, HS can ed vao nhOng dO lieu neu trong de bai, tim tdi, suy nghT, xac djnh y trpng tam ciia van de, phat trien y trpng tam thanh cac y Idn, y nhd va s i p x I p chiing theo mdt he thdng lap luan can sd dgng trong bai van He thdng lap luan trong bai van dUdc xac djnh theo y kiln, quan diem eiia hpe sinh ve van de ban luan De thdc hien td't khau lap y, HS phai n i m vOng va ed quan diem rd rang ve van de nghj luan Sau dd, HS phai the hien quan diem dd bang mpt dan y cd ban dam bao giai quyet dddc van de neu trong
de bai Do vay, hieu rd ban chit khau lap y, coi trong viee tap trung, dao sau suy nghT, thde hien cac thao tae td duy, cae bien phap lap y tren cd sd vdn tri thde, kinh nghiem eiia ban than la viec lam thiet thde dd'i vdi HS
K i t qua eiia khau lap y la HS xay dUng dUpe mdt dan
y ed ban cho bai van Cac y dUde chpn phai dung, du, hay va dam bao g i n k i t vdi nhau theo mdt he thdng Mudn vay, HS phai trai qua mot qua trinh nghien nglm, bien luan vdi nhieu thao tac IU duy, huy ddng nhieu kiln thdc, kinh nghiem ve van de ban luan Day la bUde chuan
bj quan trpng cho khau chip biit dddc thdng sud't, trdi chay, mach lac TU y sinh Idi, HS se cd dUde ngudn cam hdng ddi dao, chii dpng lap luan, hanh van vdi nhOng y
td sang tao, sau xa Lap dUde dan y, HS cd the hinh dung dUde npi dung bai viet, cd the kiem tra he thdng y bang each ddi chilu cae yeu cau cd ban Trong qua trinh viet, HS cd the tiep tuc dieu chinh, bd sung cae y nay sinh de bai van hoan thien hdn
Cung can ndi them ring, mgc dich eiia nghj luan la thuye't phuc ngUdi nghe eiing chia se quan diem vdi ngddi viet ve de tai dddc ban luan Do dd, lap y cho bai v i l t phai theo mdt ca'u true lap luan nhat djnh Lap luan trong
bai van nghj luan la nhdng lap luan de tao lap, lam thay
ddi hay eung cd Idng tin va nhan thdc d ngUdi nghe [3,
169] Nd vda hddng tdi dich ve gia trj chan ly vda hddng tdi dich ve tinh hieu qua nham tac ddng tdi ngddi t i l p nhan De lam cho ngddi dpehieu, tin vao quan diem eiia minh, HS can lap luan bang mot he thd'ng If le ranh mach,
rd rang vdi nhOng dan chdng thuyet phgc Mud'n mdt lap luan thanh cdng, gay dupe hieu qua, HS phai chu y tdi cae y l u td: Id gich, bieu cam, tfnh each eiia ngUdi tiep nhan Trong qua trinh huy ddng tri thdc, kinh nghiem, HS
cd the ed nhieu lien tUdng nay sinh nhieu y khac nhau td nhOng gdc dp, quan he khac nhau nhUng phai hddng
d i n mdt k i t luan nao dd Do vay, lap luan de lap y chfnh
la viee ngUdi viet Ida chpn eae li le nhim d i n d i t ngddi dpe d i n mot k i t luan va c h i p nhan nd Quan he lap lap luan trong bai van la quan he gida cac luan diem, luan cd
va k i t luan Do vay, lap luan cung ddng thdi chi phd'i viec Ida chpn he thd'ng y, cap dd y va tam quan trpng eiia moi y trong bai vilt
3.2 Quy trinh lap y Lap y bao ham trong dd viec tim y va thilt lap he thdng y Nhd vay, quy trinh lap y ed the dUdc xac dmh vdi
Trang 324 SO 8-2011 DaUvaHoC
3 bdde cd ban sau:
Bdde 1: Tim y
Budc 2: S i p x I p dan y
Bude 3: Kiem tra dan y
3.2.^ Budcl Tim y
Tim y dUde hieu la tim tdi, khai thae ta't ea cac y ed
ban, can t h i l t cho bai van Cac y nay, phai di sau, lam rd
ndi dung cdt Idi cua van de, bao phii cac khia canh eiia
van de, md rdng y nghTa eiia van de Ndi dung cac y phai
ed quan he vdi nhau theo he thd'ng Id gfch nha't djnh Vay
dUa vao dau de tim y? Can tim y nao trddc, y nao sau?
