DmfHlK s6s 2(,u IB Ren kT nang dpc cho tre tieu hpc thong qua gibf day tap dpc lofp 4, 5 ThS TRINH CAIVI LY TrUdng Dai hoc Sai Gdn Bai v i l t khang djnh tam quan trpng ciia day hpc phan mdn Tap dpc b[.]
Trang 1DmfHlK s6s.2(,u IB
Ren kT nang dpc cho tre tieu hpc
thong qua gibf day tap dpc lofp 4, 5
ThS TRINH CAIVI LY
TrUdng Dai hoc Sai Gdn
Bai v i l t khang djnh tam quan trpng ciia day hpc
phan mdn Tap dpc b trUdng Tieu hpc Can cd vao
yeu cau mdc dp can dat ddPc dd'i vdi viee ren kT
nang dpc cho hpc sinh Idp 4, 5, tac gia dUa ra ba cap dp
ren kT nang tap dpc eho hpc sinh Idp 4, 5: dpc diing, dpc
diin cam va dpc sang tao Vi§e d l xua't hudng dan hpe
sinh dpc sang tao giup ngUdi hpc dat dudc kT nang dpc d
eae c i p dp khac nhau, gdp phan thdc hien mgc tieu giao
due Tieu hpc trong giai doan mdi
1 D^t van de
Dpc la mpt hinh thde tiep can the gidi
Hoat dpng dpc giup con ngUdi thu nhan dddc IUdng
thdng tin nhieu nhat, nhanh nhat, d l dang, thdng dgng
va tien ldi nhit de khdng ngdng bd sung va nang cao vdn
hieu biet, vdn sdng ciia minh
Trong nha trUdng, thong qua hoat ddng dpc, hpc sinh
dUdc md rdng hieu biet ve thien nhien, ve dat nddc, ve
eupc sdng eon ngddi, van hoa, van minh, phong tge, tap
quan ciia cae dan tdc tren td qud'c minh va tren the gidi
Ope cac tac pham van hpc, hpe sinh dUde bdi dddng ve
nang ldc tham mT, trau ddi kT nang sd dgng ngdn ngCT, md
rpng tam hieu biet ve eupc sdng Vi vay, viec dpc mang
y nghTa giao dgc, giao dUdng va phat then r i t Idn
Tieng Viet dddc day d trUdng phd thdng vdi tU each
vda la mpt bd mdn khoa hpc, vda la mdt cdng eg de giao
tiep va tiep thu cac mdn khac O bae Tieu hpe, mdn
Tilng Viet trUde tien nham trang bi cho hpc sinh mdt
edng eg giao tiep, ren luyen eho cac em nhdng kTnang, kT
xao sd dgng T i l n g Viet trong eae hoat ddng nghe, ndi,
dpc, viet
N l u hoat ddng nghe, ndi g i n lien vdi cae em td nhdng
nam thang dau ddi thi hoat ddng dpc, viet chi thUc sU trd
nen quen thudc vdi tre khi cac em dii tudi c i p sach tdi
trUdng Vi vay, cd the ndi ren luyen kT nang tap dpc cho
hpe sinh Tieu hpe ddng vai trd vd cung quan trpng
2 Npi dung
Viee ren luyen kT nang dpc cho hpe sinh T i l u hpc
dUdc thdc hien ehu yeu thdng qua mdn Tap dpc Phan
mdn nay dddc day td Idp 1 den Idp 5, song hpc sinh chi
thde sd hinh thanh kT nang, dat dddc kT xao dpc d giai
doan cud'i ChUdng trinh giao due phd thong c i p T i l u hpc
(Ban hanh kem theo quyet djnh sd 16/2006/QD-BGDDT ngay 05 thang 5 nam 2006 ciia Bd TrUdng Bd Giao due va Dap tao) xac dinh kT nang dpc can dat dUdc vdi hpc sinh:
Ldp 4: Dpc cae van ban nghe thuat, khoa hpe, hanh chinh, bao ehi
Dpc tham
Dpc d i i n cam doan van, bai thd, man kjeh ngin Tim hieu y nghTa cua bai van, bai thd va mdt sd chi
t i l t cd gia trj nghe thuat trong bai van, bai thd
Dpc thudc mdt sd bai thd, doan van
- Diing td dien hpc sinh hoac cae sach cdng eg de tra cdu, ghi ehep thong tin
Ldp 5: Doe cac van ban nghe thuat, hanh chinh, khoa hpc, bao chf
Dpc tham, dpc ludt de n i m thong tin
Dpc d i i n cam bai van, bai thd, man kjeh ngin Tim hieu y nghTa eua bai van, bai thd va mdt sd ehi tiet cd gia trj nghe thuat trong bai van, bai thd
Tim hieu y nghTa eiia bai van, bai thd; mdt sd chi tilt
