m NGHIEN CUU DAY DOC CHO HOC SINH LdP 1 THEO QUY TRINH CONG NGHE GIAO DUC I Mot so van de chung ve viec day doc cho hoc sinh (HS) ldp 1 cong nghe giao due (CGD) 1 Quan diem day doc cua CGD Quan dilm d[.]
Trang 1m NGHIEN CUU
DAY DOC CHO HOC SINH LdP 1 THEO QUY TRINH CONG NGHE GIAO DUC
I Mot so van de chung ve viec day doc cho
hoc sinh (HS) ldp 1 cong nghe giao due (CGD)
1 Quan diem day doc cua CGD
Quan d i l m day doe cua CGD la cung cip cho
cac em phuang phap dpc khoa hpc va phu hpp vdi
Sli phat triln tam lid mdi lUa tudi nhat djnh Chuong
trinh CGD day cac em khdng chi dpc dung, dpc hay,
dpc nhanh ma edn giup cac em phuang phap d l
nhan bilt tU, sd diing vdn tu, vdn hilu bilt v l ngd
phap de nim duoe ndi dung cua bai dpc
O l hinh thanh ki nang dpc, HS phai trai qua
nhCfng giai doan khae nhau, mdi giai doan ein xac
djnb mdt phuang phap dpc sao eho phu hpp vdi
ndi dung kiln thUc ydu ciu va phu hpp vdi tu duy
eua HS
- Giai dogn 1: HS c i n nhan b i l t dupe am, v i n ,
b i l t phan tich c i u true ngCf am cua mdi dPn vj va
mdi quan he giCfa eae don vi dd
- Giai dogn 2.-Trdn co sd cae am van da hpe, HS
t i l p tuc giai ma eae t i l n g , cac tU, b i l t dupc mdi quan
hd cua t i l n g , tU trong eau
- Giai dogn 3: Khdng ehi nhan b i l t dupe sd tieng
trong cau, ma HS b i l t dpc eau trong mdi quan he vdi
doan va bai
2 Quy trinh day doc cho HS l d p 1 theo
chi/orng trinh CGD
Ldp 1 la nam hpe d i u tidn d c i p t i l u hpe Vide
rdn luydn phuong phap va kl nang dpc cho eae em
r i t quan trpng Nd la n i n tang eo ban giup eae em
trong nhCrng nam t i l p theo va tao d i l u k i l n eho eae
em hpc mdn khae
G i n ba thap ki qua, CGD tien hanh day dpc cho
HS t i l u hpe theo m d t quy trinh ehung n h u sau:
- Vide 1: Giao vidn(GV) gidi thidu va dpc m i u
- Vide 2: Luydn dpc eho HS
-Vide 3: Tdng k i t nhan xet t i l t hpc
can cU vao quy trinh ehung nay, mdi khdi
ldp cd su van dung cu the hon nhim phu hpp vdi
trinh dp nhan thUc va t u duy eua HS d mdi giai
doan khac nhau
Nam 2005 - 2006, sach giao khoa Tilng Viet 1
- CGD ed thay ddi d l phu hpp hpn vdi trinh dd HS
duang dai TU mdt cudn sach giao khoa Tieng Viet,
gid day cd thdm cudn tu hoe Tilng Vidt vdi ngudn
THS NGU HIEN TUYEN
Trung tam Nghien ciini Cong nghe Giao due vat lieu r i t phong phu Theo y t u d n g cua nha soan sach, tang vat lieu g i u p cae em ed n h i l u co hpi
de luydn tap va rdn luydn kT nang dpc Cudn sach
nhdm nhdn mgnh phaang phdp ta hgc, ta Idm viec cua cdc em
V i n d l dat ra la lam each nao giup HS dpc dupc n h i l u n h u trong khudn khd thdi gian da quy djnh Lam t h i nao giup cac em HS t u dpc vdi tdc dp nhanh? Phai ed m d t each dpc giup eae em dat duijc nhdng ydu c i u trdn
Can cU vao cudn sach giao khoa T i l n g Viet, sach
t l i hoc T i l n g Viet mdi, cae nha t h i l t ke lai mdt lan nda chi t i l t hoa tUng bai dpc theo quy trinh day hpc eua CGD nhu sau:
Vide 1: Ope trdn bang Vide 2: Ope trong saeh t t i hpe T i l n g Viet Vide 3: Cung ed - nhan xet
3 NhCftig uu d'lem va han che t r o n g tiet Tap doc OUng vai mdt can bd t h i l t k l k i t hpp vdi sutrai nghidm cua mdt GV tnic t i l p dUng ldp va d t i gid tiet day Tap dpc cua cac GV khac, chung tdi t h i y t i l t tap
dpc theo quy trinh CGD cd mdt sd nhdng Uu d i l m vi
ban ehe sau:
Miu3
' ^ Dang b i i tfoc vin
IMiu2
IMiul
Dang bit doc im
Dang bii doc tieng
Uu diem cua eae t i l t Tap dpc la HS dugc hinh
thanh ki nang dpc qua he t h d n g vat lieu mdi, quy trinh dpc da ehi ra each sU dung sacb tif hoc tilng Viet va giup HS hinh thanh ki nang, giup GV bUdc
d i u phan hda dupe HS
Ben eanh nhu'ng Uu d i l m dd, t i l t Tap doe v i n edn bdc Id mdt sd ban c b l n h i t djnh, dd la quy tnnh day edn chung chung, GV ehua linh boat trong qua trinh van dung vao cae dang bai khae nhau HS v i n chua t l i minh lam viec mdt each ddc lap, chu ddng
T h i l t ke mdi ehu y den vide hinh thanh ki nang, chUa
ehu trpng den vide luydn kT nang, ehua hinh thanh cho cae em phuong phap doe eu the
Trang 2NGHIEN CIJIU i
Nhu vay, vdi quan diem va mue tidu ehung ciia
CGD da ndu trdn, thi cac t i l t Tap doc dUoc day theo
thiet k l Tieng Viet 1 v i n ehua phat huy dupe tinh
chu dpng, Hnh hoat cua HS va GV
II xay dung quy trinh day doc cho HS ldp 1
CGD theo dang bai
1.Yeu clu chung
a Ddm bao muc tieu eua phdn mon Tap dpc
Ve npi dung: Mue tidu eua phan mdn Tap
dpc ldp 1 - CGD giup cac em dpc thdng thao tU
budc dpc md hinh, doc am, dpc tieng, d i n dpc eau
-doan Ngoai phin vat lieu co ban d saeh Tilng Viet,
HS phai van dtjng de tti dpc dupe toan bd phin vat
lidu phan hda trong saeh Tieng Viet, cac em dpc
dung ngay tU diu sau dd dpc hay, dpc ed ngd didu
va eudi ciing la dpc nhanh
- Ve kindng: Hd thdng bai dpc liy nguydn tie
ngCr am lam true Vi vay, xuydn sudt ca qua trinh dpc
HS phai sd dung phUPng phap tach ddi nhim eung
ed kiln thdc ngUam ddng thdi phat huy kha nang tu
duy va y thUe chu dpng eua HS
b Ddm bdo tinh he thong
He thdng cae bai dpc cua HS di theo cau true
eua chuong trinh dd la: cac bai dpc tilng, bai dpc
am, bai dpc vin
c Thi hiin tinh thdn ti/hpc theo dinh hadng
gido due eiia edng nghe
Ngay tif nhCfng nam d i u , CGD da xae djnh qua
trinh hpe eua HSia qua trinh giup cac em khdng chi
nim dupe nhCfng tri thUe bidn dai ma edn giup eae
em phat triln v l tuduy va kha nang lam vide chu
ddng, tli lap
Tinh thin chu ddng, tif lap trong hpc tap dd cang
t h i hidn rd rang ban ke tU nam bpc 2005 - 2006 Ngay
tU kbi bidn soan sacb, cac tac gia da ed y djnh nhin
manh vai trd chu the ciia HS thdng qua boat ddng
tich etie, ehu dpng ciia cac em trong gid hpc Oae bidt
trong tilt bpc Tap dpc, cudn sacb Tilng Viet ed nhiem
vu hinh thanh ki nang dpc co ban Nhung phin vat
lidu phan hda lai ed nhidm vu ren luydn nang eao ki
nang doe, biln ki nang dd thanh kixao
Trude nhUngydu eiu eO ban cua phan mdn Tap
dpc, chung tdi dua ra nhCfng phUPng an eij the, rd