Nhu da neu d tren, bai van nghj luan ciia HS dUde tao lap
theo mdt de bai cho trddc de van thddng rat da dang, cd
the trdc t i l p , cung cd the gian tiep neu van de nghj luan
hoac d dang de md, HS phai tU chpn ndi dung trpng tam
de v i l t
Nhu vay, d bdde tim y, HS can thdc hien hai nhiem vg
ed tfnh lien thdng, ke tiep: xac dinh y trong tam (luan de)
va khai trien y trgng tam de tim ra he thdng y (he thdng
luan diem) can thiet eho bai van
* Xac djnh y trpng tam
Y trpng tam se la sdi chf dd xuyen sud't ndi dung toan
bai van Xac djnh y trpng tam eiia bai van la de tim diem
tua, tim hudng di, ddng thdi eung la tim eai dich cud'i'
eung eiia bai v i l t Td de bai dda ra, HS can xac djnh y
trpng tam eho bai van va bieu dat nd mdt each chinh xac
Thdc chat eiia thao tac nay la HS dda ra quan diem eiia
minh ve hdi dung cdt Idi eiia van de nghj luan
Nhiem vg nay dUde thdc hien bang each, HS phan
tfeh td ngO trong de bai de xac djnh dd'i tddng, pham vi
nghj luan Td dd van dung k i l n thde, kinh nghiem de dda
ra quan diem ciia minh ve van de nghj luan Ddng thdi,
eung can xac djnh hinh thdc nghi luan chii dao (chiing
minh, giai thich,hay binh luan, ) eho bai van Can luu y
rang.y trpng tam phai dUde d i i n dat rd rang, ngan gpn
dam bao thau tdm dddc ndi dung cdt Idi ciia van de
NghTa Id, y trpng tam phai dam bao sdc khai quat
Khai triln y trpng tam
Sau khi xac dinh dddc ndi dung cdt Idi eiia van de
nghj luan, HS can tie'p tge khai then y trpng tam Cdng
doan nay dddc thdc hien bang cac thao tac cd tfnh lien
thdng, k l t i l p : khai trien y trpng tam thanh cac y Idn va
khai trien y Idn thanh eae y nhd bac mdt, bac hai
Thao tae khai then y trpng tam thanh cae y Idn:
HS can cd vao de bai, vao y trpng tam, phan tfeh cac
thanh phan, ngudn gd'c, hieu qua eiia van de nghj luan
de hinh dung xem ed bao nhieu y can t r i l n khai trong bai
v i l t Sd dgng cac phep lien tddng (tddng ddng, tddng
phan ), HS se huy ddng dddc nhOng th thde ed ban eiia
van de va tri thdc lien quan den van de Sao dd, HS t i l p
tge sang lpc de hinh thanh gia thuyet, phan doan, suy
luan (y Idn)
Thao tae khai trien y Idn thanh y nhd
De khai then y Idn, HS ed the sd dung mdt sd bien
phap khai then y [9] nhd sau: khai trien b i n g each djnh
nghTa, khai then b i n g each chia nhd thanh to; khai then
bang each so sanh dd'i chieu, khai then bang each lien
he md rdng thanh td
Thi dg, vdi de tai: "Trinh bay suy nghTa eiia anh (chi)
ve nghi luc cua con ngudi trong cudc sdn^', cac t i n g bac
y ma HS cd the tim dddc nhd sau:
f trpng tam: Ban ve nghj ldc cua con ngddi trpng cudc sdng
- Cae y Idn:
1) Nghj Ide la gl? T h i nao la sd'ng cd nghj lUe? 2) Vai trd eua nghj ldc trong cupe sd'ng?
3) Nghj lUc ed phai la pham chat thddng trdc d eon ngddi? Lam t h i nao de sd'ng ed nghj Ide, d l ren luyen nghi lUe?
