NGHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG SI/DUnG BHITRP THITC TC U O I S P O TRITCUII PHUmiG TlgR HGHC HHin TROnG 801 mOI PHUUHG PHflP DHV HOC UflT Lff 1 Bai tap thyc t^ (BTTT) va phuong tien nghe nhin trong dgy hpc V3t[.]
Trang 1SI/DUnG BHITRP THITC TC UOISPO TRITCUII PHUmiG TlgR
HGHC HHin TROnG 801 mOI PHUUHG PHflP DHV HOC UflT Lff
1 Bai tap thyc t^ (BTTT)
va phuong tien nghe nhin
trong dgy hpc V3t ly
a BTTT Id bdi tap co lien
quan true tiep tai dai song
thuc te, ki thugt, sdn xudt, cdc
hien tuprng thien nhien vd ddc
biet Id thuc te lao dpng, sinh
hogt hdng ngdy md HS thuong
gdp
Dua tren phuang phap giai,
cd the phdn lam 3 loai BTTT
nhu sau:
- BTTT dinh tinh Id bdi
tap ma khi gidi HS khdng cdn
phdi tinh todn (hay chi cd cdc
phep todn dan gian) ma van
dung cac dinh luat, dinh li, qui
luat de gidi thich hien tugng,
su viec xdy ra trong ddi sdng
hang ngdy, thdng qua cac lap
ludn cd can cii, Idgic
- BTTT dinh lugng Id logi
bdi tap mudn giai quyet nd ta
phdi thuc hien mgt sd phep
tinh; ket qua thu dugc Id mgt
ddp sd dinh lugng Logi bdi
tap ndy de cap tdi nhirng van
de cd lien quan tryc tiep den
ddi sdng, cdc gia thuyet, cac
ket qua phai mang tinh thyc
te Tuy nhi^n, nhung van de
do can dugc thu hep vd dan
gidn hda di nhieu so vdi thuc
ta
- BTTT thi nghiem Id
logi bdi tdp can tien hanh thi
nghiem de kiem chiing cho
Idi giai li thuyet mang tinh
thyc te hay de tim nhung sd
lieu, dii kien dimg trong viec
gidi cdc bdi tap cd lien quan
true ti^p dSn ddi sdng hoac
Ngdy nhgn bat 14/6/2012, Ngay duyel dang 26/7/2012
PGS.TS Le Phu-dc Lupng, Truang Dgi hpc Nha Trang
HVCH Bh Tin Khuwng, Trudng Dgi hpc Suphgm Hud
loai bai tgp ma khi gidi cdn qua ddu, mdy chieu da chiic vgn dyng cac kT nang thyc
hdnh (bai tap de xuat phuang
dn thi nghiem) hay can gidi quyet cdc van de thyc te xuat hipn trong cac thi nghipm
b Phuong tipn nghe nhin (PTNN) dugc hieu Id nhiing phuang tien DH mang Igi thdng tin qua hieu ling dm thanh (ngdn ngu), hinh dnh dgng (hoac tinh), hoac ket hgp
cd dm thanh Idn hinh anh Nhu vay, PTNN cd the tdc ddng den HS thdng qua kenh chir,
kenh hinh va kenh tieng Mpt
sS hinh dnh ve PTNN (Hinh ))
PTNN bao gdm hai khdi:
khdi mang thdng tin vd khoi chuyen tai thdng tin Khdi mang thdng tin Id khdi md
tu bdn than mdi phuong tien deu chiia dyng mgt lugng thdng tin nhdt dinh Nhiing thdng tin nay dugc trinh bay tren cac thiet bi khac nhau va dudi cac dang rieng biet nhu:
phim hpc tap, phim den chieu, phim nhya, phim truyen hinh, cdc bang hinh, dia CD, VCD, DVD, bang cassette, giay bdng trong da cd ndi dung, folie mdu, MVT, Khdi chuyen tai thdng tin Id khdi cung cap cho cac gidc quan ciia HS ngudn tin dudi dgng am thanh hoac hinh anh hoac cd hai cung mgt liic nhu: MVT, may chieu
C^^IT"!
