Khoa hpc Giao due N g f t ^ B INH D A N G GIOI TRONG GIAO DUC Of VIET NAM NHQNG VAN DE CAN OUAN TAM Binh dang gidi la mdt trong nhdng tieu chiquan trpng d l dinh gil sU phIt trien ci!ia moi xa hdi Dly[.]
Trang 1- N g f t ^
B I N H D A N G GIOI T R O N G GIAO DUC Of VIET NAM
-NHQNG VAN DE CAN OUAN TAM
Binh dang gidi la mdt trong nhdng tieu chiquan
trpng d l dinh gil sU phIt trien ci!ia moi xa hdi
Dly vda la muc tieu, vda la yeu td gdp phan vao
su phat trien kinh te xa hdi dn djnh va ben vCfrig
eua mdi qudc gia
Wet Nam la mdt trong nhdng nude dat thInh
tich cao trong viec thuc hien mue tieu binh dang
gidi Bao elo phat trien eon ngUdi nIm 2009 eua
Chuong trinh phIt trien Lien hpp qudc cho thay,
Viet Nam cd chi sd phat trien eon ngUdi (HDI) la
0,725, xep d vi tri 116/182 qudc gia va vung lanh
thdChlsd phIttrien gidi (GDI)dUngdvj tri94/155
nude Lan dau tien Viet Nam cd ten trong danh
sach eae nUdc cd sd do ve sU trao quyen cho gidi
(GEM) vdi vj tri thd 52/93 nUdc; ddng thd 68/130
nUde ve chi sd each biet gidi (GGI) nam 2008
Vdi quan diem binh dang trong CP hdi tiep can
vdi giao due eho mpi ngudi Dang, Nha nudc va
Chinh phu Viet Nam dl ban hanh nhieu chinh
sIch va cle van bin quy pham phIp lult tao eP
hdi tidp cIn binh dang eho el tr^ em trai va
gai, phu ndva nam gidi Van de binh ding
gida nam va nd d l dUpc khang dinh trong
Hien phap dau tien eua Viet Nam va trong
Hien phap sda doi nIm 1992 thi van de nay
cang dugc ehii y nhieu hPn Dae biet, ngay
29/11/2006, Qudc hdi Khoa XI, Kl hpp thd
10 da thdng qua Luat Binh dang gidi va
nhieu van bin dudi luat d l dupc ban hanh
tao CP sd phap li cho viee dUa Luat Binh
dang gidi vao cudc sdng, thUe hidn binh
dang gidi dViet Nam
1 Nhilmg ket qu^ dat dUtfc hUcmg den
binh dang gidi trong giao due
- Nhan thuTe cua xd hgi ve binh dang gidi dd ed
ehuyen bien tieh cut.TutUdng «trpng nam khinh
nd» da dan dupc khae phuc, gia dinh v l xa hdi da
quan t i m nhieu hon va tao dieu kien eho c l tre
em trai va tr^ em gai den trudng Chfnh phu Viet
Nam da cho phep eae td chdc x l hdi nghe nghiep
TS.fldT>1!BiCHL0AN Trung tam Nghien ciiiu quIn li giao dgc
va doanh nghiep thanh lap eae gili thudng cho tre em ngheo vUpt khd, trong dd ed tr^ em gai, den nay da ed hang nghln em gai nhin dupc gili thudng nay
- 77/e bietchijtcdaphu nUda tdng len vd khoAng each gidi ngay eang dUdc thu hep
Ti le biet chd eua phu nd td 15 tudi trd len dat mdc cao so vdi elc nude trong khu vUc, tang td 86,46% (nIm 2000) len 90,22% (nIm 2004) Dae biet, ehi sd eIn bang gidi (GPI)' da tang td 0,92 (nam 2000) len 0,97 Tuy nhien, nhin tong thi, ti
le nam gidi td 10 tuoi trd len biet chd vIn cao hon
so vdi nd gidi (nd 90,5% va nam 96,0%) va khong ddng deu gida ndng thdn va dd thj, khoing each nay cang Idn ddi vdi vung sau, vung xa, trong do khu VUC Tly Bac ludn dat ti le thap nhat (2002: 80,0%; 2004:71,3% va 2006:73,1 %) (xem Hinh 1)
Hinh 1: H le % dan so tdlO tuoi trd len bi^t chdtheo gidi tinh va vung
Nguon: Dieu tra mCfc song hd gia dinh 2002, 2004 vd
2006 Tong cue thong ke
d nhieu dia phuong nhu Ha Ndi (Ha Tay cu),
Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Phu Yen, Khanh hda, Ninh Thuan, Kien Giang, Ben
1 Chi so can bSng gidi (GPI): PhIn anh muTc do ti^p can giao due cila nij so v6i miJc do tiep can giao due cCia nam
GPI nh6 hon 1 c6 nghTa la nCr diroc tiep chn giAo due it hdn
sovctinamgidi
Trang 2Tre, hoat ddng xda miJ chd cho phu nd d dp tudi
dudi 40 da dupc quan t i m nhieu hon Nhieu dia
phUPng van tiep tuc duy tri cle hoat ddng phdi
hpp gida cac nglnh giao due, Hdi phu nd, Doan
Thanh nien vdi Bp dpi bien phdng thue hien cdng
tae xda mij chd va chdng tai mu chd, vl vay rat
nhieu dja phuong da dat ti le xda mu cho phu nd
dudi 40 tudi td 95% trd len
- Cd hdi den trUdng dUde md rang cho tdt cd
mgi ngUdi, dgc biet la tri em gdi: Ve co ban da
xda dupe "xa tring" ve giao due mam non He
thdng cac trudng tieu hpc d l dupe md tdi tdng
thdn xdm, trUdng THCS dupe md tdi tdng xa hoac
cum xa Cac diem trudng le, Idp « cam ban », Idp
ghep dupc md d hau het cle thdn bin, budn sdc
vung eao, vUng sau, vung dae biet khd khan, tao
CO hdi cho tre em trai va gai cac din tde thieu sd
dupc di hpc Binh ding gidi ve cp bin da dat dupc
trong giao due mam non va tieu hpc
Tl 1$ nhIp hpc thd (GER) cCia trd em trai va tre
em g l i d giao due mim non dat mdc eao va cd xu
hudng gilm trong nhdng nam gan day Dieu dd
chdng td tre em dupe huy ddng ra Idp dung dp
tudi ngay cang tang Chi sd cIn bIng gidi (GPI)
ve ti le nhIp hoc thd gilo due mam non trong
c l nude da gilm td 1,06 (nam 2000) xudng 0,97
(nam 2005), trong dd vung Ddng bIng sdng
Hdng, Tly ble, Bac Trung Bd va Ddng Nam Bp
gilm nhieu nhat
Tl le nhap hpc thd (GER) eua hpc sinh ndva nam
d ble tilu hpc dat mdc cao va cd xu hudng ting
trong nhdng nam gan day Chf sd can bang gidi
(GPI) v l tl Id nhIp hpc thd d p tilu hpc trong c l
nude da tang td 0,96 (nam 2000) len 1,03 (nam
2005), trong do vung Ddng bIng Sdng Cdu Long
tang nhieu nhat td0,97 (nam 2000) len 1,12 (nam
2005) Vung Tay Bac ed GPI khdng thay ddi so vdi
nam 2005 va thap nhat trong c l nUdc NhU vay,
de thUe hidn triet de pho cap giao due, can phli
cd ehinh sIch ho trp die biet eho trd em gai vung
Tly Ble d l huy ddng eae em d i n trudng
0 cap THCS, tl II nhap hpc thd eua hoc sinh nd
va hpc sinh nam tuong ddi cao v l ed xu hudng
tang khdng nhilu Nhin chung, ehi sd can bang
gidi (GPI) ve ti le nhap hpc thd cap THCS trong
c l nude chi tang nhe td 0,94 (nam 2000) len 0,95
(nam 2005), trong dd viJng Ddng Ble,Tay Nguyen
v l Ddng Nam Bd chi sd can bang gidi (GPI) lai
giam xudng va ed sU khdng ddng deu gida cac viJng Vung Tay Bac va Ddng Bac cho GPI thap so vdi el nude, ehdng td d nhdng vCjng nay cdn ton tai khoing each chenh lech gida tre em gai va em trai v e t i l e ^ h p e THCS
6 cap THPT, tl le nhap hpc nay tang manh hon (td 36,6% nam hpc 2001 -2001 len 45,2% nam hpc 2003-2004) Nhin chung trong el nUde, khoing each gidivetilenhip hpc thddeapTHPTdd dupe thu hep dang ke Nam hpc 2003-2004, ti le nhap hpc thd cOa nd la 45,2% v l cCia nam la 45,7% (khoing cleh gidi la 0,5)
d giao due dai hpc, ti le sinh vien nd dang cd