4) NhOng tam gddng giau nghj ldc trong cudc sdng quanh ta
5)
- He thdng cae y nhd:
Chang han vdi y Idn thd nha't can t r i l n khai vdi hai y nhd:
+ Giai thich khai niem nghi lu'c Nghj Ide la sde manh tinh than tao cho eon ngddi sU kien quyet trong hanh
ddng, khong liii bdde trddc khd khan trong cudc sd'ng + Nhu the nao thi dddc coi la ngddi sd'ng cd nghj lUc: Minh hpa eg the de hinh dung rd hdn ve nghj lUe eiia eon ngUdi trong eude sd'ng
Hoac vdi y Idn thd hai (Binh luan ve vai trd eiia nghj lUe trong cudc sd'ng ciia con ngUdi) cd the then khai thanh cac y nhd nhd sau:
+ Nghj Ide dem de'n eho eon ngUdi sU kien cUdng, td tin va ehii ddng trong cupe sd'ng Chdng minh trong cac ITnh vUc: cudc sdng dau tranh; cudc sdng lao ddng, hpc tap; cupe sdng tlnh cam
+ Thieu nghj ldc, eon ngUdi se trd nen yeu dudi, thu ddng, bat ldc trddc nhOng tinh hudng khd khan trong eupc sdng, d l budng xudi, dau hang, chap nhan that bai + Nghj lUe ciing tai nang va tri tue se giiip chiing ta eai thien hoan canh sd'ng eho minh
TUdng tU nhd vay, HS van dgng cae bien phap khai trien y, t i l p tge phat then cac y Idn eho bai van Trong gidi han eiia bai v i l t , chung tdi chf gia djnh mdt sd phddng
an khai then y de minh hoa eho nhOng k i l n giai ve each thdc tim y cho bai van nghj luan
3.2.2 Budc 2 - Sap xep dan y Thdc hien bdde tim y, HS da tim dUde cac loai)/ sau:
y trpng tam, y Idn (y giai thfeh, y chdng minh, y khang djnh, y md rdng, y lien he, y tdng hdp - khai quat), y nho bae mdt, bae hai)
Thdc hien bUdc sap x I p y thanh mdt he thd'ng, dau tien HS can Ida chpn hinh thde trinh bay dien djch hoac quy nap cho bai can va cho tdng y Idn, y nhd Sau dd sap
x I p thanh mdt dan y hoan ehinh (dii ba phan: md bai, than bai, k i t bai), the hien rd quan diem eiia ngUdi vilt
He thd'ng y luc nay dUde s i p x I p theo tu duy sang tao eiia HS Qua viee s i p x I p dan y, HS se bao quat dddc tfnh Id gfch giOa y trpng tam va cae y Idn, y nhd Nhd do, bai v i l t se tranh dddc t h i l u y, trung lap y hoac khdng can ddi giOa cac y, ddng thdi tranh dddc tlnh trang Idn xdn,
t h i l u mach lac trong bd cgc ciia bai v i l t Viee Ida chpn ca'u true lap luan tuy thudc de bai, kien
thdc, each td duy va hdng thu sang tao ciia HS 6 thf du
tren, HS ed the chpn each lap luan dien djch hoac quy nap de phat then y, bd cue y cho bai van Td viee khang
Trang 4DmvoHpc
JSGAY \.\Y
ranvt s o 8-2011
djnh nghj ldc e i n t h i l t trong cudc s d n g , c h d n g minh bang
cac bieu hien cu the Hoac t d nhOng b i l u hien t h i l u nghj
ldc trong cudc s d n g , phSn tich tae hai, rdi di d i n k i t luan
ve sU e i n t h i l t c i i a nghj ldc trong cudc sdng c i i a moi con
n g u d i
3 2.3 BUdc 3 - Kiem tra he thdng y
d bdde kien tra he thdng j ^ , HS thdc hien hai thao tac:
ddi c h i l u eae y e u c a u v l ^ trong bai v a n nghj luan vdi eae
y da tim dddc; dd'i c h i l u dan y vdi cac nguyen t i c lap y
cho bai van nghj luan
ThUc hien thao tac mdt, HS dpc lai toan bd cac y tim
dupe de xem c h i i n g ta da dap dng dddc y e u cau: dung,
dil, hay va he thdng ehda, k h i n g djnh, p h i i djnh hoac
ehinh xac hoa cae y da n e u , t i l p tge dieu ehinh, bd sung
de hoan chinh dan y N l u y bi phu djnh thi mpt qua trinh
khai then y lai bat d a u hoat d p n g
Thde hien thao tae hai, HS kiem tra xem he thd'ng y
ed dam bao s d logic, tfnh g i n k i t k h d n g C a n c d vao eae
tieu chi: trat tu trddc sau eiia cac y phai theo Id gfch va
trat tu khach quan eiia v a n de, quan he giOa cae y eCing
bac la ngang hang va giOa eae y c i i n g bac la ngang hang i
va giOa cac y khac bac la bao h a m Dat vao b d cue ba
phan: md bai, than bai, k i t bai, quan diem trong bai van
ve van de nghj luan can dddc sang rd C a c h sap xep va
