NGON N G C S6l 2012 VE VAN DE DAY HOC PHAN PHONG CACH NGON NGU* TRONG CHlTONG TRINH NGU* VAN TRUNG HQC PHO THONG TS VtJ THI SAO CHI Phong cich ngdn ngfl (PCNN) li mdt trong nhflng ming kiln thfle CO b[.]
Trang 1NGON N G C
VE VAN DE DAY HOC PHAN PHONG CACH NGON NGU*
TRONG CHlTONG TRINH NGU* VAN
TRUNG HQC PHO THONG
TS VtJ THI SAO CHI
Phong cich ngdn ngfl (PCNN)
li mdt trong nhflng ming kiln thfle
CO bin efla tilng Vift thyc hinh di
dupe dua vio ehuong tiinh giing dgy
ngfl vin d bfic trung hpc pho thdng
(THPT) ttong nhflng nim qua Sau
nhieu lin cii cich giio dye vi thay
sich giio khoa (SGK), cic bii dgy hpc
vl tilng Vift ndi ehung vi PCNN ndi
rifng d cap hpc niy dfi cd sy eii tiln
tich eye, tuy nhifn vin cdn nhieu dilm
cin phii xem xf t thf m
Trong bii vilt niy, chiing tdi xin
dua ra mpt sl y kiln ttao dii vl vifc
dgy hpc phin PCNN, ttf n co sd bp
SGK Ngft vdn hifn hinh, chuang trinh
CO bin, cip THPT
1 Quan nifm chung vl phong
cich ngon ngfl* vi mye dich d^y hpc
phong cich ngon ngii d trirdng
phithdng
Chflng ta diu biit ngdn ngft li
mdt hf thong tin hifu dfic bift, rit
phong phfl, da dgng vi tinh tl, bieu
hifn d eho cflng mpt ndi dung, y nghia
nhimg ed thi cd nhieu cich bieu dgt
khic nhau, cho phf p ngudi sfl dyng
lya chpn eie phuong tifn diln dgt phfl
hpp theo y muln Vifc lya chpn cic
phuong tifn ngdn ngft phu hpp cin
phii cin eu vio cic ylu t l ngoii ngdn ngft nhu: nhan vfit' vai giao tiep (cic cuong vj xi hdi di dupe khii quit hda nhir nha ehinh tq, nhi khoa hpc, ngudi quin If, nhan vifn, giio vifn, hpc sinh, cha m?, con cii, bgn bf, ); hoin cinh giao tilp (theo nghi thue hay khdng tiieo nghi thfle); dl tii vi mye dich giao tilp; each thfle giao tilp (trye tilp hay giin tilp, ndi hay vilt), (ed the tham khio thfm ttong [1], [2])
D I qui trinh giao tilp dgt hifu qui cao thi sy lya chpn, sfl dyng cic phucmg tifn ngdn ngfl thich flng vdi timg hoin canh vi dilu kif n giao tilp nhat dinh li hit sfle cin tiiilt Sy lya chpn ay khdng chl mang tinh ci nhfin
ma cdn mang tinh cdng dong, tfnh xi hdi, phd quit, dupe Ifip lgi vi duy tri
In dinh DO vfiy, moi cdng ding di hinh thinh nfn nhiing tfip quin lya chpn vi sfl dyng ngdn ngft cd tinh chit truyin thong, ttd thinh chuin mye chung efla toin xi hdi Tfl dd
dinh hinh vi khu bift nhflng khudn
mdu hay li kiiu cdch sfl dyng phuong
tifn ngdn ngft mang dfic trung rifng
dl tgo nfn nhftng lap vdn bdn tiiu
biiu, thfch flng vdi timg linh vyc,
phgm vi, dif u kif n giao tilp nhit dinh
Trang 240 Ngon ngfir so 1 n&m 2012
Nhflng khudn miu hay kilu cich sfl
dyng Ihuong tifn ngdn ngfl mang dfic
tnmg rifng (dgng ton tgi efla ngdn ngft)
thfch ung vdi tflng Imh vye, phgm vi,
difu Idfn giao tiep nhat dinh dupe gpi
li cic phong cdch ngdn ngO hay cic
phong edch chirc ndng ngdn ngO
Nhin ehung, theo tif u chf chflc
ning ngdn ngfl, cic nhi Vift ngfl hpc
da phan bift trong tilng Vift 6 phong
each eo bin: 1) Phong cich ngdn ngft
sinh hogt; 2) Phong cich ngdn ngft
nghf thufit; 3) Phong cich ngdn ngft
khoa hpc; 4) Phong eich ngdn ngft
bio chi; 5) Phong cich agaa ngft chinh
lufin; 6) Phong cich ngdn ngft hinh
chfnh (chi tilt hon cd thi tham khio
cic tii lifu [1], [2], [3], [4], [6])
Theo mye tif u giio dye eiia cip
hpc phd thdng thi vifc dgy hpc tilng
Vift ndi dnmg, PCNN ndi rifng, khdng
nhim giq) hpc sinh (HS) nghien ciru
vi tiing Viit hay vi PCNN trong tiing
Viit mi dilu trpng ylu nhit li giflp
HS su dung tiing Viit dung ehudn
trong tiing Unh vytc, phgm vi giao tiip,
ciing ed nghia li sit dung tiing Viit
dgt hiiu qud Vi theo nhu sy nhin
nhfin nay thi thye chit efla vifc dgy
hpc PCNN chfnh li dgy hpc cdch lif a
chpn vd sit dying vdn ngft li?u cd sdn
vao trong hogt dpng giao tiip, nhdt