xu hudng ting dan deu qua cle nIm 2004-2007 (47,79%, 48,49%, 53,50%), trong dd nam hpc 2006-2007 ti le hpc sinh, sinh vien nd edn eao hon tl le nam hpc sinh, sinh vien (nd 53,50%, nam 46,50)
- Chdt lUdng gido due ngdy cang dUde cdi thiin
Tl le chuyin cap td tilu hoc len THCS chung ci!ia
c l nude da ting td 90.37% (nam 2000) len 96,81 % (nam 2005) Chi sd can bang gidi (GPI) ting, ehdng
td ngay cang ed nhieu trd em gli dUpc hpc tiep len THCS.Tuy nhien, vung Ddng bang sdng Cdu Long
cd ti le chuyin cap thap nhat la 91,99% (chung cCia el nude la 96,71 nam 2005)
Tl le chuyin cap tdTHCS len THPT ehung cCia c l nude d l tang tU 60,95% (nam 2000) lln 80,50% (nam 2005) Chi so cIn bIng gidi (GPI) cd xu hudng gilm, chdng td ti le tre em gai chuyin cap
td THCS len THPT bj gilm xudng Dly la van de can xem xet d l cd gili phIp khae phuc kjp thdi
- So lUdng gido vien nCf da tdng len d cde edp hgc eao vd trinh do gido vien nCf ngay cdng dUde ndngcao
Mdt die dilm cCia giao due Viet Nam la sd lupng giao vien nd chiem ti le Idn trong tdng sd giao vien, gilng viln eua nganh gilo due va tap trung chCi yeu d cac cap hpc thap, nhu mIm non, tilu hpc va eang len cap hpc eao, thi tl le nd giao vien eang gllm.Ti le giao viln nd ludn ehilm khoang 80% tong sd giao vien tilu hpc, 60% tdng so giao vien THCS Day ed t h i II do djnh kiln cua xa hdi cho rang phu nd can nhilu thdi gian de lam viec nhl v l khdng can dau tU nhieu cho viee hpc eija
t r i em gai
Trang 3Trong nhdng nam g i n day, Chinh phu d l ban
hanh nhieu ehinh sach ho t r p eho HS nd, tao eP
hdi tiep can vdi giao due d eae cap hpc cao Do d d
t i le g i l o vien n d d l t i n g len d cac cap hpc cao (ti
le giang vien CD, D H nam hpc 2005-2006 da t a n g
3,5% so vdi nam hpc 2000-2001)
Ngoai ra, Bd Giao d u c - D I o tao da uu tien chu
trpng den dieu kien lam viee cho can
bp, g i l o vien n d , dam b i o binh dang
m p i che dp, chinh sIch Giai doan
2001-2005 nude ta da huy d d n g dupc
124 t i d d n g xay eat m d i 1.270 ngdi nha
c h o g i a o v i e n , m a ddi t u p n g t h u hudng
hau h i t la g i l o vien n d d b i c tieu hpc
va t r u n g hoc co sd Trinh dp cCia giao
vien ndeCing dupc quan t i m hOn.Tl le
giao vien n d dat chuan d cac cap t i l u
hoe, THCS d l t a n g t d 87,9%; 91,0%
( n I m hpc 2001-2002) len 94,7%; 95,5
(nam hpc 2004-2005) 6 e l e trUdng
t r u n g cap chuyen nghiep, eao dang va dai hpc, ti
le n d giao v i l n , g i l n g vien ed trinh d p cao da t a n g
dang k l Dae biet, t i le n d g i l o sU trong t d n g sd
g i l o suda tang t d 10,7% (nam hoc 2001-2002) len
16,3% (nam hpc 2004-2005)
- Trinh dd vdn hod vd chuyen mdn ki thudt eda
lao ddng nUdd dUde edi thien
T\ le lao d d n g n d m u c h d giam dang k l t d 8,5%
(nam 1999) xudng cdn 5 , 1 % ( n I m 2005) Sd lao
d d n g n d da qua dao tao chuyen m d n ki thuat
tang t d 13,4% (nam 2000) len 20,45% (nam 2005),
t r o n g d d t i le ed trinh do t d CD, DH t r d len da dat
5,26%.Ti le n d t r o n g t d n g so ngUdi ed trinh dp sau
dai hpc chiem 30% (Bd KH&DT, Uy ban quoe gia vi
sutien bd cOa phu nU2006)
2 Nhufng t o n tai
Ben canh n h d n g thanh tUu dat dupc, viec thUc