nang (projetor), den chieu, tivi (LCD), ddu video, dau dTa (CD, VCD, DVD), may cassette, camera, dipn thoai
di dpng, mdy chieu phim, d^n chieu slide,
c Vai trd ciia PTNN trong
DH Vdt li
Ld ngudn kien thirc:
Trong DH ndi chung va DH vat ly ndi rieng, HS se thy dpng tiep nhan kien thiic neu
GV gidng day theo Idi thdng bao-tai hien cac hien tugng trong cudc sdng, nhung khi sir dung PTNN vdi vai trd la ngudn cung cap kien thuc, HS
se nhan biet dugc nhung kien thiic lien quan den bai hgc; tii dd lam cho HS tich eye, ty lyc, sang tao han trong hogt ddng nhan thiic ciia bdn thdn
va tao dugc sy ty tin vdo kien thiic da dugc ITnh hpi Sir dyng cdc PPNN nhu tranh anh, biSu bang, bieu dd mdt each hgp
li khdng nhiing cung cdp cho
HS lugng thdng tin can thiet
ma cdn gdp phdn kich thich sy hiing thu hpc tap ciia HS, ndng cao chat lugng DH va nit ngan dugc thdi gian thuyet trinh
Tdng cuang tinh true quan: Trong qud trinh DH,
ndu GV sir dyng PTNN thi cac gidc quan ciia HS se dugc tdc ddng mgnh han, Idm cho
Trang 2hp chu y, ham thich tim hieu
hien tugng vd ban chat ciia sy
vat Mdi khi cac giac quan bj
tdc dpng manh thi kha nang
nhgn thuc cua HS se dugc
tang cudng hon Cac video
clips vc nhung hipn tugng vgt
ly hay cdc thi nghipm vat ly
dugc quay Igi bang mdy quay
kT thugt sd vdi hinh dnh, am
thanh rat thyc vd song dgng
hogc cdc md phdng cua chimg
nhd cdc plidn mem DH thdng
qua MVT sc la nhimg phuang
tien mang tinh tryc quan cao
Khi sii dung ngudn thdng tin
dd trong DH se giup HS de
hinh dung cdc hipn tugng xdy
ra va ghi nhd kien thiic tdt
hem Vdi mdy chieu da nang
thi cdc hinh ve, bieu bdng, vat
that se dugc phdng to giup
HS de quan sat GV ciing cd
the su dung cdc hanh, hinh
dnh mdu thay the cdc hinh ve
trong SGK Tranh dnh mau
se gdy dn tugng dac biet va
cudn hiit manh me hon su chu
y cua HS Ngodi ra, vdi hipu
ling hogt hinh cua ehuang
trinh Microsoft, Powerpoint
va Violet, GV cd the dua cac
hinh ve len mdn hinh vira dpp,
viia sinh ddng, tdng tinh tryc
quan Sy tang cudng tinh tryc
quan cdn the hipn d vipe GV
diing video clips de true quan
cdc hinh dnh, hd trg cac thi
nghipm xay ra tren mat phang
ngang hoac thi nghiem vdi cdc
dung cu nhd md HS khd quan
sat len man hinh Idn bang may
chieu hinh da nang, giiip tdt cd
HS quan sat dugc thi nghiem
GV dang tien hdnh mgt cdch
rd rang han
- Kich thich himg thu, ho
tra tu duy HS: Yen td quan
trgng trong DH Id su say me
vd himg thii doi vdi mdn hgc, dieu dd tgo dgng lyc cho HS tham gia tich eye trong hogt dgng nhgn thirc vgt ly Dc ldm dugc vipe dd thi sy ho trg ciia PTNN Id rat can thiet GV cd the diing video clips vc cdc thi nghipm, cdc hipn tugng vgt ly xdy ra trong thyc tc dugc hien thi 're'i "1^1 binh (thdng qua mdy chieu da ndng) nhdm tgp trung su chit y cua HS, giup cdc em cdm nhgn nhirng kien thirc vgt ly mpt cdch tryc quan