Id vao trong viic tgo Igp cdc Idp vdn
bdn thich ting vdi timg Unh vytc, phtfm
vi, diiu kiin giao tiip cu thi
2 Vifc dfy hpc phan phong
cich ngon ngft trong chmmg trinh
ngfir v&n trung hpc pho thong hifn
hinh
2.1 Ve sy phan phii ndi dung
chuang trinh
Phin PCNN dupe bit dau trien khai tfl cip trung hpc eo sd, nhung nhin ehung mdi chi mang tfnh chat gidi thifu so bd dudi hinh thiic HS budc diu tifp cfin, nhfin difn v i hinh thanh iih|n thuc vl cic Idp vin bin tif u bilu efla cic PCNN (vin ban hinh chfnh, vin ban nghf thugt, vin bin khoa hpc ) Phai din c ^ THPT, phin PCNN mdi dupe triln khai mpt eich
cd hf thdng vi day dfl hon, vi d giai dogn niy HS di tich Ifiy dupe vin tfl ngft nhit dinh, dupe trang bi eie Iciln thuc ve eich diing tfl, viet eau, tgo l|p dogn vin, vin bin, tfle li eie em di
dupe chuin bj diiu ki^n cdn thiit dk
CO the lua chpn va sir dyng c&cphuaDg
tifn ngdn ngft phfl hpp trong tiing hoin cinh, Imh vyc giao tilp
Trudc day, d cip THPT, chuong trinh ngfl vin cu ed sy tich bgch 3 phfin mdn trong 3 bp SGK: Vfin hpc, Tilng Vift, Lim vin Rifng phan mdn Tilng Vift ehi dupe triln khai d hai Idp 10 va 11 Chuong tiinh Tilng Vift Idp 10 chu trpng vio phin ngft phip, cdn phin PCNN dupe phin bo t|p trung d lop 11 Sy phin phii ehuong trinh ed tfnh eye bd nhu vfiy di hgn
i che ding kl khi ning tilp thu vi vfin dyng kiln thue d HS Chuong tiinh Ngft vin eai cich hifn hinh khdng tich bift 3 phan mdn Vin hpc - Tieng Vift - Lam vin nhu trudc mi gdp vio mpt bp SGK chung, phin PCNN cflng dupe rai deu ttong ci 3 lop efla cip hpc Cy thf li:
- Chuang Uinh Idp 10 gom cic bii: Phong eich ngdn ngfl sinh hogt (hpc ki I); Phong eich ngdn ngft nghf tiiufit (hpc ki 11) Cic bii hpc cd lifn quan din PCNN gom: Hogt dpng giao
Trang 3Vivlndl
tilp bing ngdn ngft (hpc kl I); Dfic
diem efla ngdn ngft ndi vi ngdn ngft
vilt (hpc ki I)
- Chucmg trinh Idp 11 gIm eie
bii: Phong eich ngdn ngft bio chf (hpc
ki I); phong eich ngdn ngft chfnh lufin
(hpc kl II) Cic bii hpc ed lifn quan
den PCNN gom: Tfl ngdn ngft chung
din ldi ndi ci nhfin (hpc ki I); Bin
tin vi luyf n t|p vilt bin tin (hpc ki I);
Phdng vin v i tti ldi phdng vin (hpc
kl I), luyf n tip phdng vin vi tti ldi
phdng vin (hpc kl I)
- Chuong trinh Idp 12 gom cic
bii: Phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc
(hpc ki I), phong eich ngdn ngft hinh
chfnh (hpc kl II) Cic bii cd lifn quan
gIm: Vin bin ting kit (hpc ki II)
Nhu vfiv, ed till nhfin tiiiy rat rd
sy phan phdi, dilu tilt khi diu dfin
cic bii hpc vl PCNN ttong toin bp
ehuong trinh efla cip hpc vi dupe xen
kg vdi cic bii vl ngfl Im, ngfl phip,
ngfl nghia, ngft dyng ciing nhu cic
bii vl tic phim vin hpc, vin bin nhfit
dyng, vfin bin nghj lufin Dilu niy di
thi hifn quan diem coi dgy hpc li mdt
qui trinh tich luy din kiln thfle vi
phuong chim tieh hpp kiln thuc trong
giing dgy b^ mdn Ngft vin
2.2 v l ndi dung kiln thfle
Xem xft npi dung kiln thuc eie
bii hpc vl PCNN tiiong SGK Ngft vin
THPT chuong tiinh ca bin, ehung tdi
nhfin thiy, nhin chung eie don vi kiln
thurc dupe dua ra vi trien khai ttong
mii bii gIm: 1) Gidi thifu Idp vin
bin tifu bilu vi ngdn ngft tiifch flng;
2) Dfic tnmg co bin efla phong eich
ngdn ngfl dupe xft Rifng cic bii
Phong cdch ngdn ngO bdo cM\i Phong
cdch ngdn ngft chinh lugn thi cd dua
41
thfm mye Cdc phucmg tiin diin dgt
(cua phong cich ngdn ngfl dupe xft) Mfie dfl cuoi mii bii hpe deu cd phin luyf n tgp, nhung cd thi ndi SGK mdi ehi eung cip cic kien thfle ea bin ve moi PCNN mi chua ehfl y tdi Id ning v|n dyng cae kiln thfle dd vio ttong hoat dpng giao tilp eiia ngudi hpe
dupe thi hifn d npi dtmg: Cdn lyea
chpn vd sit dung cdc phucmg tiin ngdn ngO trong mdi PCNN nhu thi ndo?
