VAl NET VE SI/PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC TREN B A N DAO H A N THOfI CAO LY ieiH|NHu£N NGUVEN IHI HdNG HANH" Tom tat Sau khi thdng nhdt dupe Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly da quan ldm din viic phdt Iriin gido due nhu c[.]
Trang 1VAl NET VE SI/PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC TREN B A N DAO H A N
THOfI CAO LY
ieiH|NHu£N-NGUVEN IHI HdNG HANH"
Tom tat: Sau khi thdng nhdt dupe Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly da quan ldm din viic phdt Iriin gido due nhu cho xdy dung tnrang Qudc tir gidm a Kaesong (Khai Thdnh) di ddo tgo nhdn tdi vd quan lgi cd ndng luc diiu hdnh qudc gia Nhd cd sir thdnh ldp trudng Qudc tii gidm md Nho gido ngdy cdng dirpc di cao Thdi ky ndy, nin gido due Nho hpe duac coi Id y nifm chinh Iri ctia qiioc gia nhd nudc dd ddt ra nhiiu chi dp nhdm ciing cd them cho nin tdng eiig mdt the chi trung uang lap quyin mgnh Trong khudn khd cd hgn bdi viit ndy xin
de cap nhirng net tieu bieu nhdt ve tinh hinh gido due trin Bdn ddo Hdn thdi Cao Ly
Tir khoa; Gido dyc Ban ddo Han Cao Ly Khoa cu Qudc lu gidm
Fao thdi didm Cao Ly thdnh lap, bdn
ddo Hdn dang bj phdn lidt thdnh Hdu
Tam qudc De thdng nhil Hdu Tam qudc,
Cao Ly mdt mat tidn hdnh cdng kich
Hu-Baekje (Hau Bdch Td), mat khdc stt dyng
chinh sach hda hgp ddi vdi Silla (Tan La)
Nam 935, Kinh Thudn Vuong cia Tan La do
qudc lyc da suy ydu trudc sy tan cdng cia
Hau Bach Te, khdng the bdo todn qudc gia
dirge ntta, ndn da ly minh giao lai ddt cho
Cao Ly Trong khi dd, npi bd Hgu Bach Td
lai xay ra su phan hda xoay quanh vide kd
thira vuong vj Loi dung linh hinh ndy, Cao
Ly da day lui qudn Hgu Bdch Td vd cudi
ciing thdng nhat dupe Hdu Tam qudc vdo
nam 936
Ngay sau khi kidn qude, Cao Ly dd dung
hda van hda cia Tdn La, Bach Td, Cao Cu
Le de lao ra co sd nen van hda dan tdc mdi
lay tinh da dang Idm dgc trung Ndu nhu vide
thing nhdt Tam qude cia Tan La Id didm
xudt phat cho sy thdng nhdt dan tgc, thi vide
thing nhit Hdu Tam qudc cia Cao Ly Id sy
hoan thdnh vide thing nhdt ddn tdc Trudc
.,Khoa Dong phuong hoc, Tnt&ng dai hoc Da Lat
Khoa DOng phuonghpc, Tritcmg dai hoc Da Lat
khi di vdo ndi dung cy the, ching ldi didm qua mpt vai net vd tinh hinh chinh trj, qudn
sy, kinh td, xd hdi cua thdi ky Cao Ly
1 Vai net ve tinh hinh chinh trj, quan
sy, kinh te, xa hpi thd'i Cao Ly
- Ve chlnh Iri:
Ca cdu chinh tri mdi cia Cao Ly bdt ddu
djnh hinh vdo nam 983 dudi tridu vua Thdnh Tdng ( ^ J ^ : 981-987) vd hodn tit vdo nam
1076 dudi Irilu vua Vdn Tdng (5-f^: 1046-1088) Co cau trieu dinh dupe 16 chttc xung
quanh ba Tdng, hai Tdng dau sdp nhap lgi thdnh mpt co quan duy nhdt gpi Id Hdi ddng Thuang Ihu ~ noi dua ra nhimg quydt dinh
Idn lao Tdng thtt ba hay Bd ddi npi cd nhigm vu thyc thi chinh sdch thdng qua 6 bg:
Lgi Binh, Hd, Hinh, Li, Cdng Mdl co quan
cao cip ntta Id bd Dinh, ma nhidm vu chinh
Id ban truyin thdnh chi vd gidi quyet cdc vdn
dd qudn sy khdn cap
Cao Ly da chia cd nudc thdnh 12 mok
(muc, tuong duong vdi tinh) vdo ndm 983 vd phdi cdc quan ttt kinh do xudng cai qudn bd mdy hanh chinh tgi cdc vung qud Sau mdt
so nhttng thay ddi quan trpng, vide td chttc lai bg mdy nha nudc d dja phuong da dgt
Trang 2Nghiin cihi khoa hqc
den linh hinh dn djnh vdo ndm 1018 dtrdi
tridu vua Hiln Tdng Vdo thdi dilm ndy, cdc
don vj hdnh chinh cia dit nudc bao gdm:
kinh ky, cdc dgo, cdc vimg bien gi&ị Trong
cac vimg ndy cd 3 kinh đ, 5 tohobu (đ hp
phi), 8 mye vd dupe chia thdnh nhttng don
vi nhd hon ntta Id kun (qu|in), hyon (huy^n)
vd chin (trdn)
Nhttng cdi cdeh ndy đ ldm ldng đng ke
quyen lyc cua trieu dinh Den đi vua Vdn
Tdng, tridu dinh trung uong đ thau ldm
hodn todn quydn lyc cia cdc hdo Irudng dja
phuong Vdn Tdng vd cac vua ve sau đ cao
tdm quan trpng cua chinh quyen dan sy ban
quan sy, do đ cd thdi dp trpng dyng cdc
quan vdn hon Id cdc quan vd
- Ve qudn su:
Qudn dpi cia Cao Ly dupe hinh thdnh lu
nhi qudn, luc vi cia trung uong vd qudn,
ehdu, huydn cua dia phuang Nhi qudn dupe
giao nhidm vu canh gitt cung thdnh, cdn luc
vd dupe giao nhidm vy phdng ngy thu đ
Kaesong (Khai Thdnh) vd bidn gidi qudc giạ
Qudn, chau, huydn cia dja phuong dupe
giao cdng vide lap djch vd nhidm vy trj an,
- Ve kinh le:
De san xudt nhttng vat phdm can thidt cho
qudc gia, nhflng khu vyc đc thfl nhu so
(sd), pugok (bd khic), hyang (huong), đ
dupe thiet lap Ddn cia bp khuc, huong chi
ydu lam ndng nghidp; cdn đn cia sd chi
ydu ldm nghd thi cdng
Cao Ly cdn đy mgnh phat tridn mdi quan
he giao hda vdi nha Tdng Thdng qua cdc lin
cu stt than sang Trung Qudc vd nhttng lan
budn bdn ridng Id cua cdc thuong gia, Cao
Ly da nhgp nguydn ligu thd nhu vdng, bac,
đng, nhdn sdm vd hgt thdng cia nhd Tdng
Ngupc lgi, nhihig mat hang tidu thu cdng cia
Cao Ly dupe nhd Tdng ua chudng nhu gidỵ
cp, myc vd qugt dupe mang sang nhd Tdng
dl dli liy lya, sdch, d l gdm stt, thudc, gia
vj, nhgc cỵ Nhttng mjt hdng nhap khdu kl tren cd dnh hudng ldn din ndn vdn hda Cao Lý Mdl khdc, do Cao Ly chu trpng vigc budn ban vdi nudc ngodi, ndn cd nhidu Ihuong nhdn Argp đ din Cao Ly đ trao đi budn bdn
Nhin chung, linh hinh glao Ihuong thdi Cao Ly phat triln rdt phdn thjnh Cang thdng Ihuong chinh cia Cao Ly vdo thdi ky đu Id Bich Lan Dp (™&fE) Id mpt cdng sdng ndm trdn mgt hdn đo cia sdng Le Thdnh (91S), gan kinh đ Kaesong cia Cao Lỵ
- Vi xd hpi:
Sau khi xdg bd Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly timg budc xdy dyng lai co cau xd hdị Tdng ldp thdng trj trong giai dogn dau cia Cao Ly gdm nhttng ngudi thupc hdng ngfl quy tgc nhd đn ttt cdc vflng ngoai d kinh đ va nhflng nhd quy tgc thudc lyc đu phdm cia Tan Lạ
Dd eing cd quydn lyc ctia trieu dinh trung
uong, Quang Tdng {%^: 947-975) - vj vua
thu lu da ban hanh mdt logt cdc bd ludi, trong do cd ludt gidi phdng nd Id vao ndm
958, lugt thidl lgp chd dp thi luydn nhdn lai ldm quan Vj vua thu ndm, vua Canh Tdng
(^^: 975-981) đ tiln hdnh chinh sdch cdi edch quydn sd httu rupng đt gpi Id Diin sai khoậ Chd dp dat dai cia Cao Ly đ phdn
dnh tidn de co bdn la tal cd đt dai trong nudc Id đt dai cia vuạ
Thdi Cao Ly, Nho gido dugc coi Id hgc thuydt chinh thdng, tao ndn trat ty trong quan he gia dinh va đ cai trj qudc giạ Luc
' Ki-baik Lee (2002), Korea xua vd nay Lfch sU Hdn Qudc
tdn bien (Ngir6i djch L6 Anh Minh), Nxb T h ^ h pho Hi
Chl Minh, tr 90
^ £)iin sal khoa bi^n chuyen ttr chl dp dich phdn dien ntlm
940 - chl do cip oil lim phan thirong cho cSc vien chirc
Trang 3Nghiin cihi khoa hqc
do, ngudi Cao Ly theo Nho gido, nhung
khdng ttt bd Phdt gido Hg coi Phdt giao Id
mdt hgc thuylt d l dat tdi sy yen tinh vd tinh
thin vd sy cim rdi d thd gidi khdc
2 Giao due thdl Cao Ly
(i Cao Ly, trudng hpe chinh Id noi ddo tgo
nhan tdi vd khoa ett la ky thi nhdm tuyin
chpn nhan tdi Cdc thi sinh dy thi phdi thdng
qua ky thi ndy d l cd thd ddnh gid dung ndng
luc vd triiu dinh se quylt djnh ai Id ngudi
dupe chpn theo hgc d trudng Theo dd, gido
due ttudng hgc vd chl dp khoa ett luy khdng
hoan todn thing nhdt, nhimg lai cd mdi lidn
he mat thiet vdi nhau Theo Ssanggi (Song
Ky) - hpe gid Trung Qudc di cu sang Cao Ly
Ihdi Quang Tdng trj vi ndm thtt 9 (958) eho
bill, chl dp khoa ett dupe thdnh lap thdi Cao
Ly cd lidn quan chdt che ddn gido dyc d
ttudng hpe Cy thi la myc tidu cia che dp
khoa cu thdi Cao Ly thing nhit vdi muc tidu
giao due cia qudc gia d khia canh tuydn
chpn vd bdi dudng nhdn tdi Ndi dung sdch
gido khoa cfla gido dyc trudng hpe vd cac dd
cuong dn thi eua chl do khoa cu cung thdng
nhdt vdi nhau Cho ndn, nhflng hilu bill vd
chl do khoa cu trd thanh didm mdu chdt dl
c6 thi hilu them v l gido due thdi Cao Ly
- Tru&ng hgc:
Vao ttidu vua Thai Td (Efla, 918-943), d
Khai Thdnh va P'yongyang (Binh Nhiidng)
da ed trudng hgc, nhung vdi vide thiet lap
kukchagam (Qudc ttt gidm) vdo ndm 992
dudi tridu vua Thdnh Tdng thi hd thing giao
due tridu Cao Ly mdi di vao quy eu Qudc ttt
giam cua Cao Ly bao gdm 6 tradng ggi Id
Kinh su Lite hpe: kukchahak (Qudc ttt hgc),
T'aehak (Thdi hgc), Sammunhak (Ttt mdn hpe), Yurhak (Ludt hpe), sphdk (Thu hpe) va Sanhak (Todn hpe) Qudc ttt gidm khdng chi
Id cdi ndi ddo tgo nhan tdi cfla Cao Ly md cdn Id noi truyin bd lu ludng Nho gido mdt cdeh nghidm ngdt
Vua Thdnh Tdng dd ehia Idnh thd Cao Ly thdnh 12 chdu (mue), dudi chdu Id qugn, huydn, ldng xa Nhd vua da ra chi dy thyc hign vide phi cap gido hda xa hdi, md cdc tmdng lang day cho mpi ngudi Npi dung gidng dgy chfl ylu nhin mgnh ddn gido dye dao dtte, til cd ede nghi Id, edch ttng xtt, quy ehe ldng xd phai dya trdn co sd cfla ehtt Hilu'' Ddn triiu vua Van Tdng (S-f"; 1046-1088), Ch'oe Ch'ung (Thdi Xung) - mdt dai nho dupe coi la Khdng Tu cia Choson da
thidt lap mpt tracmg hpe gpi Id Ciru Trai Hpe Dudng Cliu trai hoc dudng cd cde ten gpi khdc Id Thdi Cdng dd hay Vdn hiin Cdng dd
Thdi ky ndy, sau Thdi Cdng dd, nhilu tradng tu khdc moc ldn nhu ndm sau mua d
khdp cdc dia phuong mang tdn la Sibi ta
(Thdp nhi dd)
Din frilu vua Nhdn Tdng ( ^ # : 1122-1146), nhd -vua cung ra chi dy eho cdc dia phuong khuyin khich hpe tap, khdng gidi hgn tudi tde, thdn phdn, tgo didu kidn cho ddn ching dupe hoc tap, Vi vdy, tradng hi vdn ed ddt dl phdt ttiln Tuy quy md cia tradng tu rdt nhd, nhtmg thdy dgy ddu Id nhttng quan vdn nli tilng da v l tri si, cd kinh nghidm gidng dgy, ndn cd khd nhidu hpe ttd theo hpe
'•a^tS ol-y^M S-:<il*(2011) M^t^ S ^•^•'l-^ ' Xm: Lj Xalii Chmg (2im), rim hiiu vdn hda Hdn
oi^' "i^Ul iSim Cha Kynn, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae Quic (Trgng tdm Id nhirng van di Nho gido « i " 6"^^ ™
i2:;^ht^^cg^doducvdiichsi.,do Xc"S»-Ni;,?T2V"r"
*c,Nxb HakJ^n'.j"''
61
Trang 4Nghien cihi khoa hqc
- Ve npi dung gidng dpy hgc t(lp vd Ihi
cu::
Cac trudng trong Quic Id gidm nhu Quic
ttt hpe, Thdi hpe, Ttt mdn hpe hodn todn bigl
lap nhau, nhimg chuang trinh gidng dgy lgi
khd thing nhil Npi dung gidng dgy tgi cdc
tradng hgc ndy chi ylu Id cdc sdch kinh diln
cia Nho gido nhu Kinh Dfch, Thi Thir, Li,
Xudn thu, Hiiu kinh, Lugn ngd Cdn cdc
tradng nhu Thu hpe hpe Bdl thu, Lu$t hpe
hpe Lugt hpe vd Todn hpe hpe Todn hpe
Ddi lupng bpc Irong ede Irudng Quae l i
gidm ed sy phdn ehia theo thtt bgc Chdng
hgn, lgi tradng Quoc Itt hpe ehi thdu nhgn
con cua cdc quan vdn vd vd ttt ttt pham trd
ldn; tradng Thdi hpe nhjn con em cia cdc
quan ttt ttt phim vd ngu pham; tradng Ttt
mdn bpc ddnh cho con em cua cde quan lyc
phdm vd thil phim Cdn d cdc tradng Ludt
hpe, Thu bpc, Todn hpe ddnh cho con em
cua cdc vidn chttc thupc hdng thtt tdm, thtt
chin vd con nhd thudng dan
Ttt vide quy djnh nhihig dieu kidn vdo cdc
tradng bpc trong Qudc ttt gidm ttdn ddy eho
ching la thdy rd sy phdn chia ddng cip cia
xa hdi quy tpc thdi Cao Ly' Cae mdn hpe
mang tinh thyc tidn nhu Ludt hpe, Todn hpe
xdp hgng thu ylu, khdng dupe xd hpi Cao
Ly coi trpng
Vdi bdi cdnh giao dye thdi Cao Ly dd
dupe dd cgp d tren, tradng hpp quyln lyc
chinh tti ddu thdi ndy dupe gpi Id "thdn
cudng qudn nhupe" Vdo thdi ky dau cia
ttilu dgi Cao Ly dd phai trai qua nhidu chinh
biln do sy suy ydu cia vuong quyln Do dd,
each duy nhat dd duy tti dupe ngdi vua la
cing cd lgi vuong quyen Tdt cd sach ghi
' Ki-baik Lee (2002), Korea xua vd nay Lich sir Hdn Quoc
Idn bien, (Ngireri djch Le Anh Minh), Nxb Thinh pho H6
Chi Minh, tr 169
chdp cua vua Quang Tdng cflng deu cd lidn quan tdi vi|c cung eo quyen lyc cua nhd vua Vua Quang Tdng vdo ndm 958 dd chap thu^n ldi dl nghj cua m^t nho gia Trung Quic - Song Ky md tbiet lgp mpt hg thing thi ett dl chgn ngudi ldm vigc Myc dich Id
dl stt dyng trong guong mdy nhd nudc nhttng vidn chuc dan sy mdi, nhttng ngudi
cd hgc, thi cho cdc vien chttc quan sy cu xuat thdn ttt hdng ngu nhttng ngudi dd tham gia vdo viijc thdnh lgp Cao Ly Nhttng ngudi mdi dupe bo nhigm dya tren co sd cia nhttng tidu chuan mdi Vigc ban hdnh he thing thi cu Id m^t no lyc cdn bdn trong vigc thill lgp mgt co cau hdnh chinh mdi nhdm tgo ndn stte mgnh cho vuong quyln Khi nhin vdo lap tradng kidn thidt vd phdt ttien mgt vuong tridu mdi, vua Quang Tdng vdo ndm 958 dd phai dua ra bign phdp edn thilt
dl cdi edch he thing cfl, do chinh Id vide dua
ra ky thi dl lam thude do cho vide tuydn chgn nhdn tai trong thidn hg Day cd thd coi
Id sy md ddu cho qua ttinh phdt tridn mdi cfla gido dyc thdi Cao Ly
Didu mong mudn cua vua Quang Tdng Id todn thd ddn chung khdng phdn bigt ddng ddi sang hen, kd cd ngudi nudc ngoai sang dinh
cu ddu cd CO hpi dupe di hpe, dupe tham du kylhi
Vdo giai dogn gitta thi ky X, cdc nudc tranh nhau quyln ldm bd c h i Bdn ddo Hdn Nhung sau khi Cao Ly thdng nhat dupe Bdn ddo Hdn, cdn thilt phdi cd mpt chl dp chinh trj mdi phfl hpp hon; do dd, chl dp khoa cu ddng vai ttd trung gian cho sy chuyin giao ttt xd hgi cfl sang xd hOi mdi Vua Quang Tdng dd lay muc dich cao nhat Id cflng cd vuong quydn, ttt do quyen the tap trang hodn todn ttong tay nhd vua Ddi vdi dng, chd dg khoa cu Id mOt bidn phap thyc thi dd thidt lgp hdng ngu quan lieu vflng chdc Ndi edch khdc, bdng con dudng tuyin chpn quan vdn,
NGHliN Cdu OdNG B^C A sd 8(138) MOB
62
Trang 5Nghiin cihi khoa hqc
sy xuit hidn thtt hgng quan van cua chd dp
khoa ett da khdc so vdi trade ddy - thdi ky
ma ddn ddn cd su bidn chit v l tu tudng cua
bp mdy qudn 1^ trang uong H$ qud cia chd
dO khoa ett cd vai trd lam khulch truang
quyln lyc cd thd dat tdi cia vua vd vuong
quydn khidn cho vi tti cia edc quan vd bj
lung lay'
Cd thi ndi, chl dp khoa ett thdi Cao Ly
dupe t l chttc dl nhdm myc dich tdng cudng
stte manh thdng tri cua nhd vua, hay ndi
khdc, gido dye thdi Cao Ly dd gdp phdn vdo
vigc tgp trung quyln lyc vdo tay nhd vua
Vdo ddu thdi Cao Ly, triiu dinh khdng ddt
ra ky thi so khao Ddi lupng hpe Id con cua
cdc quy tpc d tridu dinh (si t^c) Cdc con em
gia dinh quy tde duge tiln ett d dja phuang
Ihi khdng cin phdi ttdi qua bit ky ky thi so
khdo nao ma vdn ed thi dupe ung thi Nhung
sau dd, ttidu dinh Cao Ly lgi ra quy dinh
phai cd ky thi so khdo Ky thi so khdo dupe
phdn chia thanh cdc vdng thi nhu thi vdo
trudng dgi hoc Qudc ttt gidm vdi ddi tugng
la hpe sinh cia Qudc ttt giam; ky thi gi&i thd
quan thi vdi ddi topng la huong cdng d
nhidu dia phuang Cdc hoc sinh d mdi dia
phuang ddu phdi trdi qua ky thi nay mdi cd
thd thi tilp d Qudc tu gidm Khi vupt qua
dupe nhttng ky thi so khao hp mdi dupe
diam gia thi li bd Ihi (ttte Id ddng dudng thi)
Nhung ttt thdi vua Thdnh Tdng cho ddn thdi
vua Dud Tdng (':41f':l 105-1122), ddi vdi
nhttng ngudi thi dd ky thi tiln si cdn phdi
ttai qua thdm mdt ky thi nOa dudi sy giam
sat cia nhd vua, ky thi ndy gpi Id thi phii
' •a*l-a, ° i ^ 4|, fr:'!!* (201 l ) , J 2 ' ? - # ^ »' -m^-'M
!>/«( ^7.]A} (Sim Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae
Bong (2011;, Tim hliu triit hoc gido due vd iich sit gido
ilic, Nxb HakJi,tr 50-51)
Chd dp khoa ett thdi Cao Ly vd co bdn dupe chia ra thdnh ky thi vdo Quic ttt gidm
vd thi tiln si, nhung sau dd dd dupe b l sung
thdm ky thi hucmg cdng vd thi phu Din thdi Cung Mdn Vuong (^^A%: 1351-1374) ndm thtt 18 (1369) Cao Ly da ddt ra ehi dp samcheung: thi Huong, thi Hpi, thi Dinh de
thay doi chd dp khoa ett do cdc vi vua cfl ddt
ra Ke ttt dd, cdc thi sinh ddu phdi ttdi qua ky thi thtt nhit dd la thi Huong ngay tgi qud huong cfla minh Sau dd, nhttng ngudi dd ky thi Huong phdi ttdi qua ky thi HOi do Id bd ehi qudn, cudi cflng Id phdi tham gia ky thi Dinh do -vua ldm chfl khdo (tuong iing vdi thi phu) CuOc thi ndy ddi hdi nhilu din tinh sdng tao, tdi vdn chuong tho, phu Nha vua
sd ra 3 dl thi vl tho, phu, ludn, cde thi smh phdi ttd hit tdi ndng dd lap ludn, sdng tdc, lam tho phi theo dd tdi nhd -vua ra Chl dO thi ett mdi ndy cd nhttng ddc didm
liy Kinh thu ldm ttpng tdm dl lot td ngdn ttt
hoc ttong vdn chuang, trong dd ky thi dmh ttd thdnh ky thi chinh quy khiln cho quydii lyc cia vua cd dnh hudng ldn ban, thi chd khoa ett din din bi nhdt nguyen hda Nhflng quy djnh trong khoa cu theo thai
gian cung ddn ttd nen phtte tgp, bat dau <M
sy xuit hidn cua Tam trudng lien quyin phdp, nghia la ndu thi ttupt vdng so khao s6
khdng dupe thi chung khdo vd nlu thi ttupt chung khdo thi khdng dupe thi vdng culi cflng Theo dd, cae hanh vi tidu cue ttong thi ett vdo cudi thdi Cao Ly ngdy mO_t tdng ldn
D I ngdn chgn cdc hdnh vi ndy, tridu dhih dd
ban hanh cde bd lugt nhu ludt Phong Di (ludt
ngdn chgn hdnh vi tidu cyc cua gidm thi
bdng edch che ten thi sinh ttong bai thi), lual Dich thu (chim thi vao bdn sao cua bai thi cua thi sinh), ludt Suu kiim, thong khdo (cdc
thi sinh khi di vdo tradng thi phdi thdng qua
Trang 6Nghiin cihi khoa hqc
vigc khdm ngudi d l khdng the mang vdo
tradng thi nhflng thu phyc vy cho hdnh vi
tidu cyc roi mdi dupe vdo tradng thi)'
Khoa ett thdi Cao Ly ldy vigc tuyin chpn
quan vdn ldm trang tdm, nhung din thdi
Cung Nhupng Vuong ( * ° < J ^ : 1389-1392)
ndm thtt hai (1390), khoa ett luyin chpn
quan vd dd dupe Ihl chl hda
Npi dung thi ett thdi Cao Ly Id sy kit h(;rp
cfla nhilu linh vyc vdi nhttng ky ndng vd sy
thdng hilu vd kinh diln hay chl thugt d l
phdt huy khd ndng cia minh nhu Id cd Ihl
nhin thiy dupe mOt hue tranh d phia trade
d khoa Jesul (chl thugt) edc budc thi ett
khdc nhau, nhtmg npi dung thi van Id tha,
phd, tfing vd thai vfi sdch Cdn khoa
Myungkyung (Minh kinh) thi thi Ngd kinh
Hinh thtte thi cia hai khoa ndy khdc nhau
Khoa Jesul phdn ldn Id thi vidt, khoa
Myungkyung thi thi vdn ddp*
Thdi Cao Ly, linh vyc vdn chuong rdt
dupe chu ttpng Ngoai linh vyc vdn chuang
cdn cd cd Hnh vyc vd thugt va tdn gido
Chdng han, khoa vd thudt ndm ttong 7 phan
khoa qudc hpe, cdc ldp hpe vd gpi Id cudng
nghf trai (kangyejae) dupe thdnh lgp vd
thdng qua khoa ett de chpn ngudi gidi vd
Nhung nhiing thi sinh dd trong cdc ki thi vd
it dupe nhdc din trong cac stt ligu cua Hdn
Quic, cdn tdng khoa thi dupe thdnh lgp
'-S^l-a, ' S ^ ^ , -n-'H-S- (20l]),Jl!4-^^ S' dS^-^lS/
"10, SI'^'I'^KSini Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae
Bong (201 \), Tim hieu triet hoc gido due vd iich su gido
*c,Nxb HakJi,tr.52)
' -s^ia, •a^a^, -s-'ii* (201 \),M^S^^ JH^^M
"/*, ^^'•1 (Sim Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae
Bong (201 ]), Tim hieu Iriil hoc gido dfic vd lfch su gido
rfnc,Nxb.HakJi,lr 51)
thdi Quang Tdng trj vi vd ddi tugng thi Id cdc tdng ni Ph|t ttt
Phuong thtte tuyin chpn nhdn tai tidu bilu cia thdi Cao Ly Id khoa ett Ngodi ra, Cao
Ly cdn cd nhilu hinh thtte tuyin chpn khde
nhu Eumseoje (im ty - con cia cdc con quan
lgi cao cip khdng phdi thdng qua thi ett md vin dupe chpn ldm quan) Cing vdi chl dO
khoa ett, dm tif Id phuong phdp luyen chpn
quan Igi phi bien nhit thdi Cao Ly Khoa ett
Id phuong phdp d l ddnh gid ndng lyc hpe vin cd nhdn thdng qua thi cu, cdn im ly Id chl dO con em quan lai nhd hudng phtte cua
16 lien d l Igi md cd the trd thdnh quan Chl
dp Eumseoje ndy hinh thdnh ndn cdc ddng
ddi quy tpc d Cao Ly vd cd dnh hudng lcin den vigc duy tri djc quydn cua cdc ddng hg ndy Nhung cung cd phuang phdp dd tiln cu
Id phuong phdp Yuil Day Id che dp tuyen chpn ddc bigt ddnh cho ngudi ed hgc thtte, tdi ndng vd duo hanh hon ngudi, nhung vi khdng cd gia thd nen khdng thd leo ldn dja vj
ldm quan Bdn canh do cdn ed chi dp boseon (tuyin chpn bd sung cua
Seongjung-aema-thanh ehiing ai md), chttc trdch md dupe gpi
Id Seongjungkwan - tuong duong vdi chttc
ngi thj, cdn chttc sdc Aema lam tic vg Id nhiing danh ximg bdt ngudn ttt Mdng Cd Day la nhiing chuc vy dgc bigt hau can bdn nhd vua Nhiing ngudi nay cd thd thdng tidn ldn quan chttc cao cdp Ngodi ra, thdng qua
tuyen chgn nhan tai cdn ed chuc vy Nam Ban (ngudi trayen lgnh vua) vd Tgp Ld, day
Id con dudng tidn than c i a cae quan chttc nhd, dieu nay phdn anh tinh ttgng hdn logn cia chd d$ phdn chia cdc cdp giai dogn hdu
ky Cao Ly'
' <'AA^ (2003),8»^-B#'i/, n7.\/.\ (Park Jae Mun (2003), Lich sir gido due Hdn Qudc, Nxb Hak Ji, tr.53
NGHliN Cdu OdNG B^C fl SO 8(138) 8-2012
64
Trang 7Nghien cihi khoa hqc
Co the ndi rdng, ttt khi Cao Ly dyng nudc
cho din thdd vua Nhdn Tdng Id giai dogn
Nho hgc phdt ttiln mgnh nhdt Nd dupe phdn
dnh bdi ndn tdng chinh trj dya tten quyln lyc
tli cao cia cdc quan vdn, dimg ddu Id nhd
vua vd chd dO hpe hanh khoa ett dupe to
chttc chat che, dupe khuydn khich, dupe
ddng dao nhdn ddn hudng ttng Nhung sy
ngupc ddi ddi vdi gidi qudn sy, cim md
trudng dgy vd, cim khdng dupe thi vd vd
nhilu nguydn nhdn khdc dd ddn din cuOc nli
logn sau ndy vd Nho gido Cao Ly tragi die
khong sao ettu vdn noi'"
3 Tinh hinh du hpe
Vdo thdi Cao Ly, hidn tupng du bpc cflng
kha phdt ttiln Trong s l nhttng Itm hpe sinh
do phdi kl tdi An Dy, Bgch Di Chinh,
An Dy (An Yu, sinh nam 1243 mdl ndm
1306), nli tilng Id ngudi thdng minh hidu
hpe, dd khoa thi nam ddu ddi vua Nguydn
Tdng (%^: 1259-1274), dupe eu phy trdch
Vidn Hdn Ldm An Dy cdn Id ngudi ve
Khing hi cflng thit thdp nhj hiln Nam thu
16 ddi vua Trang Lidt Vuong (^^%:
1274-1308), Ong dupe ttidu dinh ett sang
Ydn Kinh (Bdc Kinh ngdy nay) hpe tap
Trong thdi gian d Ydn Kinh, Ong cd djp dpc
sach cua Chu Hy Ong cho ring, hpe thuylt
Tdn Khdng gido sd phu hpp hon vdi tridu dai
phong kiln Cao Ly duong thdi, ndn dd tu
minh sao chdp lgi nhttng tdi lieu co bdn vd
quan ttgng nhit Tai lidu ma An Dy dua vd
nude duoc ttilu dinh Cao Ly tidp nhdn mdt
each nhidt thdnh dd nhanh chdng lan rdng
ttong gidi quan Igi vd dupe dem ra gidng dgy
d tradng Qudc bpc
Bgch Di Chinh (Pack I-yong, sinh nam
1275 mit ndm 1325) tttng phd td Trang Tuydn Vuong khi edn Id Thai tu d Trang Qude 10 ndm Trong thai gian do, dng dd day cdng nghien ettu Tinh Ly Hpe (Tdn Khdng gido) tgi Trang Quic Khi vd nude, dng Id dgi quan rdt thdn cfla Hodng gia Tuy dng phdi ganh trpng trdch trong tridu, nhtmg dng vdn chdm lo din phdt triln gido due, Irayln ba Tdn Khdng gido Ong da ddo lao dupe nhilu mdn dd xudt sdc nhu Ly Td Hiln, Phdc Trung Td,
Sy pho bidn Tdn Khdng gido cia hai nhan vat lieu bieu kd tren "chdng khdc gi mdt lieu thudc hfln higu dd chgy chfla, xoa diu vd luan Ihudng dgo ly va linh thdn cfla xa hdi Cao Ly lie dy"
Trdn ddy Id nhttng didu md chung tdi tim hilu dugc vd sy phdt tridn gido due trdn Bdn ddo Hdn thai Cao Ly Ttt dd, cd thi nil ra kit lugn nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, tten ca sd kl thtta nin gido due
cua Tdn La, Cao Ly eung xdy dung he thdng ttirdng hgc thdnh hai logi tradng cdng lap vd
tu thuc Tradng cdng lap thdi Cao Ly Id tradng Quic ttt gidm do trieu dinh lap ra cho ddi tupng Id con em thtt ddn vd con quan van
vd ttt bdt phdm ttd ldn Tradng tu Id nhttng tradng lap d cdc dja phuong do cdc quan van ndi tidng da vl tti si gidng dgy eho con em ddn thudng
Npi dung gido due trong tradng Qudc tu gidm dupe ehia ldm hai dgng: gido dye cdc
sdch theo kinh diln Nho giao nhu Kinh Dich, Thi, Thu, Li, Xudn thu, Hiiu kinh Ldi
" Xem: Ly Xuin Chung (2006), 77m hiiu vdn hda Hdn
Quic (Trgng tdm Id nhting van di Nho gido Hdn Qudc vd
vdn hoa mg xir) ttong T$p h^p cac bli giang chuyen de
HSn Qu6c hpe, Dai hijc Qu6c gia Hi N^i, tr 134
" Xem: Ly XuSn Chung (2006), Tim hiiu vdn hda Hdn Qudc (Trong tdm id nhung vdn di Nho gido Hdn Qudc vd vdn hda ung xu) trong TSp hi?p cic bii giang chuyen de
Hin Qu6c hoc, Bai hpe Qu6c gia Hi N6i, tr 142
Trang 8Nghiin cihi khoa hqc
hpe nay liy sdch quylt djnh tit cd Dd la
nguydn nhdn gidi thich cho sy ngung t r | cia
nhflng nudc theo Tdng Nho khi duong diu
vdi nin vdn minh cdng nghlOp Vd gido dyc
mang tinh thyc tiin Id giang dgy Lu$t hgc,
Todn hpe
Tradng hpp d edc dja phuang trudng lu
vdi phuong phdp gido dyc chi ylu nhin
mgnh din gido dyc dgo dtte, til ca cdc nghi
Id, cdeh img xu, quy chl cua ldng xd, trdn
CO sd chft Hilu
Thir hai, gido dyc vd khoa ett thdi Cao Ly
dupe to chttc nhdm bdo vg thi chd ehinh Irj
trang uang t^p quyln cia nhd nudc Cao Ly
Thir ba, thdi Cao Ly dupe chia thdnh 2
giai dogn: vdn trj vd v8 trj Giai dogn vdn trj
cd ky thi luyen chon quan vdn gdm che thudt
khog vd minh kinh khoa Bdn canh dd, thdi
Cao Ly cdn cc ehd dp dm tu tuydn dyng
nhttng ngudi cd cdng vdi ddt nudc, nhttng
con em quan lgi cao cdp vdo ldm quan khdng
qua thi cu Ngodi ra, thdi Cao Ly cdn cd tgp
khoa tuydn chpn quan ky thudt, tdng khoa
tuydn chpn cdc tdng Itt Giai doan vd trj, do
khoa tuydn chpn edc v5 quan khdng dupe td
chttc, ndn chi chpn rieng nhflng ngudi ed sue
khde trang kidn vao ban v5
Thir tu, chd dp gido dyc vd khoa cu thdi
Cao Ly hodn todn la mOt sy bdt chude, r$p
khudn theo md hinh gido due cua Trung
Qudc NOi quy, quy chd tradng ldp cung
dupe td chttc chdt ehd Cdc ki thi Huang,
Hdi, Dinh dd tuydn chgn ngudi tdi dupe td
chttc 3 ndm mgt lin Ddc bigt, cdc nhd nho
cua Cao Ly timg du hpe d Trang Qudc dd vd
nude ttnydn bd Tan Khong gido Do dd, ndn
gido due Nho hgc ttdn Bdn ddo Hdn thdi Cao
Ly Id giai dogn phdt trien mgnh md, tgo dyng
CO sd vttng chdc cho vj tti dOc tdn sudt thdi
Joseon tiep theo
Thii: ndm, gido dye vd khoa ett thdi Cao
Ly dd bdt diu di vdo nl nip, chi trpng nhilu din tinh sdng tgo cho con ngudi ttt khi hpe din khi thi, phdt huy tri tug cua con ngudi, xem nhg vin dl hpe thupc ldng
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1 Ban bidn sogn gido trinh Hdn Qude hgc
(2005), Lich sir Hdn Qudc (Bdn tilng Vigt), Nxb
Dgi hgc Quic gia Seoul
2 Ly Xudn Chung (2006), Tim hiiu vdn hda Hdn Qudc (Trpng tdm Id nhirng vdn d§ Nho gido Hdn Quoc vd vdn hda img xir) trong Tap
hpp cdc bdi gidng chuyen de Hdn Qudc hgc, Dai hgc Quic gia Hd Ngi
3 Ki-baik Lee (2002), Korea xua vd nay Lich sir Hdn Qudc tdn bien (Ngudi djch Le Anh
Minh), Nxb Thdnh phi Hd Chi Minh
4 «4^11S (2003), e?=?-E*''/, «h^l4
(Park Jae Mim (2003), Lieh sir giao due Hdn Qudc, Nxb Hak Ji
5 - a * } ? '(k^^, ^A^ (2011), M^^it %> JH-^-^l-Sl o}t^^ ^x)A) (Sim Cha
Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae Bong (2011),
Ttm hieu triet hgc gido due vd lfch sii gido due,
Nxb Hak Ji