hien binh d i n g gidi t r o n g ITnh vUe g i l o due van
edn cd n h d n g han che nhU:
Viee tiip edn vdi gido due eua tre em gdi vd phu
nd ddn tpc thieu sd d cdc vung sau, vijng xa con
nhliu khd khan vd trd nggi han so vdi cdc em trai
vd nam gidi
Tl le nd cd hgc hdm, hgc vi eao con qud thap so
vdi nam gidi T\ le phu n d dat hpc vj tien sT, tien si
khoa hpc, giao sUthap hPn k h o i n g t d 5 - 1 8 lan so
vdi nam gidi (nam 2007) Dieu nay anh h u d n g Idn
den k h i nang t h i n g tien v l d d n g g d p eua phu nir vao t r o n g cdng cudc p h I t t r i l n kinh t l - xa hoi, eung n h u t r o n g eon d u d n g chdc nghiep
Ti le lao dgng nd qua ddo tgo vdn thdp han so vdi nam gidi, da lam han che c l e eP hdi lUa chpn viec
lam ed chuyen m d n kT thuat, cd t h u nhap cao cOa
lao d d n g n d (Xem hinh 2)
Nguon: Bdo cdo so 1346 /BC-UBXH12 ngay 11/5/2009 cCia Uy ban vi cac vdn dexa hdi Quoc hoi ve kit qud giam sat tinh hinh thi/c hien binh dSng gidi va vi$c trien khai tN hanh Luat Binti dang gidi
Nguyen nhan:
- Dmh kiin gidi, tu tudng gia trudng trpng nam gidi han nd vdn cdn ton tgi khd pho bien d trong gia dinh vd mdt bg phan ddn eu trong xd hgi vdi
eae b i l u h i l n n h u t h i e h d l eon trai h o n con g l i , coi v i l e ndi t r p , cham sdc c o n c l i I I cCia phu
nd, Uu t i i n dau tU vao con trai, q u a n n i l m nam
g i d i la ngUdi t r u edt, q u y e t d j n h ehinh t r o n g gia
d i n h , eung n h u t r o n g c l e q u a n he xa h d i Nhdng
d j n h k i l n nay van c d n t d n tai t r o n g s I c h giao khoa nhat la b d sach giao khoa eu, bdi le bi I n h
h u d n g eua n i p nghT truyen t h d n g ve ngUdi dan
d n g va n g u d i d i n ba (Danh gia t i n h h i n h gidi d Viet Nam 2006 WB v l B i o eao n g h i e n c d u " R l soat sach g i l o khoa t i l u hoc d u d i gde d d gidi" UNESCO-MOET 2009)
- M d t sd quy dtnh t r o n g cac linh vUc cd lien quan den binh dang gidi edn chUa phu h p p d l d i n tdi nhdng han che dieu k i l n va co hdi t h a m gia binh dang eua phu n d nhU van d l t u d i nghi hUu; tudi dao tao, bdi d u d n g , de bat, b d n h i e m eua e I n
bp, cdng chdc n d
- V i l e Idng ghep gidi trong viec xay d u n g cac van b i n quy p h a m p h I p luat, chUPng t r i n h va dU
Trang 4an giao due ehua dupe quan tam dung mde, chua
dupe t h i ehi hda
- Cdng tae thdng ke sd lieu giao due cd tich biet
gidi chua dupc cac eo quan, to chdc quan tam, ke
ca ddi vdi cp quan thdng ke
3 Mot so gidi phap nh^m tien den binh ding
gidi trong giao due d Viet Nam
Di thdc hien thanh cdng eae muc tieu binh
dang gidi trong giao due, can trien khai thUc hien
cac gili phap sau:
3.1 To c/iiit tuyen truyen ehu trUemg, dudng
loi, chinh sdch cua Odng, Nhd nUdc vd cda Chinh
ph6 vibinh ding gidi ndi chung va binh ding
gidi trong gilo due ndi rieng.Trien khai Idng ghep
gidi trong q u i trinh hoach djnh ehinh sach, xly
dung k l hoach d tam vT md va lap ke hoach d cap
vi md Pho bien rdng rai thdng qua cle phuong
tien truyin thdng dai chung; Td chdc cle cudc
van ddng nhuvan ddng t r i em va tre em gli tieh
cUc thue hien pho cap; Van ddng phu ndtham