Mfie dfl dfiy li mdt trong hai mye dich chfnh dfit ra (kit qui can dgt) d moi bii hpc
Mpt difu ding luu tfim li hifn nay d cip THPT song song hifn hinh hai bd SGK Ngfl vfin co bin vi nang cao dinh eho cic doi tupng dgy hpe khac nhau Chflng tdi hit sfle bin khoin khi doi chilu SGK efla hai chucmg trinh niy vi nhfin thiy giiia chiing cd nhflng sy khic bift nhat dinh, thilu thing nhat ve npi dung kien thue
"khung" Ching hgn, ve cic dfic tnmg
CO bin efla PCNN nghf tiiu|t, SGK chuong trinh co bin nfu: "Phong cich nghf thu|t cd ba dfic tnmg ca bin: tuih hinh tupng, tinh truyin cim, tinh
ci till hda" (A(g£f vdn 10, T ^ 2, tt 98
-101), nhung theo SGK chucmg trinh nang cao thi PCNN nghf thufit cd eie dfic dilm chung (dfic trung co ban) la: tuih tiiim ml, tinh da nghia, diu an
rifng efla tic gii (NgO vdn 10 - ndng
eao, Tfip 2, tt 21-22) Hay khi tiinh
biy tfnh chit cy till eua PCNN sinh hogt, eich hifu dupe dua ra d hai cuon SGK niy cung rat khic nhau, cy till la: 1) Trong SGK chuong tiinh co ban:
"Ngdn ngft sinh hogt ed tinh cy the Trong dogn hpi thogi di dan (tfle till dy d mye tten - VTSC), tinh cy till bieu hifn d cic mfit sau day:
Trang 442 Ngon ngfl' s6 1 nSm 2012
- Cd dia dilm vi thdi gian cy the
(budi trua, khu tgp thi)
- Cd ngudi ndi cy the (Ltm, Himg
Huang, mf Huang, dng hdng xdm)
Cd ngudi nghe cy thi (Lan,
Hiing ndi vdi Huang, mf Huang ndi
vdi Lan, Himg, )
Cd dich ldi ndi cy thi (Lan,
Hiing gpi Huang di hpc; mf Huang
khuyin Lan, Himg )
- Cd eich dien dgt cy thi qua vifc
dflng tii ngft (kf m theo ngft dif u) phfl
hpp vdi dii thogi: tfl ngft hd gpi (ai),
khuyf n bio thfin mfit (khi chii), cam
doin, quit ngt (ldm gi md ), cich
vi von, mif u ti (chgm nhu riia, Igch
bd Igch bgch)
Nhu vfiy, diu hifu dfic tiimg thfl
nhit efla phong eich ngdn ngfl sinh
hogt li tinh cy till: cy till ve hoin canh,
vl con ngudi vi vl cich ndi ning, tu
ngfl, dien dgt."
(NgOvdn 10,T$p\,tr 125)
2) Trong SGK ehuong trinh nang
cao:
'Thong cich ngdn ngft sinh hogt
khdng diing nhftng lii ndi trim tupng,
chung chung mi ua chupng nhihig loi
ndi sinh ddng, cy till Dd li ldi ndi
giiu am thanh, miu sic, mang dau fin
rd rf t efla nhiing tinh huong giao tiep
hing ngiy, dl giy an tupng Thi dy
(ldi dng li trong truyf n Tinh thdn thi
dyic efla Nguyen Cdng Hoan):
Hi diia ndo lao, cii dinh sic
tilt chung nd ra, tpi vg dng chfu
«
(NgO vdn 10 - nang cao, Tfip 1,
tt 220)
d SGK chuong tiinh co bin, tinh
cv thi eua PCNN sinh hogt dupe giii
thich li: cd hoan cinh giao tiep (dia dilm, thdi gian) cy the, ed nhin v|t giao tilp (ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe) cy thi, cd dich ldi ndi cy thi vi cd cich dien dgt cy thi Neu quan nifm vl
tinh eu thi cua ngdn ngft nhu thi till
khich quan mi ndi, khdng chi ed PCNN smh hogt mi cic PCNN khic cfing
cd tinh cy till nhu v|y bdi mpi trudng hpp giao tilp ndi chung diu xie dinh
rd ve hoan cinh giao tiep, nhan vfit giao tiep, mye dieh giao tiep Thyc
ra can phai hifu tinh cu thi cim ngdn
ngft sinh hogt hing ngiy (ttong the
doi l|p vdi tinh khdi qudt, triiu tupng)
la d tinh chit sinh dpng, giiu am tiianh,
hinh anh, sic miu; thfl ngdn ngfl cd
khd ndng ldm hiin hiin cy thi (nhu
cd thi eim nhfin dupe bing trye giic)
sy vfit, sy vifc cflng nhu tam trgng, thai dp, tinh cim, tiifim chf ci tfnh efla ngudi ttong cupc Ching hgn cic tfl ngft in dirng ttong thf dy dudi day:
- Nhanh lin ehu Bio! Cii ci dam
thi ndy thi din tit Tfiy mdi xong Khdng
kheo trupt vd chuoi mat thdi!