va gdn gui vdi thyc te cugc song; tir dd ldm cho HS yeu thich hgc Vgt ly han
Trong hogt dgng DH, thdng qua cdc thi nghipm vd PTNN,
HS khdng chi nam viing nhimg kien thiic co ban, md cdn CO the ldm sau sac hon von hieu biet ciia minh, phat trien tu duy khoa hgc DH vdi
su hd trg ciia PTNN se giup
HS ren luypn cac thao tac tu duy nhu phan tich, tdng hgp,
so sdnh, cy the hda, trim tugng hda, khdi qudt hda; tir dd cd the khdm pha dugc nhiing dieu can nghien ciiu vd cd the hieu dugc bdn chdt cua cac hipn tugng vgt ly Trong DH Vat ly, cac bdi gidng cd su ho trg ciia PTNN ddng vai trd rdt quan trgng trong vipe giiip HS ITnh hpi kien thiic mpt cdch nhanh chdng vd ddy dii hon;
nhd do tu duy ciia HS se phdt trien tdt hon
- Gdp phdn gidm thai gian thuyet trinh cua GV: Vdi churc
nang Id ngudn cung cap kien thuc, PTNN giiip GV khdng phdi mat nhieu thdi gian
de thuyet trinh mgt vdn de ndo dd, tgo dieu kipn de GV chuyen tai dugc nhieu kien thiic hon den HS trong thdi
lugng hgn hpp Bang PTNN,
GV cd the gidi thieu cac hi?i] tugng va thi nghipm vat ly v(!fi nhirng hinh dnh tryc quan, qua
dd HS cd the quan sat vd tir nit ra ket ludn thay vi GVphdi dien gidng, md td nhieu lan Trong DH Vat ly, PTNN gop phan ho trg vd phdt trien nang lyc nhdn thiic ciia HS dugc the hipn rd nhat qua vipe hd trgr trong cdc thiet bj thi nghi^
thyc hdnh Trong qua trinh A6,
HS phdi tien hdnh mpt logt cdc hogt dpng tri tup yd thyc tiln (lap phuong dn, ke hoach thyc nghipm, bd tri va tien hanb thi nghipm, thu nhan vd xii Ii ket qud thi nghipm, ) Thong qua dd, PTNN gdp phan hinh thdnh nang lyc nhgn thuc, nang lyc tu duy ciia HS Ngoai
ra, PTNN lam tang hipu qua ciia hoat dpng DH khong chi qua lugng thdng tin kien thiic dudi dang van ban, hinh anh, video clips md cdn d chat lugng kien thiic truyen thu nhd tinh true quan, thdm my, tac d^ng ciia am thanh va mau sac den HS
2 De vuat mpt so hudng
SIT dyng BTTT \6\ sy ho trg
cua PTNN
Tii- h^ thong cdc BTTT da nghien ciru khai thdc vd xdy dung duac, chung toi da de xudt mpt so huang sii: dung BTTT vai sir hd trpr cua PTNN
trong DH Vgt ly nhu sau:
- SO- dung de neu van
di: Vi HS da cd mgt sd kinh
nghipm trong ddi sdng thyc te
ve cdc hien tugng xdy ra xung quanh minh nen quan niem ban dau ciia HS cd thi diing,
cd the sai, ndi chung la quan niem chua hoan chinh Vi vay chpn BTTT de neu van de vao
Trang 3NGHIEN CUU & (MG DUNG III
bai hgc Id dieu hgp li nhdm
hoan chinh quan niem diing
cho HS.Vi du: GV co the neu
vdn de: cho HS xem video clip
(Hinh 2): do la hien tuang,
khi rot nuac dan vdo coc co
cam mpt chiec dua thi chiec
dua duang nhu bi gay khuc
vd ndng cao han Yeu cdu HS
gidi thich hien tupng ndy ?
