T H E GlOfJ V A N HOA cang thing nhu vay ton tai tren binh dien cac can tfnh viing Nhung su thfla nhan cac ngdn ngfl vflng do sir gia nhap ciia chau Au ap dat cung vap phai nhflng van ban hien djnh cd[.]
Trang 1T H E GlOfJ V A N H O A cang thing nhu vay ton tai tren
binh dien cac can tfnh viing
Nhung su thfla nhan cac ngdn
ngfl vflng - do sir gia nhap ciia
chau Au ap dat - cung vap phai
nhflng van ban hien djnh cdm
chung dai ldi mdt quy chd
chfnh thflc
Vd phfa cac chuyen gia (xa
hdi hpc, chfnh trj hpc va triei
hpc), cac cudc tranh luan xudt
hien nhan cd nhung \u viec
nhu Itic che mat Hdi giao
Nhflng vu viec nay Iam xudt
hien mdt didu Id, bdt chap sir
thfla nhan thuc te da van hda
ngay cang tang, mpi truydn
thd'ng rieng cd the vap phai
cac khai niem vd tfnh thd tuc
va tfnh cdng dan Tridn vpng
cua mdt chfnh sach da van hda
tfch cue ihudng bj coi la nguy
hidm, vi nd ddn tdi chd chia
nhd xa hdi thanh nhirng cdng
ddng tdch biet Sir phan biet
dd'i xfl tfch cue, dupc dp dung
cho cdc cdng ddng ngdn ngfl,
vung hay ldc ngudi, ndi chung
khdng dupc chap nhan, vd ca y
tudng vd mdt sir thfla nhan cac
cdng ddng van hda nhu nhimg
chu thd phdp luat cung vay
Nhimg cudc tranh luan chu
yeu la vd mfle dp cd thd cdng
khai thfla nhan nhimg khac
biet van hda, tdn gido, ngdn
ngfl de'n dau Mdt sd tac gia,
nhu Dominique Schapper, vdn
coi nd nim trong xa hdi cdng
Man, trong khi nhflng ngudi
khac, nhu Michel Wieviorka,
thi keu gpi nhung nha cdm
quydn ddng mdt vai trd tfch
cue trong su thfla nhan dy s
N.J NHAT ANH luac djch
GIRO DUC THm PHORG Hien
Of NHAT BAN VA VI£T NAM
Lt THI NHUAN
Viet Nam va Nhat
Ban la hai qud'c gia ndm d khu vuc Ddng A, nen cd nhidu didm tuong ddng \'e linh vuc giao due (chiu anh hudng Nho giao Trung Hoa, trpng ehfl hidu, cflng tiep thu ehfl Han, ), nhung xet ky, ndn giao due thdi phong kien d Viet Nam va Nhat Ban vdn cd nhflng didm khac biet rd ret
L Nen giao due Nhat Ban
Ndn van hda Nhat Ban anh hudng van hda Trung Hoa lfl khd sdm Ngay nhflng the ky ddu CN, ngudi Nhat da tiep xuc ehfl Han de giao thiep vdi ben ngoai Tu tudng Nho gido
da dupc ngudi Han truydn bd vdo Nhat Ban Tai Nhat Ban, cac vuong tridu khi mdi thdnh lap va ciing cd bd may nhd nudc, lay hpc thuyet Nho giao
dd lam cdng cu cai trj da't nudc Do dd, quan niem mdi
vd quydn lire cua dd vuong da hinh thanh d Nhat Ban Thdi
ky ljeh sfl nay da dai ndn mdng cho ndn giao due Nhat Ban thdi phong kien trong nhflng the ky tidp theo
Vdi sir thie't lap he thdng
ritsurio (phap luat) theo md
hinh Trung Hoa vdo TK VII,
hai loai trudng danh cho gidi quy tdc dupc hinh thanh, trong
dd, trudng daigakukyo day cho con em gidi quy tdc d kinh thanh, va kokugaku day cho con em gidi quy tpc tai tinh Vao giai doan nay dii da cd chO vie't rieng, nhung ndn hpc van Nhat Ban vdn chua dang
kd, chu yeu dua tren ndn hpc van Trung Hoa Tieng Trung dupc ngudi Nhat coi la ngdn ngfl chu yeu trong cdng viec