ed gia trj nghe thuat Nhan xet ve nhan vat, hinh anh, each sd dgng td ngd va tinh cam, thai dd ciia tae gia Dpc thudc mot sd doan van, doan thd, bai thd Tra td dien hpc sinh, sd tay td ngd, ngd phap de tim
va ghi ehep thdng tin Hieu cac ki hieu, sd lieu tren sd dd, bieu do
Rd rang mdc dp yeu cau ren kTnang doe eho hpe sinh Tieu hpc tang dan theo tdng khdi Idp De cd the thde hien td't mgc tieu ren kT nang dpc eho hpc sinh Idp 4, 5; bien kTnang thanh kTxao, giiip hpe sinh hpe td't cae mdn hpe trong nha trUdng Tieu hpc, ddng thdi chuan bj tdt eho viee hpe Ngd van va cac mdn hpe khac d cac cap hpc tie'p theo, ngddi -giao vien can cd nhdng giai phap sU pham hieu qua
ThUc te cho tha'y, giao vien Tieu hpe hien nay chua that sU chii trpng dung mgc den viec ren luyen kT nang dpc cho hpc sinh Idp 4,5
Chu yeu cac thay giao, ed giao deu dUa vao k i t qua cua viec ren luyen kT nang dpc giai doan dau c i p eiia cac
em de tien hanh day cac gid Tap dpc Idp 4, 5 theo quy djnh cd s i n ma it quan tam den viec tao hdng thu cho tre trong gid hpe Tap dpc, hdng thii vdi van ban doe, day eho hpc sinh dpc dung, dpc d i i n cam tien tdi dpc sang tao
Trang 220 SO 8-2011 DauvaHpc
van ban tap dpc Chung ta quen mat rang hieu qua cua
viec ren kTnang dpc khdng ehi ddn thuan ddng lai b viec
giup tre dpc dung, dpc dien cam, dpc sang tao van ban
tap dpc ma thdng qua qua trinh ren kT nang dpc cho hpe
sinh theo tdng cap dp, ngddi giao vien da gian tiep bdi
dudng nang ldc cam thg van hpc, day cac em rung cam
trddc ve dep eua ngdn ngd van chddng
O Tieu hpe, cac mdc dd yeu cau ve ehat IUdng ciia
viec dpc thanh t i l n g la dpc dung va dpc d i i n cam Tuy
nhien, d bai viet nay, chiing tdi de cap tdi den yeu cau
dpc sang tao van ban tap doe vdi mgc dich phat huy ca
tfnh sang tao ciia eae em
Ren kT nang tap dpc cho hpc sinh Idp 4, 5 trai qua 3
cap dp:
a) Dpc dung
d bac tieu, yeu eau doe dung la:
- Dpc rd tilng, rd ldi, dung chi'nh am ( dpc dung tdng
am vi va am vj sieu doan tinh cac dau thanh trong
T i l n g Viet);
Biet ngit, nghi hdi dung ehd theo<dau cau va ngd
nghTa eiia van ban;
Tai hien chinh xac van ban viet bang am thanh,
gipng dpc
Vdi hpe sinh Idp 4, 5, cac em hau het de thUc hien tdt
nhiem vg nay
Trong gid tap doe d Idp 4, 5, ren doe dung dUde thUch
hien ehii y l u b phan Luyen dpc dau t i l t hpc Giao vien
can quan tam den viee sda loi phat am va luyen dpc td
khd cho hpc sinh
ThU nha't, viec sda ldi phat am giao vien can phan biet
rd 2 trddng hdp
Mdt la, hpc sinh phat am sai do khuylt tat b mdt
trong cac cd quan eiia bd may phat am (ngan Iddi, dai
Iddi, dinh tang ludi, sdt mdi, hd ham Ich ) TrUdng hdp
nay giao vien mac du rat can thiet sda cho hpc sinh, song
chiing ta can hieu rang viec lam nay khdng the thUe hien
mdt ngay mpt budi ma can cd sU kien tri, ben bi, tham
chf cd the k i t hdp vdi bai tap, phau thuat hoac dung
phddng tien hd trd de dat dddc hieu qua mong mudn
Khdng nen b i t hpe sinh dpc di dpc lai nhieu lan ldi eae
em m i c phai trong gid hpe de tranh cac bieu hien tam If
tieu cue eho tre
Hai ia, hpc sinh phat am sai do khdng can than, do
loi phat am dja phddng hoac phat am sai bat thddng,
can cd gang giup tre sda triet de
Qua qua trinh giao tiep vdi tre, giao vien can n i m
vdng diem manh, y l u eiia tdng em de ed hUdng giup dd