rang nhim giup GV eung nhu HS de dang thifc hidn
dupe mue tieu ma mdn hoc da d l ra
2 He thdng mau thiet ke bai doc theo quy
trinh mdi
a Gidi thieu chung vehe thong mau thiet ke
Chung tdi gidi thieu m i u thiet k l dupe bieu
hidn qua ba dang bai: Dang bai dpc Tieng; Dang bai
dpc Am; Dang bai dpc van
b Mieu td he thong mdu thiet ke
Moi mau sd dugc midu ta trinh tti theo hai ndi
dung sau:
- Muc dich eua miu thilt kl
- Quy trinh chung cua m i u thiet k l
Mdu 1: Dang bdi dpc Tieng
* Muc dich:
Mau thilt ke 1 giup GV nam dupe quy trinh td ehUe mdt t i l t day doe tilng Giup HS bilt quy trinh dpc tilng theo nguydn tic tach ddi, tU dd cae em ed the chu dpng luyen tap kT nang dpc d trdn ldp cung nhud nha
* Ouy trinh chung:
- Vide 1: Dpc phan tich theo nguydn tie tach ddi:
Quan sat nguydn tilng; Phan tich tilng theo nguydn tic tach ddi; Ope tron tilng
- Vide 2: Dpc Ung dung: Ope tilng trong md hinh; Ope tilng trong tU Ung dung; Ope tieng trong cum td, cau Ung diing
Thiet ke quy trinh day dpc tilng da the hidn dUPc eae boat ddng day va hpc cua ca GV va HS Quy trinh t i l t hpe dupe t i l n hanh qua 2 vide sau: Vide 1: Giup HS n i m dupe phUPng phap dpc tilng theo nguydn tic tach ddi O l thiic hidn nguydn tic dpc nay HS phai thue hien 3 thao tac:
Thao tdc I: Quan sat nguyen tilng nghia la quan
sat toan bd tieng bing mit
Thao tdc2: Ope tach ddi tieng nghia la phan tich
tilng thanh phin diu va phan vin Qua trinh phan tich nay dien ra trong tuduy
Thao tdc 3: Ope tron tieng cd nghia la sau khi
thuc hien thao tac ehuyen vao trong de phan tich ngd am eua tilng, HS phai tti tdng hpp va thtic hidn thao tac dua ra ngoai bing each dpc to tilng dd Qua trinh thuc hien 3 thao tac nay la qua trinh
HS di tU quan sat d i n phan tieh va eudi ciing la dpc trpn.TUthao tae 1 d i n thao tac 2 la qua trinh ehuyen vao trong TU thao tac 2 den thao tac 3 la qua trinh the bidn ra ngoai Nhu vay, sau kbi thifc hien dupc 3 thao tae trdn HS da dupc phat trien v l ki nang quan sat eung nhu ki nang phan tieh tuduy
Vide 2: Sau khi HS nim chac phUPng phap
doe theo nguydn foe tdch dd'i giao viln hudng din
HSvan dung phuong phap dd vao bai dpc tieng Oe doe duoc bai HSeung phai thUe hidn 3 thao tac
Thao tdc 1: Ooc tilng trong md hinh nghTa la
HSquan sat va dpc phan tieh tilng trong md hinb oay ehinh la thao tac gdp, ydu ciu HS phai dpc theo nguyen tie tach ddi
Vidu:Taed md hinh sau:
Sti77-THANG2/2012<31
Trang 3ca NGHEN COU
b a GV: ehi vao mo n i n ^ \ a yeu cau HSdpe
HS: (thuc hidn n i n g budc)
Budc 1: quan s a t - b a
Budc 2: phan t c h - b - a
Bude 3: doe tron - ba
Thao tdc 2 Ooc t i l n g trong t u Ung diing
TU Ung dung ed t h i dupe v i l t Idn bang d giai
doan d i u Giai doan sau ed the cho HS doe tnic tiep
doc trong sach T i l n g Vidt Doc t i l n g trong tU cung
phai di qua eae bUtie sau:
Bude 1; HS quan sat va xac dinh vi tri eua t U n g
trong tU
Budc 2: Phan tich tieng tham trong d i u lam hai