va ddi sd'ng Dac biet, biet tie'ng Trung cung la didu kien
dd dupc lira ehpn vao bp may quan lai
Thdi Kamakura (1185-1333), khi quydn luc chfnh irj chuyen sang ding cdp binh si
d linh, cac samurai da soan
thao kakun (gia luat) dd day
con em vd dam bao tfnh dodn ke'l trong gia dinh Chuong trinh giang day tap trung vao hpc thuyet cua Khdng lfl Vao nhflng nam cud'i cua TK XVI, trudng hpc phat trien manh, sd hpc sinh dang ky len ddn 3.000(1)
Sang thdi Edo (1600-1868), li le ngudi biet ehfl kha tha'p, thdy day chO hau hdt la cdc nhd su, nhflng ngudi hpc phai Id con nhd quy tdc Cud'i
Thang 11-2011
So 329 | I |
Trang 2VAN H6A N G H £ T H U A T Mirb^c MCOAI
thdi Edo, trudng day kinh
didn Trung lioa theo cdp Idp
cho con em thudc ding cdp
samurai vd con em quy ldc dja
phuong, irudng hpc ddnh cho
dan Ihudng bidt dpc bidt vidt
ra ddi Dac biet, vdo nam
1633, Tokugawa leyasu da cho
xay dung hpc vien Shoheiko
dd nghien cuu Khdng giao, lap
ddn thd Khdng lfl va thdt thap
nhj hidn, khdi phiic nghi Id
dao Khdng Cac daimyo hang
hai bao trp cho Khdng giao,
mdi thay vd giang day Nho
hpc thdi Edo Idy Td'ng hpc,
dai dicn la Chu Hy
(1130-1200), lam tu tudng co ban
Tu tudng Tdng hpc dupc tang
lfl Rial gido Nhat Ban tidp
nhan tfl cudi TK XII vd dupc
phd bie'n trong TK XV Vdo
TK XVn, bd'i canh kinh td xa
hdi cd nhidu bidn ddi, tu
tudng sieu thoat cua Phat giao
khdng giai quyet dupc vdn dd
xa hdi dang dat ra Vi vay, tu
tudng thirc tidn cua Chu Hy da
dap flng dupc nhflng vdn dd
cap bach cua xa hdi Nhat Ban
lflc dd Ngodi ra, nho hpc cdn
la cdng cu hihi hieu dd chfnh
quydn Tokugawa cung cd, duy
tri trat tu phong kidn, nhdt la
thd chd Mac phu cua ddng hp
Dac biet, dudi thdi Edo, kinh
didn Trung Hoa dupc coi la
kho tang kien thflc ciia ngudi
Nhat, cdng viec chfnh trong
trudng hpc do cdc thj tdc
phong kidn didu hdnh la
chuyen cdn hpc tap dd linh hdi
nhflng kinh didn nay Mat
khac, trudng hpc thdi Edo cdn
la sir ke't hpp cac chflc nang
gifla nhd trudng vd nhd thd ciia xa hdi phudng Tay
Nhu vay, trong budi ddu ljeh sfl, tfl chd chua cd gi ddng
kd, thdng qua viec du nhap van hda nudc ngodi vd qua mdt ihdi ky trai nghiem, Nhat Ban da lira ehpn cho minh mdt ndn giao due khac vdi ngudi Han
2 Ndn giao due Vidt Nam Vdo thdi ky ddu ciia nha nudc phong kidn tu chu, Nho giao chua manh, nhung nd da cimg vdi ehfl Han tdn tai trong
xa hdi Viet Nam Chddd gido due vd thi cfl theo tinh thdn Nho giao cung theo dd md phat tridn Liic ddu, sd nho si
ft, nen anh hudng cua hp trong
xa hdi cdn han chd
Di dao tao nhan tdi va
tuydn lira quan lai cho bd mdy hdnh chfnh, nhd Ly bit ddu cham lo viec hpc tap vd thi cfl:
nam 1070, cho dung Van Mie'u, due tupng Khdng tu, Chu Cdng; nam 1075, md khoa thi ddu tien dd lira ehpn nhan tai; nam 1076 md Qud'c tfl giam ldm noi day hpc cho con vua vd con em hang ngu quy tdc, quan lai; md khoa thi vdi cdc mdn thi vid't, lam tfnh, hinh luat, Tfl day, Nho giao bit ddu cd dja vj thdng trj xa hdi