phii hdp trong mdi gid hpc,
ThU hai, ddi vdi viee luyen dpc td khd, can chii y nhieu
den dpc cac td phiem am tieng nddc ngoai va cac td khi
dpc hpc sinh thddng m i c ldi phat am dja phUdng Giao
vien can xac djnh eg the nhdng ldi phat am eiia tdng dja
phddng de lam tieu ehi chpn td khd cho hpe sinh luyen
dpc
Thdng thddng, hpc sinh mien b i e hay phat am sai
eae tilng ed phg am dau s - x (di san - di xan), tr - eh (cay
tre - cay che), r - d - gi (rdc rd - dUe dd, gigc gia - dge da);
van ieu - ddu (eon hUdu - eon hieu), iu - Uu (qua Idu - qua
liu) Hpe sinh mien nam hay mac Idi b phg am dau v- dz
(vui ve dzui dze), q g (thao qua thao gua); v i n enh
-en (ch-enh v-enh - ch-en v-en), van ech - et (con I c h - eon
It) _
Nam dUdc mdt vai van de mang tfnh thdc t i l n tr§n, viee ren dpc dung cho hpe sinh Idp 4, 5 se trd nen ddn gian hdn rat nhieu
b) Dpc dien cam Dpc d i i n cam la hinh thde doe thanh tilng khdng nhufng dat dddc yeu c i u dpc dung ma cdn ed yeu cau ve ngCi dieu dpc truyen cam va sd k i t hdp giOa ngO dieu dpc vdi cae y l u td phi ngdn ngd (net mat, cif chf, dieu bd,-) gdp phan d i i n ta ndi dung bai dpc
NgO dieu dpc bao gdm nhOng dau hieu b i l n ddi ve ngO am trong khi dpc, eg the:
T i l t tau eiia gipng dpc (kT thuat ngit gipng); Nhjp dieu dpe (gipng dpe to hay nhd, nha'n gipng hay ludt qua);
Cao dd (gipng tram hay bdng, len eao hay xud'ng thap);
s i c thai gipng dpe (vui, budn, lo lang, hdm hinh,
e h i g i l u , bUe bdi, trang trpng ) Hieu theo nghTa rpng, ngd dieu dpc la sU hoa ddng eiia ehd ngdng gipng, chd nhan gipng eddng dp, cao dd, tao nen am hudng ciia bai dpc Vi vay, mudn dpc
d i i n cam ngddi dpe khong nhdng phai nam vdng kTthuat dpc dung ma edn phai cam thg dddc ndi dung van ban dpe va biet hUdng tdi ngu'di nghe de gipng dpc trd nen truyen cam, tao cam xuc cho ngddi nghe
Vi du, de dpc d i i n cam bai tap dpe Dieu ude ciia vua
Mi - dat (Tieng viet 4, tap 1, trang 90) ngoai viec dpe dung
van ban, hpc sinh can xac djnh:
Doan 1 Td dau sung sUdng hdn the nda!
Nhan gipng eae td ngd: tham lam, hoa thanh, Ung
thuan, bien thanh, sung sUdng
Doan 2 Bpn day td cho tdi duge sdng!
Nhan gipng eae td ngO: sung sUdng khung khiep, eon
eao, eau khan,tha tdi, lay lai, eho tdi duge sdng
Doan 3: Phan cdn lai
Nhan gipng cac td ngO: hien ra, phan, thoat khdi, hieu
rang
Toan bai dpc vdi gipng khoan thai Odi gipng linh hoat, phu hdp vdi tam trang thay ddi eiia vua Mi-dat (td phan khdi, thoa man ehuyen dan sang ho^ng hot, khan cau, hdi han) Dpc phan biet Idi cae nhan vat: Ldi xin, khan cau ciia vua Mi-dat Ldi phan bao oai ve ciia than Di-d-ni-ddt
Trong gid Tap dpe Idp 4, 5, ndi dung dpe d i i n cam dddc thdc hien sau khi hpc sinh tim hieu bai Chat Iddng cua phan luyen dpc dien cam phu thudc' vao hieu qua cua phan hddng d i n tim hieu bai Cd nghTa la, day tap dpe phai quan tam den mat kTthuat dpe bdi va mat thdng hieu ndi dung bai dpc Luc nay, tap dpe dddc nang len mdt bude trd thanh dpe hieu San pham eiia dpe hieu mdt phan ehinh la gipng dpe d i i n cam ciia cac em khi dpc moi van ban tap dpc
c) Dpc sang tao
Theo TS Nguyin Trpng Hoan Dgc sang tao la kha
nang lien he nhdng gi dang dgc vdi nhdng gi da dU0c dgc, lay dd lam cd sd de tiep tge md rgng bien dd eiia sij