trinh bay y phai phii hdp vdi thao tac lap luan Dieu chinh
lai k i t eau eiia he thdng y, neu can de bai v a n tang tfnh
t h u y l t phgc va tang tfnh sang tao
N h u vay, viee lap y eho bai v a n nghj luan gdm ba
budc c d ban De HS biet each lap y va ed kTnang lap y,
cae tao tac trong quy trinh phai dddc HS ren luyen thudng
xuyen bang cae bai tap nhd, qua dd dan dan kTnang lap
y eua HS se dUde hinh t h a n h
Trong qua trinh lap y, HS can s d dgng cac thao tae tU
duy de lap y S d d g n g thao tac phan tich de tach cac yeu
td, cac thupc tfnh va cac md'i quan he nhat djnh trong van
de nghj luan, Ipc ra trong dd thudc tfnh quan trpng nha't,
c d ban nha't de thiet lap y trpng t a m , Thao tac nay cdn
giup HS hdp nha't cae bp p h a n , cae thanh phan da tach
ra d tren thanh mpt tdng the de lap y Sif dgng thao tac
so sanh, HS xac djnh s d gidng v a khac nhau, s u ddng
nha't va khdng ddng nhat, s d bang nhau va khdng bang
nhau giOa cac lien t u d n g , cac y eiia van de Thdng qua
qua trinh so s a n h , HS se rut ra t d trong mdi lien tUdng,
moi y nhOng d i e m chung va nhOng diem khac biet de
phan loai, chpn lpc va s i p x e p theo mdt he thd'ng NgUde
l^i vdi thao tae phan tfeh, thao tae tdng hdp, khai quat
hoa giup HS thdng nha't nhieu lien tddng khac nhau nhdng
ed chung nhOng thudc tfnh, nhOng lien he, quan he nhat
dinh thanh mdt n h d m , mdt loai de khai quat thanh y Idn
Cdn thao tac bae bd lai giup HS xac lap tfnh dung d a n ,
tfnh xac thde c i i a luan de da dddc neu ra N i m vOng va
s d dung thanh thao cac thao tae t d duy, eae thao tac lap luan, HS se thdc hien cac bdde lap y hieu qua
4 Ke't luan
La mdt trong cac kTnang lam van c d ban, lap y c d tae dung ren luyen tU tUdng, ren luyen tU duy khoa hpe va nang cao kha nang ngdn ngO cho HS C d kTnang lap y,
HS se phai pha bd dUde rao can Idn nha't, cd dUde chia khoa md thdng cac canh c d a sd vao bai van c i i a minh
Do dd, HS phai dUdc ren luyen that nhieu de hinh thanh
kT nang, kT xao lap y cho bai van nghj luan Mudn vay,, giao vien can c d s u td chdc, hudng d i n , danh gia thich hdp, de HS hdng t h u , chu ddng, t u tin vdi viee lap y Giiip HS hieu dddc sU can thiet, tam quan trpng va ich lpi
c i i a khau nay dd'i vdi ban than S d dgng each danh gia qua trinh, giao vien cd the danh gia dUde sU t i l n bd ve kha nang thUe hien eua HS trong qua trinh ren luyen kT nang lap y Ngoai ra, cho phep HS lUa chpn de tai nghj luan de ren luyen cae thao tac lap y cung la mdt each tao hdng thii va s d chu dpng d HS La cong viee tien de eho viee viet van nhdng k i t qua lap y the hien rat rd trinh dd nhan thde, t d duy khoa hpe, kha nang sang tao c i i a HS
De van nghj luan thUc s d la the van gdi dUde nhu eau bdc Id quan diem va hdng thii sang tao ciia HS khi viet, chUdng trinh va sach giao khoa nen gidi thieu kThdn ban chat, quy trinh, thao tac va cae bien phap lap y cho bai van nghj luan cung ddng thdi la quan tam d i n viec ren luyen kT nang tU duy, kT nang ngdn ngO, d i n nhan thdc, tlnh cam eua HS - mdt trong nhOng muc tieu quan trpng eiia day hpc NgO van d nha trddng phd thdng
Tai lieu tham kh§o
1 Diep Quang Ban Van ban va li§n ke't van b^n trong tieng Viet, Nxb GD, 1999
2 Dinh Cao, Le/^ Lam van tap 1, NxbGD, H., 1989
3 Nguyen Ddc Dan, Ngu dung hpc, Nxb GD, H., 1998
4 Vuong Tit Dat, Logic hpc dai cu'o'ng, Nxb The gioi, 2007
5 Nguyin Thien Giap, Doan Thien Thuat, Nguyen Minh
Thuyet, Dan luan ngon ngu, Nxb GD, H., 2000
6 DdNggc Thdng, Pham Dieu, Nguyen Thanh Thi, Lam van,
Nxb DHSP, H., 2007
7 Chuong Thi, Phu'o'ng phap nghj luan (sach djch), Tii sach
Thanh Nghe TTnh, Thanh Nghe, 1954
8 McDougal Liteell, The language of Literature, Caiitornia Teacher's Edition
9 Joy M Reid, The Process of Composition, by Prentice, Hail, Newyork, 1982
fNgudn: Ngdn ngd, sd 7/2011)