Cdn y giii thich "cich dien dgt
cy thf qua vifc dung tfl ngft (kfm theo ngft difu) phfl hpp vdi doi thogi: " (chflng tdi nhan mgnh VTSC) till
dflng hon do li bilu hifn efla tinh khdu
ngft (phit ngdn efla mif ng, ung biln
linh hogt, ty nhifn vi thudng khdng dupe chuan bi trudc nfn khdng cd tfnh ttau chudt, gpt giua)
Chflng tdi ding tiiufin hon vdi
cich gjai tiiich ve tinh cyi thi efla PCNN
sinh hoat d SGK chuong trinh ning cao Nhflng sy khic bif t, tiiilu tiling nhit ve tii thuc nhu cic trudng hpp
Trang 5Vivlndi
trfn d hai cuin SGK - co bin vi nang
cao - khdng phii li ft Vdi cic sich
tham khio hay sich nghifn curu chuyfn
siu till hifn tupng niy li binh thudng
vi cd till chip nhfin do quan dilm efla
nhiing ngudi vilt sich khdng dong
nhit, ngudi dpe cung ed thi tan thinh
hay khdng tin thinli vdi saeh niy hofie
sich kia Tuy nhifn, ttong trudng hpp
cflng li SGK hifn hinh (mang tfnh
phip If nh vdi ei ngudi dgy vi ngudi
hpc), dfl thupc hai chucmg trinh khic
nhau eo bin vi ning cao, thi sy
"vf nh" vl kiln thiic "khung" nhu v|y
cin phii dupe xem xft lgi Bdi Ig dieu
niy sg rit dl gfiy ra nhflng nghi ngd,
bin khoin, thic mie d ngudi dgy vi
ngudi hpe: Kiln thfle nio li chuin?
Vi sy khing dinh ndi dung kiln thfle
efla euln SGK niy ciing sg ding thdi
li sy phfl nhfin dii vdi ndi dung kiln
thfle efla euln SGK kia Theo chiing
tdi (vi cd Ig eung li quan dilm ehung
efla nhiing ngudi lim giio dye), SGK
chucmg trinh co bin v i ehuong tiinh
ning eao cd thi khic nhau d mfle dd
triln khai kiln tiiflc ndng sau, rpng
-h?p, nhung cin phii ed sy thong nhit
vl kiln thfle khung, chuin
2.3 v l cich Ihflc triln khai npi dung
Hiu hit eie bii ve PCNN ttong
SGK Ngfl vin THPT chuang tiinh co
bin deu dua ra phan tieh 3 vin df cd
lifn quan: vdn ban - ngdn ngO - dde
trung phong cdch ngdn ngO (ching
hgn: vin bin khoa hpe - ngdn ngfl khoa
hpc - dfic trung efla phong cich ngdn
ngft khoa hpc; vin bin chfnh lufin
-ngdn ngft chfnh lufin - dfic trung efla
phong cich ngdn ngft chfnh lufin; )
Chflng tdi hilu ring tfl 3 vin dl niy,
SGK hudng tdi vifc hinh thinh tittig
43
budc khai luf m ve moi PCNN ttong nhfin thue efla HS Tuy nhifn, cich
tiiflc tiiln khai tieh bift 3 vin de vdi
cae phin mye rifng di khiln eho ndi dung kif n thfle dgy hpe efla timg bii ttd nfn "dd sp" hda, ding thdi tan mgn, khd t|p trung, xfiu chuoi de di
dfn vin df ttpng tfim li khdi niim
timg phong cdch ngdn ngO Ching
hgn, d bii Phong cdch ngdn ngO khoa
hpc, ndi dung kien thfle dupe trien
khai vdi cic mye nhu sau:
I Vin ban khoa hpc vi ngdn ngft khoa hpc
1 Vin bin khoa hpc
2 Ngdn ngft khoa hpe
II Dfic trung efla phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc
1 Tinh khai quit trim tupng
2 Tinh li tri Id gic
3 Tinh khich quan, phi ei the
(NgO vdn 12, Tfip 1, tt 71-76)
Cfl theo nhu eich dua v i triln khai vin de nhu vgy, cflng vdi sy quan sat ciia chiing tdi vl cic gid dgy hpe tifn tiiyc te till giio vifn (GV) vi HS dfi phii loay hoay, eh|t v|t phfin tich
dl nit ra sy hilu biit vl 3 khii nifm:
vdn bdn khoa hpc, ngdn ngO khoa hpc, dgc trung ciia phong cdch ngdn
ngO khoa hpe Nhung roi kit eye vin
de trpng tam efla bii hpc: Phong cdch
ngdn ngO khoa hpc Id gi? Cdn lyta chpn vd sit dung cdc phucmg tiin ngdn ngO nhu thi ndo cho diing phong cdch trong vdn bdn khoa hpc? thi ei ngudi