p h i n la p h i n d i u va p h i n v i n
Budc 3: K i l m soat lai qua trinh b i n g each dpc
trpn t i l n g va tu
Vi du: Etoc tron t i l n g "cha" trong tU'cha a"
Bude 1 - quan sat - eha
Budc 2 - phan tich - ch - a - eha
Budc 3 - dpc tran - eha - a
Thoo fdc5: Ooc t i l n g tiong cijm tUva cau Ung d u n g
Ope t i l n g trong cum tU thudng la dpc d l phan
bidt ehinh ta hoac rdn ki nang phat am eho chuan
xae Khi phat am tidng phai luu y d i n qua trinh phan
tieh t i l n g N l u t i l n g thanh ngang thi phai phan tich
dung p h i n d i u va phan v i n eua t i l n g N l u tieng ed
thanh khae thi phai chu y dae bidt d i n d i u thanh
Nhu vay, qua trinh d t x phan bidt t i l n g trong cum tU
eung v i n dupe t i l n hanh trdn nguydn t i e tach ddi
Vi du 1: ba: b - a - ba
Vi du 2; ba; ba - s ^ - Ija
Ope t i l n g trong cau Ung dung thuc ra la qua
trinh tdng hpp eua cic qua trinh dc>c t i l n g trong md
hinh, dpc t i l n g trong tU va cum tU va duong n h i l n
' t i l n g " phai dupe dat trong mdi quan he vdi tU va
cau Tuy nhidn, khi d t x eau Ung diing HS pbai thtic
hidn thao tac dup, eae thao tae trudc dupc an ben
trong Qua trinh ehuyen vao ben trong da dupc thuc
hidn n g i m qua thao tae t u duy Chi cd qua trinh
e h u y i n ra ngoai mdi duoe b i l u hidn b i n g each HS
dpc tron ea cau chUa t i l n g da h o c ;Tat nhidn, trong
eau cbi ehUa toan nhCfng t i l n g eae em da b t x rdi)
7"dfn /o/V Quy trinh day t i l n g la quy trinh thuc
bidn tridt de phuang phap hpc theo nguyin tac tdch
ddi N g u y i n t i c nay khdng chi giup cbo HS dpc bai
cd phuang phap, mang lai hidu qua cao, toc dp dpc
ciia cac em nhanh ban Oae bidt, HS dupc t r i i qua
cac thao tac, cac hoat d d n g vat chat (nbu boat ddng
quan sat), eae hoat d d n g t u duy (nhu hoat ddng
phan tich, hoat d d n g t d n g hop) Chinh vi thd, cac etn ludn chu dpng, nhanh nhen, linh hoat hon
Cd t h i ndi, thiet k l mau 1 la mdt t h i l t k l da tudng minh hoa duoc ca hai he thdng hoat ddng eua thay va trd Hai he t h d n g hoat ddng nay tdn tai song song nhung lai ed mdi quan he va tac ddng chat che vdi nhau Oe thuc hidn dupe t h i l t k l nay ngudi GV phai biet each t d ehUe, hudng dan HS theo dung quy trinh, HS phai d d n g vai trd trung tam eiJa mpi hoat ddng Day cung ehinh la muc dich eua nha
t h i l t k l danh cho t i l t h(X t i l n g DUa trdn quy trinh chung eua mau 1, ehung ta cd the tidn hanh t i t c i cac t i l t day dpc tieng
Mdu 2: Dang trdi dpc dm 'Muc dich:
M i u t h i l t k l 2 g i u p HSnSm dupc quy trinh tilt day dpc am Giup HS b i l t dpc am, ghep am vdi vin
d l doc tieng, dae bidt HS cd kha nang phan biet duoc eae am khd, de nham lan t h d n g qua vide thuc hanh phan bidt chinh ta
* Quy trinh chung:
Vide 1: Ope phan tich am: Quan sat am trong mo hinh; Phan tich am trong m d hinb; O t x am trong ntw hinh
Vide 2: Ope Ung d u n g : Ope t h i m cac tU Ung dung; Ooc tron cac tU Cmg d i i n g ; Ope phan biet ehinh ta cae tUUng d u n g
