'''' GIAO DUC DAN TOC MOT SO DIEN PHAP SIT PHAM GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHAT LlTONG DAY HOC TOAN CHO HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO QI TIEU HOC 1 Oat van de 6 t i lu hpe, nhan thUe eua hpe sinh thudng mang tinh tru[.]
Trang 1' - - GIAO DUC DAN TOC
MOT SO DIEN PHAP SIT PHAM GOP PHAN
NANG CAO CHAT LlTONG DAY HOC TOAN CHO HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO QI TIEU HOC
1 Oat van de
6 t i l u hpe, nhan thUe eua hpe sinh thudng
mang tinh true quan, g i n liln vdi nhdng hinh anh,
hidn tupng eu the Ydu ciu ddi mdi phuong phap
day hpc (PPDH) ddi hdi giao vidn (GV) td chUe eae
hoat ddng hpc tap eiia hpe sinh (HS) mdt each hpp
li d l ed t h i huy ddng kha nang eua tUng em trong
vide tim tdi, kham pha, phat hidn nhim dat dupc
kit q u i eao hon trong hpc tap mdn Toan, trong dd
cae phuong tien true quan ddng vai trd edng cii
quan trpng
Khd khan Idn nhit la ddi vdi HS dan tdc thilu
sd d t i l u bpc la rao can ngdn nguf 6 nha, eae em
diing t i l n g dan tpc d l giao t i l p bang ngay, nhung
kbi d i n trudng, cac em pbai hpc bing ngdn ngU
phd thdng la t i l n g Viet Do dd eae em gap nhieu
khd khan tU vide nghe bilu Idi giang eua thay,cd
d i n dpc, vilt, dien dat bing tilng Viet, trao ddi,
ehia s l vdi mpi ngudi Khd khan ve ngdn ngU lam
tu duy toan hpc cua HS bj han ehl, khi bpc mpt
kiln thUe mdi, hoe sinh thudng khdng k i t ndi
dupe vdi nhdng kiln thUe da hpc trUde dd ndn
khd nhd, de qudn
Trong thtic tien, b i n g kinh nghidm day bpc
eua minh GV thudng sU dung PPDH trtie quan
vdi nhdng phupng tidn trtie quan thich hop d l
giup HS b i l u b i n chat eua nhdng khai nidm
toan hpc c i n hpc Phupng tien trtie quan giup
HS dan tdc t h i l u sd ed d i l m tua d l t u duy va
suy nghi, lam giam bdt khd khan v l mat ngdn
ngCf cua cae em
2 Mot sd bien phap sU pham gop phan
nang cao chat lUcfng day hoc toan cho HS dan
toc thieu sd dr tieu hoc
2.1 Khai thdc kinh nghiem cdm tinh, huy
dpng toi da cdc gidc quan cua HS tham gia vdo
qud tr'inh tri gide
d t i l u hpe, kinh nghiem cim tinh eua HS
thudng b i t ngudn tif nhdng boat ddng thtic tien
trong cude sdng Ching ban, cae em bilt d i m
ThS TRAN THUY NGA
Trung tam Nghien ciHu Giao due Dan tgc nhdng vat gan gui xung quanh, d i m dung sd lan nhay day khi choi vdi ban; b i l t d i m each: "nam, mudi, mudi lam, hai muoi, " khi choi trd choi
"Trdn tim"; b i l t banh xe hinh trdn, vien gach hinh vudng Kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS cung ed the
b i t ngudn tU nhdng hoat dpng tri giae trtie t i l p tren cae phuong tien trtie quan (PTTQ) trong qua trinh hoc tap Du kinh nghidm va nhdng hilu bilt
do dugc HS sd dung bing tieng me de eua cac em
hay bing tilng Viet thi vide day hpe dUa trdn nhdng hilu bilt i y eung giup HS trd ndn tieh eiic ban, t i l p thu bai hpe de dang hon
Vdn kinh nghiem cua mdi ca nhan HS v l mdt ehii d l hoe tap thudng khdng gidng nhau, rit phong phu va da dang Cd HS bilt rat nhieu nhung