dgy va ngudi hpe vin cdn rat mfl md, chua cd dupe ldi giii dip thda ding
Trang 644 Ngon ngfl- so 1 n i m 2012
3 Mpt so y kiln trao doi vl vifc
dfy hpc phan phong cich ngdn ngfir
or cap tmng hpc phi thong
Trudc thyc tien dang dien ra, vdi
mong mudn cung diia se, thio gd nhflng
khd khin, vudng mie trong dgy hpe
tieng Vift, chflng tdi xin dua ra mdt
vai y kifn nhd ve dgy hpe jrfian PCNN
d cip THPT
3.1 Trong ehuong trinh ngfl vin
THPT, phin PCNN li mpt hf tiidng
kien thfle chfit chg, cd tinh dde Ifip
tuong ddi, dong thdi ciing ed quan hf
d miirc dd nhit dinh vdi cac hf thong
kiln thfle khic Vl nguyfn tie, khi
tiep cfin mdt hf thong, trudc tifn phai
cd sy bao quit tdng Ihl roi sau dd mdi
di vao timg thinh tl efla hf thong Do
vfiy, tiudc khi dgy cic bai hpc vl timg
phong cich chflc nfing ngdn ngfl, rit
can ed bii gidi thifu khii quit ve
phong cich ngdn ngfl vdi nhiing ndi
dung eo bin lihu:
1) Sy phan logi phong each chflc
ning ngdn ngft
O ndi dung nay tiudc hit cin gitp
cho HS thay dupe sy hinh thinh cic
phong cich trong ngdn ngft li do sy
chi phoi efla cic yeu td: hoin cinh
giao tilp, nhan vfit giao tilp (hay ngudi
ndi - ngudi nghe), mye dieh giao tilp,
df tii, npi dung giao tilp, cich thfle
giao tiep dan dfn yfu ciu phii lya
chpn vi su dyng eie phucmg tifn ngdn
ngfl sao cho phu hpp vdi timg Imh
vyc, phgm vi, dieu kifn giao tilp cy
tiif df dgt hifu qua cao nhit Sau dd,
gidi thifu cic phong cich chflc ning
efla tilng Vift, cy till li ttong tifng
Vift cd sy phin bift 6 phong cich
chflc ning co bin
2) Yfu ciu ddi vdi vifc lya ch(;Hi vi
su dyng ngdn ngft dio dung phong cich
d npi dung niy can giiq) eho HS
nhfin thiy sy cin thiet efla vifc lya chpn va sfl dyng tfl ngfl, kieu elu theo dflng phong eich ngdn ngfl Dd
li yfu ciu bit budc khi sfl dyng ngdn ngfl ttong giao tifp Dflng ngdn ngfl dflng phong cich sg dim bio dupe tfnh chuan mye ciia ldi ndi, dong thdi nang cao hifu qui giao tilp Ngupe lgi, dflng ngdn ngfl sai phong eich sg khiln cho ldi ndi ttd nfn "lgc difu",
I^iin cam, jMn tac dyng dii vdi ngudi
nghe, ngudi dpc Cd till nfu cic thf
dy cy thf df hpc sinh dii chilu, so sanh thiy dupe nhihig khic bift niy Ching han:
(a) Nhdn thdy nhOng kf in miy,
in xin thudng gdy nin nhOng hinh
dnh nhech nhic, ban thiu va nhieu
nhuong khdeh du ljch Yiu cdu cdc
ca quan cd chiic ndng bit nhot cho
ki hft di ddm bdo mi quan va trgt tu
cho Le hpi Chiia Huang.^'^
(b) Nhgn thdy nhOng ngudi hdnh
khdt thudng gdy nen nhOng hinh dnh khdng dfp mdt vd lam dnh hudng tdi khdch du lich Yeu cdu cdc ca quan chac ndng cd bifn phdp xit liphit hpp vdi cdc ddi tupng nay di dam bdo
mi quan vd trat tu cho Li hpi Chiia Huang^*^
Hai doan vin ttfn ed eiing ndi dung tiidng tin va cflng tiiupc vin bin hanh chfnh nhung rd ring ngudi dpe
sg khdng till chap nhfin dupe dogn (a)
do vifc su dyng tiiy tifn nhilu khiu ngft thdng tuc (vin chi dupe dflng ttpng phong eich ngdn ngft sinh hoat hing ngay) khien cho ldi vin bit nhfi, tiiilu tinh vin hda, gpt gifla, lim mit
Trang 7Vivlndl., 45
di sy trang ttpng, nghif m tfle cfin cd
doi vdi mdt vfin bin hinh chfnh
3.2 Ve vifc triln khai npi dung
kiln thfle trong cic bii hpe vl tiing
phong cich ngdn ngtt
Quy trinh giao tilp bing ngdn
ngfl cd thi dupe khii quit nhu sau:
Ngdn ngft (phuong tifn giao tilp d
dgng tilm ting)-> hogt ddng ldi ndi