Vide 3:0(?c ren ki nang: Ooc d u ng; Ope hay; Dpc nhanh
Quy trinh day dpc am dupe t i l n hanh qua 3 vide Wee ;:Opc phan tieh am: Muc dieh eua vide 1 la giup HS cd t h i nhan biet va dpc dupc am e i n hpc
Oe dpc dupe am, HS cung c i n tuan tbu phUOng phap dpc theo nguyen t i c tach ddi Nghia la HS phii thuc hien 3 thao tae: quan sat - phan tich - dpc tron Wee2;Tiep theo HS dpc phan tich am, giao vien budng dan HS dpc Ung d u n g cac tU trong bai dpc Cac tU trong bai dpc ehia lam 2 loai: tU img dung c6 chUa am n h i m giup HS nhan biet am, tU dung d l phan biet am n h i m g i u p HS dpc am mdt each chuin
xae Vi vay, viic 2 duac thuc hidn qua 3 thao tac dpc
t h i m - dpc tron - dpc phan bidt
Viic 3: Sau khi dqc diing cac tU Ung diing, HS dupc nang cao kT nang d t x qua p h i n dpc ciu Ofng
diing Ki nang doe cua HS dupe phan ra c i c c i p dp khac nhau: O i u tidn, HS phai doc d u n g tU, tiep theo phai d t x hay Etoc hay la doc cd ngCf didu, b i l t nhin manh nhifng tU ngCf trong eau Trdn co sd dd, HS dupe ren luyen phan xa d l cd tde d d doe nhanh hon Tdm lai, thiet k l mau 2 da dam bao dutjc hai hoat ddng song hanh cua GV va HS GV trong vai trd l i
Trang 4ngudi td chUe, HS d d n g vai trd ehu dao trong gid hoc
t h d n g qua mdt chudi cac viec lam va thao tae eu the
Thiet k l da midu ta tien trinh cua toan bd t i l t
day doc am cae hoat d d n g cua GV eung n h u cua HS
d i u duac eu t h i hoa Oae bidt, qua mdt tiet m i u GV
va HS d d n g thdi cd dupc m d t each lam tUong tUcho
t i t e i cae t i l t day dpc am
IVIau 3: Dang bdi dpc vdn
'Muc dich:
M i u thiet k l 3 giup GV n i m duac quy trinh va
t d chUc day dpc v i n , g i u p HS b i l t danh v i n , dpc
v i n trong t i l n g Giup eae em nhan bidt 4 loai v i n
( v i n ehi ed am ehinh, v i n cd am chinh am cudi, v i n
c d a m d d m am ehinh am cudi, v i n hoan toan) Trdn
CO sd nhan biet mdt each c h i c c h i n eae loai v i n eae
em cd t h e doe dupe b i t cU t i l n g va tU nao
o a y la mpt m i u t h i l t k l vd eung quan trpng bdi
vi n l u GV t d chdc cho cac em lam tdt theo m i u t h i
eae em cd the Ung d u n g d u n g each dpc vao b i t eU
mdt bai dpc nao
* Quy trinh chung:
Vide 1: Ope trpn v i n da hpc: Quan sat v i n ; Ooc
phan tieh t h a m trong dau; Ope tron v i n da hpc
V i l e 2: Ope Ung d u n g : Quan sat va dpc t h i m cac
tUehUa v i n Ung dung;Ope trpn cac tUehUa van Ung
d u n g ; Ope phan biet chinh t i vdi eae v i n da hpe
Vide 3: Ope ren kT nang: Ope d u n g eae tU ehUa
v i n da hpe; Ope hay tii, cau theo n g d dieu eua bai
hpc; Ope nhanh toan b d ndi d u n g eua bai hoc
Trdn ep sd quy trinh chung cua m p t t i l t day dpc,
m i u thiet ke 3 da chi ra cu t h i each t d chUe m d t t i l t
day dpc cho GV d d n g thdi dUa ra mdt chudi cac vide
lam va thao tae n h i m giup HS ehu ddng trong t i l t
tap dpc
Viic 1: HS cd the thuc hanh dpc trpn ngay Mae
du m d hinh cua bai dpc van bao g d m cac loai v i n