Trang 3DatfvaHpc
_/.\G.-(l S.AY
SO 8-2011
hieu biet - tham chi vdi van bin nghe thuat, dge sang tao
cdn cd the xac dinh nghTa mdi eho hinh tugng Mdc dd
hieu nay tUdng Ung vdi khi nang dgc "vUdt ra nhdng ddng
chd" [1]
Kha nang lien t u d n g , t d d n g t d d n g c u a hpc sinh Tieu
hpe la v d c i i n g phong p h u , Hdn nOa, edng vi§e day hpc
ludn ludn ddi hdi giao vien phai giiip hpe sinh ed sU xau
chuoi k i l n thde gida n h d n g ndi d u n g d a hpe, ndi dung
dang hpe v a ndi dung se hpe, kich thfeh s d phat then t d
duy eiia tre D d chinh la If do tai sao c a n day dpc sang
tao cho hpe sinh T i l u hpc
Khi vie't bai tap lam v a n ta me, mdt em hpc sinh trfch
dan b md bai Me la da't nUde, thang ngay c i i a eon {Me
dm - Tran D a n g Khoa, Tieng Viet 4, tap 1, trang 10), va 6
k i t bai, mpt lan nda em lai s d d u n g c a u k i t trong bai Me
eiia nha thd Tran Qude Minh Mg la ngpn gid eua con sudt
ddi de the hien c a m xuc dao dat vdi dang sinh t h a n h
Lai cd nhOng em hpe sinh gidi Idp 5 da rat tinh te khi
nhan xet, cung la lam thd cho eon nhung t h d X u a n Quynh
dju dang n h d vdng tay me cdn thd Huy C a n lai ludn the
hien mong ddc m u d n eon b i l t t d minh v d d n len trong
cudc sdng
Khong phai hpc sinh nao cung cd kha nang dpc "vUdt
ra nhdng ddng chO" nhUng chung ta hoan toan ed the
lam dUde dieu dd neu c h u n g ta ed ke hoach va giai phap
bdi dudng cho hpc sinh dpe sang tao Hpe sinh chf cd the
dpc sang tao, lien he nhdng gi dang dpc vdi nhdng gl da
dddc dpc, m d rdng bien dd c i i a s g hieu biet tren c d s d
eae em cd kT nang dpe hieu tae p h a m Giao vien eung chi
c d the danh gia mdc dd sang tao e i i a tre khi dpc van ban
thdng qua he thdng cau hdi v a bai tap
Vl du: Trong cac bai tap dpc da hpc d chUdng trinh idp
4, 5, cd nhdng bai nao viet ve mg? Cich viet cua cic tie gia khac ed gi gidng va khac nhau?
Hpc sinh chi ed the tra Idi cau hdi khi eae em nhd bai,
h i l u bai Day eung chfnh la mpt gdi y cho s d lien tddng
v a cung la tien de eho viec cam thg van hpc
Tuy tdng ndi dung bai hpc ma giao vien cd eau hdi va bai tap phii hdp, kich thfeh kha nang dpc sdng tao eiia cap e m
3 Ke't luan
Ren kT nang dpe eho hpc sinh ldp 4, 5 can quan tam sau sac den kha nang dpc hieu cua cae em, tao tien de eho day dpc sang tao, hinh thdc dpc kich thfeh sU phat then t u duy eiia tre
Ren kT nang dpe eho tre Tieu hpc thdng qua gid day tap dpc Idp 4, 5 theo 3 cap dd: dpc dung, dpe d i i n cam, dpc sang tao la viec lam cap thiet, dap dng mgc tieu dao tao eon ngUdi mdi phu hdp vdi xu t h i phat trien eiia xa hdi
Tai lieu tham khao:
1 Nguyen Thj Hanh(2002), Day hpc dgc hieu d Tieu hpc,
NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi, Ha Npi
2 N g u y i n Trpng Hoan (2002), Ren kTnang cam thu thd van
cho hgc sinh Tieu hgc, NXB Ha Noi, Ha Npi
3 Nguyin Trong Hoan (2003), 'Mpt sd vain de dpc hieu van
b i n ngu'van" Tap chf giao due,(56)
4 Nguyen Thanh Hung (2008), Dgc hieu tac phim vSn chUOng
trong nha trUdng, NXB Giao due Ha Npi
5 Tran Manh Hudng (2011), Luyen tap vS'cim thu v&n hgc d
Tieu hgc, NXB Giao due, Viet Nam
6 Le Phudng Nga (2001), Day Tap dgc d Tieu hgc, NXB
Giao due
(Ngudn: Tap chi Khoa h p c D H S P TP Hd Chf Minh, sd 7/
2011.tr 5 2 - 5 6 )