(vifc lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic phuong
tifn ngdn ngft)-> vin bin (sin phim
cua hogt dpng giao tiep bing ngdn
ngft) Tuy nhifn vifc dgy hpc tilng
Vift ndi ehung, PCNN ndi rifng, khdng
phii li dgy nghifn curu vl tilng Vift,
mi li dgy hpe cich sfl dyng tieng Vift
sao cho dflng chuin mye phong eich
vi ed hifu qui Do vfiy trudc tifn can
dgy cho HS nim dupe "tifu chuin"
efla timg phong cich, dl tfl dd biit
cich lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic phucmg
tifn ngdn ngft dflng vdi tflng phong
cich, nhit li khi tgo Ifip cic Idp vfin
bin tifu bieu tiiude cic PCNN Tfl
dfiy cd thi hinh dung dupe 2 ndi dung
kien thuc cin dupe dgy - hpe d mSi
PCNN li: 1) Khii nifm vl tflng phong
cich ngdn ngfl; 2) Cich lya chpn vi
sfl dyng eie phuong tifn ngdn ngft d
mii phong cich (nhit khi tgo Ifip Idp
vin bin tifu bilu efla mii phong each)
3.2.1 v l vifc triln khai npi dung
kiln thfle thu nhit: Khii nifm ve timg
phong cich ngdn ngft
Dl hinh tiiinh d HS khai nifm
vl mdt PCNN nhit dinh, cd till tiien
khai theo cich quy ngp: Gidi thifu
mdt sl thi dy (nfn chpn eie vin ban
tifu bieu cho PCNN dupe xgt) -> Hudng
dan HS phfin tich, nhfin xet tiii dy tifn
cac phucmg difn sau:
- Phgm vi sfl dyng vi Idp vin ban tifu bilu efla phong eich
- Nhan vfit giao tiep
- Df tai, npi dung giao tilp
- Mye dieh giao tilp
- Phuong tifn dien dgt (ngdn ngfl) + Dgng ton tgi (ndi hofie vilt) + Dfic tnmg (nfn nhin mgnh vio cic dfic trung co ban)
Tfl nhflng npi dimg kiln thfle cy thf trfn, GV hudng din HS nit ra sy hifu bift can thift vl khii nifm PCNN dupe xft Ching hgn, dgy bii PCNN bio chi, sau khi nfu thf dy vi phfin tich theo cic tifu chf ndi dung dupe nfu tten day cd the nit ra ket lufin:
Phong cdch ngdn ngO bdo chi
Id PCNN gptgiua dupe sU dung trong phgm vi giao tiip thupc linh vyc thdng tin, quang cdo trin bdo, ddi truyin hinh - truyen thanh Tiiu biiu cho PCNN ndy Id Idp vdn bdn bdo chi vdi cdc thi logi nhu bdn tin, phdng su, tiiu phdm, dupe cdc nhd bdo hay phdng vien tgo Igp ra di cung cdp cho dpe gid nhOng tin tiic thai syt cgp nhdt
vd cde ludng y kiin, du lugn xd hpi eung nhu chinh kiin cua td bdo ve vdn di thdi su dupe di cgp, nhdm ddu tranh eho su tiin bp xd hpi
Phong each ngdn ngu bdo ehi
cd nhOng dgc tnmg ca bdn Id: tinh thdng tin thdi su; tinh binh gid; tinh thu hiit, tap trung
Npi dung hgt nhan ttong khii nifm moi PCNN li cic dfic trung co ban cua PCNN do (dfic diem tifu bilu, ndi bat, giup khu bift PCNN dd vdi
Trang 846 Ngon ngjl" s l 1 n&m 2012 cic PCNN khic) Cho nfn npi dung
niy cin (Mi dupe triln khai siu Moi
PCNN thudng ed nhilu dfic trung
Trong do cd nhiing dfic tnmg ndi b|t
vi nhflng ( ^ diem it noi b|t hem Do
vfiy, khi trinh biy khdng nfn kft lufin
theo kifu "ddng khung", in dinh sd
lupng cic dfic trung eo bin ciia moi
pbong cich nhu SGK Ngft vin chuong
trinh CO bin, ching hgn: "Phong cich
nghf thufit cd ba dfic trung eo bin:
tfnh hinh tupng, tinh truyen cam, tfnh
ci till hda" (NgOvdn 10, T ^ 1, tt 101);
"Ngdn ngft bio chf edba dfic ttimg: "
(Ngft vdn 11,1^ 1, tt 144); "Phong
cich ngdn ngft ehinh lufin ed ba dfic
tnmg eo bin: tfnh cdng khai ve quan
dilm chfnh tij, tfnh chfit chg trong dien
dgt vi suy tufin, tfnh trtQ^ cim, tiuiyet
phye" (NgO vdn 11, T|p 2, tt 108);
"Phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc cd