cd HS khdng nhd gi lidn quan den chu de da hpe Vide chia sd kinh nghidm cua eae hpc sinh trong Idp tao ra mpt sti tUong tac tich cue HS ed co hdi de hpc hdi lan nhau, van dung kinh nghidm eua ban, kit hpp vdi hilu b i l t cua minh phat triln ldn Qua trinh nay eung la cP hpi de GV ehinh xae boa nhdng hieu biet eua HS, l i p nhdng Id hdng kiln thUe va nang eao bieu bidt ciia nhCfng HS y l u ban, sao eho mpi HS deu cd du kiln thUe nen tang trudc khi t i l p nhan mdt kien thUe mdi
Kinh nghidm cam tinh cua HS cd the dupe khai thae, huy ddng thdng qua vide td chUe eae boat ddng day hpe trtie quan nhU: quan sat tranh, anh hinb ve, thao tae triic tiep t r i n cae dd dung trtie quan, choi trd choi bpc tap, cac boat ddng ed sti van ddng cotbe
Vi du 1: Khai thdc, huy dpng kinh nghiim dd co ciia HS khi dgy hgc vi "Hinh vuPng Hinh trdn" [Todn l;tr.7]
Trudc kbi vao Idp 1, HS da tich luy duoc mdt
sd hilu b i l t d i u tien v l quan he "sd lupng" va quan
hd khdng gian, tU ddi sdng hang ngay va qua eae Idp miu giao Do vay nhilu em da cd t b i phan bilt
va gpi tdn mdt sd binh binh hpe gan vdi eae dd vat thudng dung Ching ban: vidn gach hinh vudng
Trang 2banh xe hinh trdn, cai dTa hinh trdn O l khai thac,
huy ddng kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS lidn quan
d i n hinh vuong, hinh trdn GV ed t h i td chUe eae
hoat ddng nhu sau:
+ Nhim m i t lai, nghi v l nhdng vat hinh
vudng, hinh trdn ma em da nhin thay d nha, d Idp,
trdn dudng di Thao luan nhdm va ndu tdn cac vat
hinh vudng, cae vat hinh trdn (d trong Idp, d nha, )
-I- Trd choi: "Tim hinh vudng", "Tim hinh trdn"
trong mdt tranh ve sin, trong cac hinh ma GV dat
Idn ban, trong cae dd vat that d ldp hpe,
•I- Vd, td mau cac hinb vudng, binh trdn hoac
tao ra binh vudng hinh trdn bing cac each khac
nhau, ehing han nhu cit, dan hoac x l p que tinh
thanh hinh vudng
Khi thtic hidn nhdng boat ddng nhu vay, nhdng
hinh anh v l hinb vudng, binh trdn trong tri dc cac
em dupc huy ddng, duac gpi lai mpt each tich etie,
HS dupe tao co hpi de ehia se va dien ta suy nghi
ciia minh, tao co hdi de phit trien tri tudng tupng
khdng gian
2.2 To chde ede hoat dpng thdc hdnh, trdi
nghiem nhdm md rpng cung cap them kinh
nghiem edm tinh eho HS
Qua trinh hpe tap eua HS c i n di tU eu t h i
d i n trUu tupng, tU don gian den phUe tap, phat
triln tU nhdng kiln thUe HS da biet d i n nhUng
kiln thUe HS cbua bilt Vi vay, ndu cbi khai thae,
huy ddng kinh nghidm cam tinh cua HS lien quan
d i n ehu d l cin hpe tbi ehua du, ein td ehUc eae
hoat ddng eung c i p thdm, md rdng va phat trien
kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS, tao n i n tang eo ban
vOfng chic cho HS t u xay dung ndn kiln thUe bing
chinh boat ddng eiia b i n than cac em Thdng qua
cae boat ddng tbiic hanh trai nghidm, HS dan tde
hilu dupe ban chit ciia khai nidm toan hpc, giam