Ddn thdi Trdn, vuong tridu
da chfnh quy hda, tao nd ndp quy cit cho vide hpc hdnh, thi cfl, lap Qud'c hpc vidn dd con
em quy tdc, quan lai vao hpc
Cflng trong thdi ky nay thd Id thi cfl, hpc vj dupc quy djnh
Nam 1247, nha Trdn dat danh
hidu tam khdi (ba hpc vj trang nguydn, bang nhan, tham hoa) ddnh cho ba ngudi thi dd xudt sic trong cac ky thi dinh Sang thdi Hd, chu truong
md rdng trudng hpc d cdc 16, chau, phii cua Hd Quy Ly da thd hidn su quan tdm ddn cdng vide hpc hanh Nhidu nhd nho
da xudt hidn vd ngdy cdng c6 dia vi trong xa hdi nhu Mae Dinh Chi, Ld Van Hini, Nguydn Phi Khanh, Trong nhidu nam, cac k^' thi tam gido vdn ngu trj vide thi cu
Do yeu cdu phat tridn cda
bd may phong kidn quan lidu, chd dd giao due va thi cfl thdi
Le so kha phat tridn Ngay tit nam 1428, Ld Lcri da ha lenh dung lai Qudc tfl giam, mcf trudng hpc d cac Id Nam
1429 Le Lpi md khoa thi
minh kinh di khao sat lai cac
quan van, vo tfl tfl phdm trci xud'ng va tuydn lua nhan tai xung vao bd may quan lieu Trai qua cac ddi vua Thai Tdng, Nhan Tdng, chd dd thi cfl cang dupc td chflc ddu dan
vd quy cu Nam 1442, tridu dinh mo khoa thi hdi ddu lien la'y 33 ngudi dd tidn si Vao thdi vua Ld Thanh Tdng, nha nudc cdn bd sung nhidu quy djnh trong thd le thi cfl CJ cac dao Thfla Tliydn ddu cd fludng thi huong, cfl 3 ndm nha nudc
md mdt ky thi huong va nam sau md khoa thi hdi d kinh dd Ngoai ky thi huong, hdi, nha nudc cdn td chflc cac ky thi vdi hai mdn vid't ehfl, lam toan
de ehpn lai vien va khoa ihi
mitih kinh, hodng td, nho thdn
JSd329
Thang 11-2011
Trang 3T H g GIC^I VAN H h A
dd khao hach quan lai Tfl nam
1484, Le Thanh Tdng sai dtmg
bia da d Van Midu, khic ten
nhimg ngudi dd lfl khoa thi hdi
ddu tien (1442) dd tdn vinh
nhung ngudi dd dai khoa va
khuydn khfch hpc tap, thi cfl
Chddd gido due, thi cfl thdi
Le so dupc md rdng hon cdc
tridu dai trudc Thdi ky nay con
em mpi tdng Idp nhan dan ddu
dupc tham gia dtr thi Nhung dd
dam bao sir trung thanh cua si
tfl, vua Le Thanh Tdng dat le
bdo kit huang thi, bit cdc xa
dam bao ngudi di thi phai cd
dfle hanh, phai khai ly ljeh ba
ddi gpi la cung khai tam dgi
Ndu la con chau xudng ca,
nguy quan, hay ke chdng dd'i
tridu dinh thi khdng cho du thi
Gdn 100 nam tfl khoa thi hdi
nam 1442 den khoa thi cud'i
cflng 1526, nha Le so da md 26
khoa thi, Idy dd 988 tidn si Di
khuydn khich hpc tap, ngodi
viec bd dung nhimg ngudi dd
dat lam quan, Le Thanh Tdng
cdn djnh le xudng danh, vinh
quy Thdi Le so, dac biet thdi
Le Thanh Tdng, la mdt thdi ky
thjnh dat cua ndn giao due,
khoa cfl phong kien Viet Nam
Rieng 38 nam dudi thdi trj vi
cua Le Thanh Tdng
(1460-1497) da cd 12 khoa thi hdi la'y
501 ngudi dd tien si, trong dd
cd 10 trang nguyen Cung
trong thdi Le so cd nhung ky