Sir dung trong hinh
thanh kien thuc mdi: GV cd
the chpn nhimg bdi tap nhd,
de xay dyng mgt kien thirc
mdi ndo dd Vi du: GV co the
tien hdnh thi nghiem nhu sau
(Hinh 3): cho HS xem video
clip: thay doi goc tai i Yeu
cdu HS tim moi quan he giiia
goc tai i vd goc khuc xg r
- Su d^ng tron^ bu&c van
dung, cdng co kien thuc: GV
cd the lua chgn nhiing BTTT
dinh tinh nham gidi quyet cdc
tinh hudng dat ra d dau bdi
hgc vd cdc BTTT dinh lugng
tdng hgp cd tinh sang tgo de
HS van dung cac kien thiic da
hgc de giai guyet vdn de.Ki
du: GV CO the cho HS ldm bdi
tap sau de cung co kien thuc:
Mpt con meo phia tren be
dang nhin mot con cd trong be
nuac (n=l,33)(Hinh 4) Hoi
con meo se thdy dnh con cd
each mat thodng bao nhieu?
Biet rdng luc do con cd cdch
mdt thodng la 2,4m vd goc 6,
- 3 0 "
Su d^ng trong kiem tra
-ddnh gid: GV cd thS chgn cac
bai tap co bdn, tieu bieu trong
cdc dgng BTTT da giao cho
HS vd yeu cdu HS Idm tgi Idp
hoac d nhd sau dd nop lai bdi
lam cho GV
Vidu: GVco the tien hanh
thi nghiem nhu sau: Cho HS
xem video clip (Hinh 5): do
Neav H ' - ' " '•"' 7^/7/201', NoAv duvet dans l/h
Id luc ddu trong ca chua co nuac thi khong thdy dong xu
Sau khi rot nuac dan vdo ca thi dong xu tgi xudt hien Yeu cdu HS gidi thich hien tuang tren ?
- Su dung trong hogt dpng
ngogi khod: Khi sir dung
BTTT trong ndi dung ciia cdc hoat dgng ngoai khod se ldm cho HS vd Cling himg thii, hg
se nhan thay vat ly rat gan gui vdi ddi sdng thyc te hang ngdy; thay dugc tinh can thiet ciia mdn hgc; sy diing dan ciia cdc kien thirc khoa hgc va tir
Qua tien hdnh td chiic thuc nghiem su phgm PPDH nay vdo mgt sd Idp 11 THPT d hpc
ky 2 nam hgc 20II-2012, tren dia ban tinh Gia Lai Cdc lap thuc nghipm (122 HS) va ddi chiing (121 HS) dugc chpn ngau nhien vd cd dieu kien hpc lyc Id tuong duang nhau
So sdnh ket qua hpc tap giua cac Idp thyc nghiem vdi cac ldp ddi chiing cho thdy:
Doi vai cdc lap doi chimg:
Khdng khi DH chua sdi noi, sd lugng HS thani gia xay dyng bdi cdn it, chi so it HS kha gidi chill kho suy nghi tra Idi cau hoi cua GV, so khac chua to ra hung thu va chiu khd suy nghT
Hmh 2
do lam cho HS yeu thich mon
hgc nay hon Vidu- Lien quan
den kien thuc khuc xg dnh sdng, GVco the cho HS xem hinh dnh cdu vdng (Hinh 6)
Yeu cdu HS gidi thich hien lupng tren 7
3 Ket qua thuc nghiem
su pham
<3e^
Hinh 4
tra Idi GV lam viec nhieu, HS chii yeu lang nghe va thu dgng ghi chep bai hgc
Boi v&i cdc l&p tliirc nghiem: Hau het cac BTTT
dua ra vdi sy hd trg ciia PTNN deu cd tac dung lao tinh huon^
"c6 van de" cho HS Vi vay tat
ca HS deu hiing thu, chiu khd suy nghT de giai quyet van de
G V dua ra; ldp hgc trd nen hao hung va sdi ndi hon, sd lugng
HS tham gia tra Idi cac van de