bdt khd khan v l ngdn ngif GV ed the td chUe md
rdng kinh nghidm c i m tinh eua HS thdng qua eae
hoat ddng tae ddng vao toan bd cae giae quan
eiia HS, ehing ban:
Quan sat hinh anh, md binh, so dd, bilu
bang, hoac nhu'ng binh anh md phdng khai nidm
toan hoc
- Thao tac trtie t i l p t r i n cac dd dung day hpc
tnic quan nbU: d i m , do, td mau, cit dan, phan loai,
lip, ghdp, xoay, lat, di chuyin, sip xlp HS thtic
hanh quan sat, phan tieh, so sanh, dif doan de bude
diu rut ra dupe nhdng nhan xet ve npi dung kiln
thUe ein bpc
Td ehUe cac trd choi tae ddng tdng hpp vao cac giac quan eua HS, ddi hdi HS phii sir dung thj giac, thinh giac, van ddng co the de suy nghi, tim tdi va Itia chon each giai quylt nhiem vu lien quan
d i n ndi dung bai hpe
Vi du 2: Md rpng kinh nghiim cdm tinh ciia HS trong dgy hgc ve "Mpt phdn ta" [ Todn 2; tr 119]
6 Idp 2, HS nhan b i l t v l "Mpt phan tu" qua hinh anh trtie quan: hinb vudng dupe ehia thanh
4 phin bing nhau, trong dd cd 1 phan dupc td
m i u GV ed the md rpng kinh nghilm cam tinh cua HS bing each td chUe cac boat dpng thao tac vdi cac vat lieu cu t b i nbu gap, vd, td m i u nhUsau:
-I- Gap td giiy sao cho td giay dupe ehia thanh
4 phin bing nhau;
-I- GV khuyen khich HS tim nhilu each gap khac nhau, hoac ke eae dudng thing de ehia td giiy thanh
4 pbin bing nhau rdi td mau vao mdt phin
Hinhl
2.3 To chde ede hoat dpng day hpe nhdm ho tra qud tr'inh taduy tdcu thi din trdu taang
Trong day hpc mdn toan d t i l u hpc, GV cd t h i giup HS di tU nhan thUe eu t h i d i n tu duy trUu tupng thdng qua vide td ebUe cac boat ddng sau:
- Oiu tien, GV md ta va md hinh hda cac khai nidm, kiln thUe, ki nang toan bpc hoac cae tinh budng toan bpc c i n hpe bing cac dd vat eg the Tilp theo, HS thUe hanh thao tae vdi cac dd
S677-THANG2/2012«61
Trang 3GIAO DUC DAN TOC
vat eu t h i d d theo m d t t i l n trinh tUong thieh vdi
cac boat d d n g tri tue n h i m san sinh ra k i l n thUe, kT
nang toan h t x c i n tao d u n g hoac tuong thich vdi
t i l n trinh giai q u y l t eae van de xoin hpc Lue nay HS
nhan b i l t tri thUe toan hpc d mUe d d tri giac ctj t b i
- Khi HS da n i m v d n g cac thao tac thtic hanh,
GV hudng d i n HS m d ta lai n h d n g thao tac ndi trdn
b i n g each sif d i i n g hinb b i l u dien hoac sd d i i n g
tranh, anh, m d hinb, so d d doan thing , trong d o
k h u y i n khich HS t u ve eae hinh b i l u dien hoac sd
d i i n g Idi ndi d l dien ta hanh d d n g
- T i l p d i n , HS t u rut ra cdc each thUe giai q u y l t
v i n d l va sd d u n g hinh i n h , tranh vd, md hinh d l
md ta each thUe dd K h u y i n khich HS sUdung ngdn
n g d d l dien ta each thtic hidn, dien ta nhdng suy
nghT trong d i u khi g i i i q u y l t van de
- GV hudng d i n HS dien t i each g i i i q u y l t v i n
de b i n g cac chd sd va eae ki hidu toan bpc ( t h i hidn
cap dp nhan thUe trUu t u p n g d HS)
- GV c i n d i m bao duy tri t h u d n g xuydn viec