thi hdi sd thi suih ddng tdi hdng
ngan ngudi nhu khoa thi nam
At Ty (1475) cd ddn 3000
ngudi dtr thi (2)
Sir phat tridn giao due da
tao ra hang loat ngudi bd sung
vdo bd may phong kidn quan lieu dang phdt tridn, phuc vu cdng cudc xay dung ddt nudc, nang cao dan tri; ddng thdi cung san sinh ra nhidu nhd van, nhd tho, nhd sfl hpc ldi lac cfla dan tdc
Sang TK XVI, XVII cac tridu dai quan chii d Viet Nam vdn tie'p tuc duy tri vd cd luc
md rdng chd dd giao due thi cfl nhim dao tao quan lai ddp img nhu cdu cua bd mdy nhd nudc ngdy mdt cdng kdnh
Tfly nhien, cung vdi sir suy thodi cua nha nudc quan chii chuyen chd tap quydn, chat lupng hpc hdnh thi cfl cung giam sdt ddn NhOng nguyen tic dao dfle va Id giao Td'ng nho khdng cdn tdc dung thuydt phuc, ma chi la hinh thflc sudng Cdng vd sau, ngudi di thi chi cdn hpc thudc
ldng tiif thu, ngu kinh do Bui
Huy Bfeh sip xep vd tdm tit
TK XVin, ndn gido due dupc phd bidn den tan thdn, xdm
Vua Quang Trung da ban hdnh Chidu lap hpc, cdc xa phai lap
ra nha xa hpc, ehpn ngudi hay ehfl vd cd dfle hanh phii trdeh viec giang day gpi la xa giang
du, cho phep cdc dja phuong sfl dung mdt sd ddn, chfla ldm trudng hpc Nhflng chfnh sach tren da chimg td vua Quang Trung cd hoai bao mudn xay dung mdt ndn hpc thuat, gido due dan tdc, nang cao y thflc ddc lap tu cudng, thoat khdi rang budc cua ndn gido diic khudn sao cu (3)
Ndn giao diic thdi Nguydn khdng cd gi khdc so vdi cac tridu dai trudc Ndi dung hpc
tap bao gdm tfl thu, ngO kinh Tuy vay, san phdm cua ndn gido due Hdn hpc md nhd Nguydn duy In vd phdt tridn trong sud't TK XIX da khdng dii nang lire, trinh dd dd giai quydt nhflng yeu cdu cdp bdch
vd kinh td, chfnh trj, xa hdi, bdi, ndi dung hpc tap vd phuong phdp ddo tao khdng cdn phu hpp vdi thdi cudc Vdi chd dd khoa cfl keo ddi hon 7(X) nam, khuynh hudng trpng tfl chuong hu van va cha'p nhan sir ddc tdn ciia he tu tudng Nho gido chfnh thdng
da an sau bdt rd vao ddi sdng
tu tudng d ngudi dan nudc ta
3 Nhumg diem tuong ddng
Ndn gido due Viet Nam vd Nhat Ban thdi phong kidn thudng do tridu dinh trirc tiep quan ly, thd hien tfnh tap quydn trong viec quan ly dat nudc
Didm chung dd nhan thdy
Id nhflng ngudi tham gia du tuydn mud'n thi dau dd lam
quan ddu phai budc qua cda Khdng, sdn Trinh Ndn gido
due ndy hoan loan tdch rdi thuc td, nhflng ngudi hpc chi cdn thudc thi, thu Id, nghia Ldi hpc dd la'y sach quydt djnh tdt ca, lam ddu dc con ngudi mdt di sir suy nghi ddc lap Vao thdi Edo, dao Khdng dupc chfnh quydn Mac phu ehpn lam hd tu tudng chfnh thd'ng Tdng Idp vd si tre tudi rdt coi trpng viec hpc tap, bdi
vi, viec cai trj ddi hdi nhung ngudi cd giao due va trung thdnh vdi che dd Didu ndy da tao nen mdt tdng Idp cd kidn
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Thang 11-2011 I I
Trang 4VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T MIHO'C M C O A I