GV dua ra nhieu han Ket thiic gid hoc, HS cd trang thai thoai mai, hieu bai hoc va td ra yeu thich mdn hgc han
Trang 4Hinh 4
Ket qua ddnh gid dinh
lugng ciia hai nhdm ddi chimg
vd thyc nghiem thdng qua
diem sd ciia ciing mpt bdi
kiem tra dugc the hipn cy the
qua bieu do sau:
Tii ket qua tren cho thay:
- Ti !e HS dat logi yeu, kem
cua nhdm TN gidm rat nhieu
so vdi cdc nhdm DC Ngugc
Igi, ti le HS dat loai kha, gidi
ciia nhdm TN cao hem nhdm
DC
- Diem trung binh X cua
- V «
Hinh 5
# ^
nhdm TN cao han nhdm DC,
dg Ipch chuan S cd gid trj
tuong img nhd nen sd lipu it
phan tan, do dd tri trung binh
cd dp tin cay cao S ^ < S^c vd
^TN *^ ^Dc chiing td dp phdn
tdn d nhdm TN nhd ban so vdi
nhdm DC Dudng cong luy
tich ling vdi nhdm TN nam
ben phdi, phia dudi dudng luy
tich ling vdi nhdm DC
Kiem dinh gid thuyet thdng
ke cho thay: sy khdc nhau giua
Bdng tong h g p cdc t h a m so Nh6m
TN
DC
So liryng
122
121
X 7.01 6.31
S=
2.69 2.77
1.64 1.66
V%
23.4 26.3
X=^±m
7.01 ± 0.01 6.31 ±0.01
A'z^vd Xf,c Id cd y nghTa thdng
ke vdi dp tin cgy bang 9 5 % (hi vipe tinh toan: t = 3.18 > t„ = 1,96)
Nhu vgy, td chiic DH vdi viec sir dyng BTTT cd sy hd trg cua PTNN cd tac dyng tot tron^ vipe ren luypn va phdt trien tu duy cho HS hon PPDH thong thuong
Cd the thdy rang qua trinh
DH se cd hipu qud cao neu
GV biet khai thdc vd van dyng ket hgp dugc cac van de thyc
te lien quan vdi npi dung DH qua cdc gidc quan (nghe, nhin) ciia HS Do do, dieu quan trgng nhdt Id GV cdn khai thdc, xdy dyng va lya chgn cac BTTT va PTNN tuong ling mgt each hgp li nhat de thu hiit dugc nhieu sy tham gia tich cue, sdi ndi, hiing thu ciia
HS Vipe lya chpn va sii dung BTTT kSt hgp vdi PTNN ndo
de tang cudng hipu qud tniyen dgt trong DH tuy thudc vdo bdi hgc, sd trudng, khd nan^
ciia GV vd dieu kipn vdt chat
DH cu thd Cdc thiSt bi cdng
nghp thdng tin, PTNN chi co tdc dyng hd trg vd ldm tang cudng hieu qud DH khi GV bi^t khai thdc, sii dyng diing, thdnh thgo cac tinh nang vupt trpi ciia chiing
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Le Van Giao, Thi nghiem va
phuang tien true quan trong dgy hpc Vdt li a trudng pho thdng,^Tfii
Giao dye (2005),
2 Td Xuan Giap Phucmg tien
dgy hpc Nha xuat ban Giao Due
(2000)
3 Pham Tan Ngpc Thyy, Khai thae va sir dung phuong tipn nghe nhin trong day hpc Vgt ly 11 tning hpe phd thdng, Lugn dn tien si giao dye hgc, DHSP Hu6 (2011) Summary The content of the article shows the result of research, exploitation and usage of real exercises wifli support of audio-visual means in oiganizmg teaching physics for senior h i ^ school students From this, it can contribute to innovate the teaching - leaming mediod and enhance the quality of teaching -leaming eflfeetively nowadays