eung ed va luydn tap thtic hanh eho HS trong sudt
qua trinh hpc tap
Vidu 3: To chOc cdc hogt dpng ho trgHS taduy tO
"cu the" de'n "trOu tagng" khi dgy hgc bdi "Phep nhdn"
[Todn 2, trang 92J.C6 the t d ehUe m d t sd hoat d d n g
chii y l u nhUsau:
Hoat dpng 1 : HS thao tdc tren cdc ddi taang
cu the
HS thtic hidn thao tae trdn eae d d vat cu t h i , HS
x l p cae d d vat nhU que t i n h , vien sdi, x l p hinh,
thanh eae n h d m ed sd lUpng b i n g nhau HS trao
ddi d l b i l t da x l p dupe m i y n h d m , mdi nhdm cd
may d d vat C h i n g ban:
J^n
Hmh 2
Hoat dong 2: HS hogt dpng vdi cdc md hinh
bieu dien
HS vd binh b i l u dien eae nhdm d d vat da x l p
dupe V i l t phdp t i n h t i m sd d d vat
3-I-3-t-3-H 3 = 12
HS m d ta b i n g Idi: "Mdi nhdm cd 3 d d vat, 4 nhdm ed t i t ca 12 d d vat"
Hoax dpng3:HShogtdpng vdi cdc chOsd, kihiiu
GV hudng d i n nhan xet: 3 + 3 - l - 3 - l - 3 i a t d n g eua 4 sd hang b i n g nhau, moi sd hang deu b i n g 3 Sau do gidi thidu each e h u y i n t U t d n g cac sd hang
b i n g nhau 3-1-3-1-3-1-3 t h a n h phep nhan 3 x 4 = 1 2
Hoat dong 4: HS tt/bieu dien phep nhdn thdng
qua cdc vidu cu the
- Mdi HS ndu m o t t i n h hudng va d d m p t ban
khae neu phep nhan t u o n g Ung GV hudng d i n
m i u , c h i n g ban: "Mdi eon meo ed 4 cai ehan, 2 con meo cd 8 cai chan" "4 dupe lay 2 l i n ta ed phep nhan 4 x 2 = 8"
Td chUe cbo HS tU ve "binh b i l u dien" phep nhan, b i n g each t d m i u vao eae d v u d n g , v i l t phdp nhan va m d ta phep nhan eiia minh
3 Ket l u a n Khi sif d i i n g p h u o n g phap day hpc trtie quan,
GV can n h d r i n g trtie quan ehi la p h u o n g tien, ehU khdng pbai la muc dich; sif d i i n g PPTQ la n h i m phat t r i l n t u duy eho HS, eho ndn khi HS ed t h i nhan thUe dupe van d l khdng can d u n g d d dung trife quan t h i luc d d true quan cd t h e la thifa SU
d u n g PTTQ e i n d u n g mUc, khdng dUng qua lau d giai doan nay, ma pbai kjp t h d i di t d i t u duy trUu
t u p n g , e h i n g ban: Kbi hinh t h a n h bang edng d Idp
1, ldp 2, GV ed the h u d n g d i n HS s U d u n g eae PTTQ
n h u que t i n h , n g d n tay, d l t t i t i m k i t qua tdng phep edng N h u n g dan dan HS pbai hpc thudc bang cpng, tap ndi ngay, v i l t ngay k i t qua phep tinb, chi khi nao q u d n edng thUc t i n h mdi sU dung que t i n h , n g d n tay de hd tro eho t r i nhd N l u lue nao GVeung h u d n g d i n H S s U d i i n g ngdn tay, que tinh de t i m k i t qua phep t i n h t h i se han e h l sU phat
t r i l n t u duy eua HS Khi HS dan toe hpc mdt khai niem toan bpc mdi hay m d t t h u a t n g d mdi, dieu quan trpng la phai t d chUe eae boat d p n g hpe tap
de lam sao HS k i t ndi dupc khai nidm mdi, thuat
n g d mdi ay vao he t h d n g khai niem va k i l n thUe hidn ed
SUMMARY
Theauthor presents somepedagogical measures supporting teachers in visual teaching in teaching mathematics for ethnic primary school children