khac nhau nhung chung ta van n g i m tien hanh
theo 3 thao tac la quan sat - phan tich - dpc tron
Trong 3 thao tae nay, 2 thao tae d i u dupe thuc
hidn r i t nhanh trong t u duy eiia HS, hoat d p n g eua
HS chi dupc the hidn ra ben ngoai qua 3 thao tac dd
la dpc thanh tieng
Viic 2: N i m dupe phUPng phap dpc v i n , HS de
dang nhan biet duoc cae t i l n g ehUa v i n O i u tien
eho HS dpc t h i m eae tieng, tU ehUa v i n T i l p theo
la dpc thanh t i l n g (dpc tran) Sau dd HS dpc v i n d l
phan biet ehinh ta vdi cac v i n da hpc
Viic 3: Hinh thanh ki nang dpc trong dang bai
dpc v i n la bude eudi eung Odn giai doan nay ddi
hdi HS khdng chi doc d u n g cac tieng, eae tU cd chUa
v i n , khdng chi doc hay tUng eau theo n g d didu eua
bai hgc ma d u n g lupng dpc trong t i l t hoe tang len
dang k l TU mdt vai tU len n h i l u tU, tU mdt hai cau Idn n h i l u eau hpp thanh doan
Day dpc cho HS ldp 1 - CGD theo quy trinh chung trdn sd mang lai hieu qua cao n l u ngudi GV
b i l t van d u n g thiet ke m d t each linh hoat va m l m deo GV can cU vao ban thiet ke de xac dinh nhidm
vu trpng t a m ddi vdi HS trong mdi giai doan la khac nhau.TUdd cd each t d chUc t i l t day phu hop vdi tam
li va qua trinh nhan thUe cua hpc sinh
Cu the, d giai dogn ddu ldp 1, khi cac em b i t dau lam quen vdi tiengxh'i thiet ke chu trpng vao phuong
phap doc theo nguyen t i c tach ddi, phan biet tieng
cd thanh va t i l n g thanh ngang, tieng gidng nhau va
t i l n g khac nhau
Giai dogn tiep theo la giai doan day bai dpc am,
t h i l t ke lai chu trpng tdi qua trinh dpc phan bidt am va dae bidt la phUPng phap dpc tron (dpc thanh tilng)
Giai dogn dgc vdn lai quan tam tdi vide hinh
thanh ki nang doe: t U d o c d u n g den doc hay, tUdpe dpc hay sang dpc nhanh Od chi'nh la cP sd n i n tang eho giai doan luydn dpc tdng hop sau nay
GV gidi la ngudi b i l t dpc dung ban t h i l t ke
Ope dung ed nghTa la dpc de hieu dung y tudng eua
ngudi thiet k l Tren cP sd d d td ebUc HS boat dpng sao cho dat dupe muc dich ma ngudi thiet k l dat ra
T A I Lieu THAM K H A O
1 Bp SGK, sdch thiet keldp I - ehUPng trinh CGD
2 BpSGK, sdch thiet keldp I - chUPng trinh 2000
3 Tdm li hgc vd gido due hgc - Jean piaget, NXB
Giaoduc, 2001
4 Cdi vd Cdch - Hd Ngpc Oai, NXB Oai hpc Su
pham, 2003
5 Tdm li dgy hgc - Hd Ngpc Oai, NXB Oai hpc
Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2000
6 Mdt so vdn di ca bdn cua chaang trinh tieu hgc mdi, Nguyen Tri, NXB Giao due, 2002
7 Doy vd hgc mdn Tieng Viet d tieu hgc theo chaang tr'inh mdi, NXB Giao due, 2002
8 Mpt so vdn de ve doi mdi phaang phdp dgy hgc Vdn Tiing Viet, Nguyen Tri Nguyen Trpng Hoan
-Oinh Thai Huong, NXB Giao due, 2001
9.Mptsd vdn di ve doi mdi ddnh gid kit qud hgc tap mdn Tieng Viet d tieu hgc, TS Nguyen Tbj Hanh,
NXB Giao due, 2002
SUMMARY
This article presents some general issues
in teaching reading to 1st graders according to educational technology procedure