ba dfic trung co bin: tfnh khii quit,
ttim tupng; tinh h' tri, Idgic; tinh khich
quan, jAi ci till" (N^ vdn 12, T|p 1,
tt 73);" phong cich hinh chfnh cd
ba dfic tnmg co bin: tfnh khudn mau,
tinh minh xie, tinh cdng vy" (NgO
vdn 12, Tip 2, tt 170) Bdi Ig, tii gdc
dd Idiic nhau ciia moi nhi nghifn cflu
thi sy nhin nhin, danh gia vf sd lupng
cac dfic (fifm vi dfic tnmg co bin ciia
moi phong cich ed thf khdng giong
nhau Thi dy, vl PCNN bao ehi, cuon
Phong each hpc tiing Viit eua Dinh
Trpng Lgc v i Nguyen Thii Hda dua
ra 3 dfic ttTing li: tfnh chiln diu, tfnh
tiidi sy vi tinh hip din [2]; edn cudn
Phong cdch hpc vd cdc phong cdch
chiic ndng tiing Viit efla Hflu Dgt lgi
dua ra cic dfic tmng: ehfle ning thdng
bio, chuc nfing hudng dan du lufin,
tfnh chien diu mgnh mg, tfnh thim
ml va giio dye, tinh h ^ din vi thuyet p^yc, tinh ngin gpn v i bieu eim [3]
Sy dinh gia vf dfic tnmg co bin efla moi PCNN eiing cd till tiiay dii tiieo timg giai doan lieh sfl phit trien cua ngdn ngfl Thi dy: PCNN nghf thufit
d thdi ki vin hpc tnmg dgi ed dfic difm rat tifu bieu li tfnh chat hoa ml, cich difu, cau ki, khudn sio trong nhihig quy phgm, bifu tnmg, udc If; nhung sang thdi ki vin hpc h i ^ dgi till nhiing tinh chat iy khdng edn dupe xem li tifu chi CO bin PCNN nghf thufit d thdi ki hifn dgi ed thi rit dung di, sfl dyng nhieu chit lifu tfl ngdn ngft sinh hogt hing ngiy
Khi mpt PCNN cd nhilu d ^ ttung thi vifc trinh biy cic dfic tmng nfn sip xIp theo trinh ty giim din ve mfle
dp quan trpng: dfic tiamg tifu bilu nii bat can dupe neu tiudc vi di sfiu phan ti'ch; die trung it noi bgt hon thi ed thf gidi thifu ludt qua Mfle dd phan tieh cic dfic trung ndng hay siu, rdng hay h^, sg dupe hgn dinh tuy tiiudc vio ddi tupng dgy hpc (dgi tii hay nang cao) Do vfiy vifc xie dinh dfic trung CO ban efla mpt PCNN li hit sfle can thif t vi quan ttpng VI sy phin logi PCNN dupe dya trfn eo sd chflc ning ciia ngdn ngft gin vdi cic Gnh vye hogt ddng khic nhau efla ddi sdng xS hpi nhir trong sinh hogt hing ngiy, ttong sang tic nghf tiiufit, tirong bio chi, trong khoa hpc, trong quin
If hinh ehinh, cho nfn theo chiing tdi, vifc xac dinh cic dfic tnmg tifu bilu cua mpt PCNN ttirdc hit phii
cin cu vao ehue ndng diin hinh cua
PCNN va dde thii riing cua linh vuc hogt dpng mi PCNN dupe su dyng
Ching ban nhu:
Trang 9Vivlndl 47
- PCNN sinh hogt gin vdi chflc
ning thdng tin - giao tiep trong phgm
vi sinh hogt ddi tiiudng nfn cd tinh
flng khiu - ty nhifn; tinh phong phfl,
sinh dpng, cy thi; tfnh eim xflc
- PCNN nghf thufit gin vdi chuc
ning thdng tin - tham ml nfn cd tinh
sing tgo thim ml; tinh hlnh tupng
-da nghia; tfnh tmyen cim; tfnh ei thi
hda
PCNN bio chf gin vdi ehfle
ning thdng tin thdi sy vi hudng
din edng lu|n nfn cd tinh thdng tin
thdi sy; tfnh binh gii; tinh thu hut,
tip trung
- PCNN hinh chfnh gin vdi chflc
nfing thdng tin - quin li, thye thi edng
vy nen cd tfnh chfnh xie, tudng minh;
tfnh khudn miu; tinh edng vy, nghifm
tuc, phi cim tfnh ci nhan; tfnh ttang
trpng, lieh sy
Khi dgy eie dfic trung efla PCNN
cin nfu rd tinh chit If do ton tgi v i
nhflng bilu hifn efla timg dfic tnmg
qua thi dy cy thi Ching hgn, doi vdi
dfic trung n'nh khudn mdu cua PCNN
hinh difnh cd till biln khai eie dim sau
a) Giii tiifeh khii nifm A/mdn m^?