gia eae ehUPng trinh qudc gia ve xda ddi, giam
ngheo; to chdc cac phong trao thu hut hoc sinh
ndtham gia
3.2 Hodn thien casdphdp li
Nghien cdu, ban hanh ehiln lUpe, chfnh sach
va muc tieu qudc gia v l binh dang gidi ;Tdng kit,
danh gil vile ra solt, sda ddi, bo sung hole hu^ bo
eae van ban quy pham phIp luat tren cac ITnh vUc
khdng phu hpp vdi eae nguyin tie binh ding gidi
theo quy ^ n h tai Dieu 6 eua Luat binh dang gidi;
Chi dao ele bd, nganh, co quan soan thIo thUe
hien nghiem tue viec long ghep van de binh ding
gidi trong xay dUng van bin quy pham phap luat
3.3 TochUcbgmdy
Kiln toan va phan cdng can bd (chuyen trach,
kiem nhiem) lam cdng tae quIn If nha nUde v l
binh ding gidi tai cac eP sd; Tang eudng viec dao
tao, bdi dudng kiln thdc, kT nang ve gidi, phan tich
gidi, Idng ghep gidi eho can bd lam cdng tic quan
If nha nUdc v l binh ding gidi dtrung uong va dia
phuong; Nghien cdu dUa ndi dung v l gidi, Idng
ghip gidi vao chuong trinh dao tao, bdi dudng
can bp, de nang cao nang lUc quIn If nha nude v l
vIn de nay
3.4T6ehCtcthUehien
CIc CO quan chu dpng xay dUng va td chdc thUe
hien ke hoach hanh ddng thuc hien Chiln lupc ve binh dang gidi; tiin hinh boi dUdng, dao tao, quy hoaeh nham tao ngudn can bd nd tham gia vIo cac vj tri quIn ly.Tlen hinh viec phan bo kinh phf eho cle hoat dpng ve binh ding gidi va thue hien Idng ghep gidi vao trong quy trinh du toan ngln sleh nha nUdehIng nam.Tiep tuc tiin hanh long ghIp gidi, dinh gia tie ddng gidi trong eae chfnh sach, ehUPng trinh, d l an v l an sinh xa hdi, xda ddi giam ngheo, dao tao nghi nhIm dim bao binh ding gidi trong qua trinh td chdc thue hlln Long ghep gidi trong chuong trinh, sleh gilo khoa Lfu
tien gili quyet van di phu nddan tde thilu sd ndi
rieng v l phu nd d viJng kinh t l khd khan dang bj tut hau so vdi nam gidi dan tpc thieu sd v l phu nd ngUdi Kinh, Hoa trong t i i p can giao due Xay dUng
h i thdng CP sd dd lieu giao due tieh biet gidi, tiin hinh thdng ke, theo ddi hIng nIm nhIm danh gia sat thuc trang binh dang gidi trong gilo due
Td chdc cle khda tap huan nIng cao nang lUc gidi trong nghien cdu djnh tfnh va djnh lupng eho eIn
bd quIn If giao due, nhIm nhan dien kjp thdi cle
van de gidi d l cd bien phap khIc phuc, tao cP sd
eho viee hoach ^ n h chinh sach phat trien giao due cd trleh nhiem gidi
TAIUIUTHAMKHAO
1 Bd Giao due va DIo tao, Sdliiu thdng kegido due hdng ndm
2.Thu tudng Ch'mh phi}, Quyit dinh sd2351/QD-TTg ngdy 24/12/2010 phi duyetChiin lupc quae gia
vi binh ddng gidi giai dogn 2011 -2020
3 Tong cue Thdng kl, Diiu tra mUe sdng hd gia dinh 2002,2004 vd 2006
4 Oy ban ve cac van d l x l hdi Qudc hdi, Bdo cdo
so 1346/BC-UBXH12ngdy 11/5/2009cua Uyban vi ede vdn de xd hdi Qudc hgi ve tinh hinh thUe hien binh ddng gidi vd viic triin khai thi hdnh Ludt Binh ddng gidi
SUMMARY
Gender equality is one of the important criteria for assessing social development This article discusses the results and standing issues in gender equity in Vietnamese education The author proposes some measures for successful realization of gender goals
in education