thflc uyen bac ve cac hpc
thuyet trie't hpc phuong Ddng
Do dd, den thd Khdng tfl dupc
xay dirng d nhidu noi nen ddt
nudc Tuong ttr nhu Nhat Ban,
tai Viet Nam vao nam 1070
nha Ly cho xay dimg Van
Mie'u dd thd Khdng tfl, cac
tridu dai phong kidn Viet Nam
cOng coi Nho giao nhu khudn
vdng ihifd'c ngoc cdng cu de
cai tri dat nudc
Mdt diem tuong ddng gifla
ndn giao due thdi phong kidn
d Nhat Ban va Viet Nam la
ihudng chi phuc vii cho con
cai quy tdc va quan lai cao
cdp, ndi each khac, hpc vdn
trong giai doan ddu d hai nudc
chi han chd trong tdng Idp
thd'ng irj, cdn nhflng ngudi lao
ddng thudng thudc ngudi ft
hpc, tham chf mfl ehfl
4 Nhumg diem dj biet
Vdo thdi Hakuho (TK VII),
ndn van hda Nhat Ban chju
anh hudng trtrc tiep cua van
hda Trung Hoa thdi so Dudng
thdng qua cdc doan sfl gia (4)
Chfnh cudc hdi ngd nay da
giup cho Nhat Ban cd didu
kien chii trpng tdi ndn gido
due hon Tuong flng vdi giai
doan nay d Nhat Ban, Viet
Nam dang trong thdi ky nghin
nam Bic thudc, ludn phai
chd'ng lai muu d6 ddng hda,
nen khdng cd didu kien xay
dung ndn giao due Cho ldi TK
X, khi ddt nudc gianh dupc
ddc lap, Viet Nam mdi tidp
nhan ndn giao due ciia ngudi
Han Dudi thdi van hda
Hakuho, tridu dinh da true tiep
quan ly daigaku (dai hpc) d
kinh thanh vd giao cho cac dja
phuong quan ly kokugaku (qud'c hpc) Tuy nhien, trudng dai hpc chi thu nhan con chau cua quan lai tfl ngu vj ird len, cdn cac irudng qud'c hpc ddnh cho con chau ciia quan lai chflc sic dja phudng Dd'i tupng dupc thi cfl va tuydn dting cung han chd trong sd con chau quy tdc, quan lai
Didu nay khac vdi chddd giao dtic, khoa cfl d Viet Nam ldi
ca con em quan lai, quy ldc ddu dupc dir thi, khdng phan biet hp thudc con chau hang ngu quan lai thfl bac ndo
d Nhat Ban ndn gido due
dupc hoang gia dac biet quan tam, nhdl la khi Thai lfl Shiioku (574-622) cho xay dung ngdi chiia d Nara dd lam noi hpc tap Vdo thdi ky nay, cdc nhd su cd vai trd rdt ldn trong ndn gido due loan dan
Trong giai doan nay, chua trd thdnh trung tam hpc tap ciia ngudi Nhat Trudc khi du nhap ngdn ngfl Han, ndn gido due Nhat Ban chu ydu dupc giang day bdng each kd truydn thdng ljeh sfl vd tap quan Viec Nhat Ban tidp nhan ehfl vidt da tao didu kien dd hinh thanh mdt ndn giao diic mang tfnh he thd'ng hon Khac vdi Nhat Ban, Phat gido dupc du nhap vao Viet Nam lfl kha sdm, ddc biet, thdi Ly Trdn, Phat giao cdn dupc coi Id qud'c gido, vdi nfla nudc la su, chfla chidn mpc len nhu ndm, nhung he thd'ng chfla d Viet Nam lai khdng phai la irudng hpc cua cdc dja phudng
Ndn giao diie Vidt Nam thdi phong kid'n chfnh la sir
md phdng ndn gido dtic cua Trung Hoa Ching han, d Viet Nam cung dat thdm ky thi huong do ldng xa tidn cir gpi la
cu tfl, hoac cfl nhdn, ma khdng qua khoa thi tai cdc dja phuong Chd dd khoa cu nay dupc nha nudc dac biet quan tam vd ddng vai trd quan trpng irong viec tuydn lira quan lai Ben canh dd, d Viet Nam cdn djnh ra chddd khoa cfl vdi ndi dung nang vd kinh nghia va dat ra Id tam giap nhu ngudi Han Chfnh ndn gido due nay
da khdng phdt hidn dupc kha nang tidm dn cua mdi ca nhan, nhflng sang tao ciia con ngudi cung khdng dupc quan tam phdt huy Khac vdi Viet Nam,
d Nhat Ban khdng cd che do cfl tfl \'a khdng td chflc cdc ky thi huong, hdi, dinh dd tuydn lira quan lai cho bd may quan lidu
Ndn giao due Viet Nam chju anh hudng ndn gido due Trung Hoa, dao tao theo ldi ttr chuong, sao rdng, ren con ngudi theo mdt khudn mdu djnh sdn ldm cho ngudi hpc bj ddng, thidu tinh sang tao Ngoai ra, nhihig ngudi bj het vao xudng ca vd loai ddu khdng dupc dtr thi Cdn d Nhat Ban ft chju anh hudng bdi van hda Han, ndi each khdc van hda Nhat Ban mdt phdn do ngudi Han truydn ba, mdt phdn do ngudi Nhdt sang Trung Hoa hpc ehfl Han rdi quay trd lai qud huong xay dung van hda ddt nudc, do do, ndn giao due cua Nhat Ban hoan toan do chu nhan ngflofi Nhat xay dimg
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I Thang 11-2011
Trang 5THE G I 6 I VAN HOA Mdt didm khac gifla ndn
giao due thdi phong kien 0
Nhat Ban va Viet Nam la Viet
Nam khdng tao ra mdt djnh ly
hay djnh luat nao Tfl thdi
Trdn, Hd, mdn loan hpc mdi
dupc dp dung vao cac ky thi,
lieu bidu trong sd nhflng nha
loan hpc phai kd tdi Luong
The Vinh, Vu Hiru, Song,
mai tdi dau TK XX, loan hpc
Viet Nam vdn chi dimg lai vdi
nhflng bdi loan dd d trinh dd
Sd cdp Ben canh dd, ngudi
Viet cd ndp sd'ng vi tinh, vj nd,
dai khai theo kidu chin bd Idm
mudi, Ipt sdng xud'ng nia cung
la trd ngai ldn cho viec di ldi
nhiing ket luan chinh xdc,
khoa hpc, Ngay ca viec sinh
ra mdt nhan vat dupc gpi la tu
nhu ngudi Han (Khdng ifl,
Manh lfl, Chu tfl, Nhan tfl, )
cung khdng cd Ngudi Viet cd
trf lue, thdng minh, nhung
khdng cd thdi quen tdng kdt,
due rut kinh nghiem nang len
thdnh ly luan Trai ngupc vdi
Viet Nam, d Nhat Ban ngay tfl
TK VII hpc sinh da dupc hpc
mdn loan Chfnh viec tidp xuc
vdi khoa hpc ttr nhien tfl kha
sdm da giup ngudi Nhdt chu
trpng phdt tridn khoa hpc ky
thuat, dua da't nudc trd thanh
mdt trong nhflng cudng qud'c
kinh te ldn cua the gidi
Ndn giao due Viet Nam
chu yeu ddo lao bang ehfl Han,
khdng hudng den quang dai
qudn chung, chi cd sd it ngudi
dupc hpc he thdng ehfl nay
Cdn tai Nhat Ban, do xay dung
dupc he thd'ng ehfl viet rieng,
nhieu trudng hpc ra ddi, dac
biet thdi Edo (1600 1868) 40% dan sd Nhat bidt ehfl (5)
Trudc khi van hda Viet Nam tie'p xuc vdi van hda phuong Tay, ddi ngu trf thflc Viet Nam da dupc ddo lao gdn mdt nghin nam sfl dung ngdn ngfl, van ttr Han Do dd, vao cudi TK XIX, sir chd'ng dd'i, dd khang van hda phuong Tay quydt liet hon thdi ky tidp xiie van hda Ddng A Bdi vi, trong mdt nghin nam Bic thudc, dan tdc Viet Nam bj roi vdo ach cai trj ha khic ciia phong kidn phuong Bic, nhung hp dang trong bd'i canh chua cd ddi ngu tri thflc Cdn vao cud'i TK XIX, Viet Nam da cd ddi ngu trf thflc nho hpc, dpi ngu nay quydt liet chd'ng lai sir du nhap van hda phuong Tay vao Viet Nam Trong cac tridu dai Viet Nam, tridu Nguydn Id tridu le thudc vdo phong kidn phuong Bdc nhidu nhat Cho nen, vdo cud'i TK XIX, trudc ddi hdi cua Ijch sfl can phai thay ddi dat nude, vdi nhung dd nghj canh tan cua cdc nha lu tudng nhu Nguydn Trudng Td vd Nguydn Ld Trach, hp da vdp phai sir im lang cua tridu dinh nhd Nguydn, gap phai sir ngoanh mat, lam ngo cua cdc nhd nho Phai chang ngudi tri thflc lam ngo vdi van hda phudng Tay cung la mdt trong nhflng nguyen nhan dua Viet Nam rdi vdo bi kjeh bj mdt nudc? Ndi each khdc, nhflng anh hudng van hda Trung Qudc gidng nhu bdng cay khdng Id trflm phu len manh da't Viet Nam ngdy xua, khidn
cho cac thfl cay tu tudng ciia ngudi Viet bj cdm ning Khac vdi khdi niem si 0 Viet Nam, Trung Hoa ditng dd chi nho si,
si d Nhat Ban dd chi vd si (samurai), mdt tdng Idp cd nhidu anh hudng vd ddng gdp cho sir phdt tridn ddt nudc Nhat Ban
Chd dd giao diic eita Viet Nam la ddo lao theo ldi van chuong cfl tfl, nen chi dao lao
ra nhflng ngudi lam quan va thi thoang lam thd md thdi Ching han, lfl khoa thi ddu lien cua trudng Qud'c lfl giam vdo nam 1077 den khoa thi Han cud'i cung vdo nam 1919, hang ngdn lien si dupc dao tao dudi thdi phong kien, song hp ching de lai cho ddi sau mdt hpc thuyet khoa hpc nao O Nhat Ban, mac du cung chju anh hudng Nho giao, nhung khdng vi the ma ngudi Nhat quen viec nghien eflu van hda phuong Tay Trong nhflng nam
50 cua TK XIX, nhidu Irudng hpc nghien ciin phuong Tay bit ddu md ra, nhan hpc sinh tren ca nudc Tuy nhien, sir viec cd y nghia ldn, lao ra budc ngoat trong su phdt tridn ciia da't nudc Id viec ra ddi tac
phdm djch thuat Gidi phdu
tdn thu b thdi Tanuma vdo
nam 1774 (6)
6 Viet Nam vdo TK XVI
ddn nfla ddu TK XVIII da didn
ra nhidu hien tupng tieu etre trong gido dtic Hien tupng nay xay ra cdng khai va ngdy mdt phd bie'n Mdt sd ke tham gia dtr thi da bidn trudng th^thanh noi mua quan, bdn tude Viec
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Trang 6VAN H O A N G H I ^ THUAT MWb^C MCOAl
thi cfl thdi ky ndy trd thdnh mtic
dfeh thtrc dting cua mpi ngudi,
chi cdn xoay sd dd ldm quan
Ndn giao due ndy da gidn tidp
kim ham sir tid'n bd ciia xa hdi
phong kidn Vidt Nam Chung
ldi khdng nhan thdy Nhat Ban
cd hien lupng mua quan, ban
ludc nhu 0 Viet Nam
Khi so sanh van hda cua
cdc nudc ddng van trong khu
vuc Ddng A, ngudi ta thudng
nhde ddn su ddi mdi ciia Nhat
Ban, nhung sir ddi mdi nay Id
dua tren sir tdn trpng khoa hpc
ky thuat, cdi mdi vd tu tudng,
sir tao bao trong kinh td
Chimg ndo cdi bdnh van
chuong cdn dm anh tri thflc,
chflng ndo con dudng lam
quan cdn la muc tieu phdn ddu
duy nha't cua ngudi tri thflc,
chimg a'y Viet Nam khdng
phat tridn dupc
Cdn mdt didm khac biet
gifla ndn gido dtic Nhat Ban vd
Vidt Nam - vdo thdi Edo (Nhdt Ban), nhidu trudng tu vd hpc vien (shijuku), vdi nhidu mdn hpc dd day cho con em quy ldc
vd ndng dan, ra ddi Trong khi
dd, lai Viet Nam sd trudng md
ra dd ddo tao con em ddn thudng Id rdt it Do vay, sd ngudi bid't ehfl trong xa hdi phong kidn d Vidt Nam khd khidm tdn
Trdn dai thd, nhflng didm tuong ddng trong ndn gido due thdi phong kidn d hai nudc ddu chju anh hudng bdi van hda Han, thd hidn rd ndt qua viec nhung ngudi tham gia dtr tuydn mudn thi ddu dd lam
quan ddu phai budc qua cda Khdng, sdn Trinh Trdi lai,
nhflng didm khac biet trong van hda ndi chung, ndn gido due thdi phong kidn ndi rieng, ddu lien quan ddn mdi trudng sd'ng cua mdi nudc va mfle dd dam nhat trong viec tidp thu
van hda Han Nhflng didm luong ddng vd dj biet se giiip cho nhihig ngudi quan tdm ddn vdn hda truydn thdng d hai dan tdc cd thdm co hdi hidu bidt, gdp phdn quan trpng vao vide thuc ddy sir hpp tac, giao luu vdn hda cua hai ddn tdc vdn cd mdi quan hd hihi hao tir ldu nay •
L.TN
1, 3 Eiichi Aoki (chii biin), Nhdt
Bdn dd't nu&c vd con ngudi, Nxb
Vdn hgc Ha Ndi 2006, tr.24l, 242
2, 3 Nguydn Canh Minh (chii
bi£n), Gido Uinh lich sa Viit Nam,
tap II Nxb Dgi lipc Supham, Ha NOi,
2008, tr 165 107
4 NguySn Qudc Hiing (chii
bien) Lich sii Nhai Ban, Nxb The
gidi Ha NOi, 2007, tr.82
6 H6 Hoang Hoa (chu biin),
Vdn hda Nhdt nhiimg chdng dudng phdt trien, Nxb Klioa hpc Xd Itqi, Ha
N6i 2001,lr.l32
GIA TR! BIEU CAM
(Tidp theo trang 63)
Bdng nhung vdn tho luc bat ngpt ngdo thdng qua cudc ddi ddp gifla ke d va ngudi di vdi ngfin ngfl gian dj, linh Ipc, gidu hinh anh, nhdt la nghd thudt sfl dung tfl Idy, Td HOn da tai hien mdt each
chan thuc vd sinh ddng hinh anh ddt nudc nhung ngdy khdng chid'n b chidn khu Vidt Bic vdi nhihig
con ngudi binh dj md anh hung, khung canh thidn nhidn hflng vl ma thdm tuoi Bai tho cd gipng didu tam tinh tha thidt sau ling ngpt ngdo ddm dd mdu sic ddn tdc vd rd't giau tfnh nhac Thdng qua dd md canh vd ngudi Vidt Bic hidn ldn la'p ldnh sic mdu vd rdt ddi ydu thuong
Ngdn ngfl Id ydu td quan trpng ddu lidn tao nen mdt tdc phdm nghd thudt Ngdn ngfl tho bao gid cung dupc ngudi nghe si gpt giua, lira chon mdt cdch ky ludng ndn hdm sue, tinh l(?c, da nghia, giau hmh tupng, mang gid trj bidu cam cao Td Huru da sfl dung ldi an tidng ndi cua qudn chiing nhan dan, van dting ca dao dan ca truydn thdng, kd thfla mdt cdch sang tao tinh hoa van hpc qua
khfl dd lam nen tuyet phdm Viet Bdc Dac bidt, dflng tfl lay dung lflc, dung chd, phan dnh dting ban chat cua hien tupng, su vat la bidt tai cua nhd tho Td Huu Vi vdy dpc bai tho Viet Bdc ta cam
nhdn dupc Td Hflu dflng tfl lay nhu Id mdt thu phj^p nghd thuat dfeh thuc, gdp phdn tfch circ vao vide bidu hidn ndi dung phong phu, da dang cua tac phdm •
N.TH
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