Khudn mdu li eii di dupe dinh
hinh vi dupe eoi li chuan de theo dd
mi tgo ra hing logt nhihig cii khic
cflng kilu
b) Vi sao ngdn ngfl hinh chfnh
Igi cd tinh khudn miu? (Tic dyng efla
tinh khudn miu trong vin bin hinh
chfnh)
Nguyen tie trong hogt ddng
quin If hinh chfnh li phii ed tfnh thing
nhit, ki cuong Vfin bin hinh chinh
li cdng cy phye vy eho hogt ddng quan
h' hinh chfnh, do dd mpi phuong difn efla loai vin bin nay, trong dd cd ngdn ngfl, eiing phii tufin theo nguyfn tic ttfn Cic CO quan quin If thudng dfit
ra nhflng quy dinh thong nhat ve the thfle vi nhflng khudn miu ngdn ngft cho vin ban hinh chfnh efla hf thing
eo quan minh nhim dim bio eho sy thdng nhat, ki euong ttong edng tic sogn thio, ban hinh v i quin If vin ban Vi nfu mdt vfin bin hinh chfnh khdng dupe sogn thio theo dflng quy dinh vf thf thue, khudn miu ehung cua hf thdng thi sg khdng cd gii tri
vf mfit phip li, khdng cd hifu lye Tinh khudn miu cdn giflp cho cdng tie sogn thio, ban hinh vin bin hinh chinh dupe nhanh ehdng, chfnh xie, tao dieu kifn dl ip dyng phucmg tifn edng nghf difn tfl vio vifc sogn thio vin ban
Tinh khudn mau cung giflp cho vifc thyc hifn, xfl If vin bin nhu ding
kf vio so, tiidng kf, tiii hinh, tiieo ddi, lim trfl, tta tim, trich din vin bin dupe thugn lpi, de ding
c) Bilu hifn efla tfnh khudn miu trong PCNN hanh chfnh
Vin ban hinh chfnh dupe trinh biy theo khudn miu, till thfle quy dinh chung efla hf thing Mpt sl logi vin ban dupe in theo mau chimg cd sfin, ngudi vift ehi ein diln thdng tin
cy the Thi dy: mau gidy mdi hpp,
gidy gidi thifu hpp ddng lao dpng
Vin bin hinh chinh sfl dyng Ifip lgi nhilu lin nhflng thufit ngfl,
nhftng titl cum tii thude Idp tfl ngfl
hinh chfnh - edng vy, nhflng eau tnie cau di dupe dyng sin mi khdng sp phgm vao loi Ifip tfl, Ifip eau Thf dy:
Trang 1048 Ngdn ngfl- s l 1 n&m 2012
"Cin cfl vin bin so ngiy cua
vf vifc "; "Theo dl nghi efla tgi
vin bin "; "Cic don vi vi cic ci
nhan cd tf n trong Dieu 1 chiu trich
nhifm tiii hinh Qiyk djnh niy."; "Xin
tran trpng cim on."
Cic dfic tnmg eo ban cung chinh
li nhflng tifu chuin hay yfu eau dfit
ra trong vifc lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic
jAuong tifn ngdn ngfl efla moi PCNN
Cho nfn vifc phan ti'ch dfic tnmg efla
timg phong each sg giflp HS xie djnh
dupe chuin efla moi PCNN, tfl do cd
hudng diing ngdn ngfl dflng chuan
I ^ n g cich trong cic tinh huong giao
tilp cy thi
3.2.2 v l vifc triln khai ndi dung
kiln thfle thfl hai: Cich lya chpn vi
sfl dyng cac phucmg tifn ngdn ngfl
theo moi phong cich
Tiep sau ndi dung thfl nhit (khai
nifm vl moi PCNN), ndi dung thfl
hai can dupe trien khai ttong bai dgy
hpc ve PCNN dd li eich lya chpn vi
sfl dyng cic phuong tifn ngdn ngft
theo moi phong eich ttfn cic phuong
difn: ngft fim vi chft vilt; tfl ngi^, cau;
cich dien dgt Timg phucmg difn cin
dupe trinh biy cy thi, rinh mgch dl
HS de phan dinh vi ip dyng Ching
hgn: Cin lya chpn cic Idp tir ngfl nio
vi cich sfl dyng ra sao? Hgn chf dung
va khdng diing cae Idp tfl ngfl nio?
Lya chpn cic logi ciu gi vi each su
dyng thf nio? Hgn chf dflng va khdng
dflng cac logi cau gj? CJ jhhn niy moi
npi dung If thuylt nfn gin vdi nhflng
tiii dy vi bai tfip thyc hanh cy thi
Ching hgn, ve cich lya chpn va
su dyng tu ngfl theo PCNN hinh ehmh
(ttong tao lap vin bin hanh ehinh):
a) Lya chpn eie Idp tfl ngfl sau:
- Ldp tfl ngfl da phong cich (tfl ngft sfl dyng dupe d mpi phong cich,
day li cic tfl toan dan) Thf dy: sinh
hogt, sdng, ldm viic, dat dai, vdn hod, tdt, tich cue
- Ldp tu ngft hinh chfnh, chuyfn
mdn, bao gdm cic nhdm: nhdm bieu thi tf n gpi mdt td ehfle, co quan, doan
thi (Qudc hpi, Chinh phu, Bp, Sd,
Cue, ); nhdm bieu thi tfn ngudi theo
chflc danh (Thu tudng, Bp trudng,
thu trudng ); nhdm bilu thi tfn gpi
tii lifu (hiin phdp, ludt, phdp linh,
nghi djnh, bdo cdo, npi quy, ); cic
tfl ngft mang tinh chit tfal thfle, khudn phep, nghi thfle hinh chfnh - edng vy
(phi ehudn, thdm quyin, theo di nghi, can cii vdo, chiiu quyit dinh thi hdnh,
cd hiiu lyre tu ngdy, trdn trpng di nghi, edn, cdn phdi, cd trdch nhifm thuc hifn, chdp hdnh nghiim chinh yiu cdu, nghiim cdm, bai bd, cam doem, phi ehudn, cd thdm quyin, niu tren, dudi day, kem theo, cdc ben hOu quan, caquan chit quan )
b) Cach su dyng:
- Sfl dyng tu ngft theo nghia den, don nghia;
- Sfl dyng tfl ngfl ttnng tmh, khdng
cd sic thai bieu cim;
- Su dyng tii ngfl dflng fim, dung nghia, dflng kha nfing kit hpp (ching
hgn, dflng: trdng, line thong ; khdng dflng: gidng, liu thdng );
- Sfl dyng hgn chl cic tu vilt tit (df dam bio tinh id rang, nghifm tiic)
• Luu y: Khdng sfl dyng cic ldp
tu ngfl sau: