22 •''''''''''''?!^ ''''*¥$«!#'''' # » r p W ^ SO 10 2011 IVlIlwiflJ?^ l/u diem va han che cac phircfng phap giang binh trong ddi mofi day hpc tac pham van chiTofng hien nay TS BUI MINH Dlf( TrQdng DHSP Ha Npi Giing[.]
Trang 122 _ •'''?!^:'*¥$«!#' # » r p W ^ SO 10-2011 IVlIlwiflJ?^
l/u diem va han che cac phircfng phap giang binh trong ddi mofi day hpc tac
pham van chiTofng hien nay
TS BUI MINH Dlf(
TrQdng DHSP Ha Npi:
Giing binh la mpt phQdng phap dgy hpc (PPDH) vdn
quen thude cua cdc the he gido vien (G V) nhieu nam
qua Vj the vd Qu the eua nd trong he thdng cdc
phQdng phdp (PP) giang van da dQpc nhidu nhd nghien cQu,
giang dgy vdn hpe thQa nhdn vd khang djnh Tuy nhien, sg
thay ddi he hinh dgy hpc van td't ydu dQa den viee phii kiem
djnh Igi cdc PPDH dd cd Trcng xu thd ddi mdi dgy hpc tdc
pham vdn chQdng (TPVC) thee hQdng chu trpng vdo bgn dpc
hpc sinh (HS), giang binh d n phii dQdc nhin nhdn, tham
djnh Igi tren cdc can cQ khoa hpc de xdc minh gid trj tfch cQc
cua nd theo quan niem dgy hpe vdn mdi ddng thdi cd nhQng
didu ehinh de giing binh trd thdnh mpt PP dgy hpc dae thu
vd cd hieu q u i trong gid hpc TPVC
1 Nhufng Uu diem can diidc phat huy cua phUdng
phap giang binh trong day hpc van hipn dai
/ 1 Giang binh Id ket hgp giOfa cam vd hieu, giCfa xuc cam
tham my vd nhan thiic khoa hgc, phu h<?p vdi die trung cua
boat dgng tidp nhan van hgc
Npi dung cdt loi cua dgy hpe TPVC theo hQdng HS Id
BDST Id viee GV td chQc HS hogt ddng tidp nhdn van hpe
mdt cdch hQng thu, tfch cQc, tQ gidc vd sdng tgo trdn ed s6
ede quy ludt dac thu cua qud trinh cam thy nghp thudt Hogt
ddng elm thy hay tidp nhdn vdn hpc, nhy cdc nhd ly ludn da
ehi ra, d n ddn nhieu ndng IUc tdm ly, tinh thin eua ccn
ngudi, trong dd ed sy kdt hpp giQa tri tue vd tinh cam, ly tinh
vd cam tinh, giQa tQ duy hinh tupng vd tu duy khoa hpc,
Khdng the ed mpt sQ nhdn thQc van hpe that trpn vpn nd'u
ngQdi tiep nhdn chi "cam thd'y" md khdng "hieu rd" cdi hay, cdi
dep cua van chUdng Vdn biet rang cdi thi vj eija van thd ddi
khi nam d nhQng eho khd tQdng giii, tQdng minh cho h i t nhe
nhQng ndu tie'p nhdn ludn ludn chi Id nhU the thi - nhu Bielinxki
da ndi - dd Id trgng thdi "thfch thu dau khd" Dgy hpe van
khdng the cQ "thfch thu dau khd" de rdi phai "khd dau" vl
khdng biet "thfch thu" vi le gi GS, Dang Thai Mai da cd l l n
khang djnh: "Cam thd'y hay chua du Cd hieu Id hay thi sy
thudng thQc mdi cd nghTa ly vd tde dyng" [7,tr.12] Ong cdn
IQU y bgn dpc ndu chju khd suy nghT thi the ndo eung thu
hogch dupe nhieu dilu thu vi, sdu sac, dam dd dang sau cdi
dm hudng du dUdng, tram bdng, dang sau cdi dpp cua hinh thQc, thanh didu TQ trong tdm ly sdng tdc van hpc, ngudi nghe sT da phii viet vdn bang "Khdi dc Ignh lung td budt - Trai tim ndng trTu ydu thUdng" (A.Puskin) thi trong cam thy nghe thuat ngudi dpc khdng the den vdi nhd vdn bang mpt 'IhQfmh elm vu vd" md trdi Igi, dd phai Id "tinh e l m , e l m xuc tren cd
sd mdt sQ hieu bid't khea hpe" nhu nhd phd binh Hodi Thanh
da tQng de cap Tinh cam phai dung rdi hay ndi den vide "phai mgnh, phii sdu"
Giing binh - nhu dung tdn gpi cua nd gdm ed "giang" va
"binh" Giing Id giing gill, giai thfch, cdt nghia Id khoa hpc, yeu c i u chfnh xdc, hpp ly, d n vd dij edn binh "ban than no eung Id khoa hpc nhQng ddng thdi nd cung Id nghe thuaf [13,tr.43) Binh cung d n chfnh xdc nhung chQ yeu Id "cai phin nhidt tinh cua Idi binh" Binh Id "rung cam lai cdi rung elm cua nhd van trudc sQ sdng, Id nhu dung mdu sang tdi de ldm ndi hinh khdi Idn bQc ve tren mdt phang, diJng nhac dem
de tdn cdi hay eua gipng ca" [13,tr.43] Binh thd hay binh van
- nhu Hodi Thanh da khing djnh - Id 'IQ cho minh cam thay hay, ldm the ndo cho ngQdi khde eung e l m thd'y hay" NhUng
"elm thay hay" khdng nhQng Id cim thdy hay ma quan trpng hPn Id thi'y hay d diu, vi sao ma hay mdi cd the lam cho ngddi
khie eung thdy hay duge Cho ndn, "binh phai dya trdn cd sd
khoa hpc eua giang" Id vi vay Nhung ngupc Igi "nhd binh ma Idi giang thdm sau" (Phan Trpng Ludn), nhd binh ma giang
cd dupe cdi tUPi mdt, dpc ddo cua xuc cam nghd thudt chif khdng khd khan, xd cQng, chi thuan tuy ly tinh, tri tue NhU vdy, b i n chat eua giang binh Id khoa hpc vd nghd thuat Giang can chfnh xdc, binh can cam xuc Giang g i n vdi tuduy khoa hpc, binh thidn v l tu duy hinh tupng Giang Id bdm sat lay cdu chQ, cdn binh thi tQ ngdn ngQ ma bay cao, bay xa trong the gidi bao la cua tinh cam tham my Ddy eung la nhQng hogt dpng can cd, nhQng trgng thdi tam ly can ban va nhQng bieu hidn thong thudng ma tdt dpp cQa mpt qud trinh cam thy van hpc Neu ren luydn vd phdt dpng dupe HS thi/c hidn viec giang binh nhu dQng ban chat khoa hpc cua PP thi
ed the khang djnh: HS se Id BDST cCia nha van
1.2 Giang binh dap ting yeu cau "truyen cam"-yeu to can
Trang 2Day-'vaHpC S010-2011
.NG^Y NAY —«»« »»««.»« tUIBUMt^MMBlfiaalLt'
ban, die thu trong day hgc tic pham vin chuang theo con
dudng cam xuc hda phu hgp vdi quy luat cam thu vin hgc
Van hpc nghe thuat dupe xdy dung tren nhQng quy lugt
rieng cua tinh elm Kha nang tao ra sQ ddng cam, kha nang
truyen cam la cai lam nen "phep mau", lam nen sQc vang
ngan, lam nen "ma IQc" chinh phyc huyen dieu eija van chQdng"
DT nhien, trong van chQdng khdng chi cd tinh cam NhQng
mpt thQc the ngdn ngQ tuyet ddi khdng cd kha nang rung cam
thi cung khdng the gpi la van chQdng hay cd gia tri van chudng
Mpt gid hpc vdn khdng cd sQ ddng cam giQa ngQdi sang tac
va ngudi tiep nhgn thi du "tinh chac", du diy kien thQc den
may v i n chUa the xem Id gid hpc thdnh cdng my man Thidu
di sy ddng elm, thieu vang nhQng nhQng phut "bung chdy"
cua elm xuc con ngu'di rung ddng thie't tha trQdc mdt dng thd
hay, mdt cau vdn dpp, mpt sd phan ddn dau hay mpt niem
hgnh phuc gian dj, thieng lieng gid van chi la mpt gid hpc
nhu bao gid hpc khde, cd khac chang la npi dung tri thQc c i n
truyen dat Coi HS la chu the cam thg, BDST trong day hpc
TPVC, v i n de truyen cam, ddng cam cang phai dUpc chu
trpng bdi khdng the cd mpt bgn dpc HS neu sy ndi mach npi
tdm giQa nha van va HS ehua dQdc thie't lap, ndu trgng thai
"cpng hudng cam xuc" giQa nha van - nha giao - hpc sinh v i n
chua dien ra Qud trinh cam thy van hpc thQc chit la qua trinh
cam xuc hda cdi npi dung da dQdc cam xuc hda trong tac
pham Cho nen, cam thy van hpc dfch thQc se chi cd dQdc khi
tdm hdn ngQdi dpc den dQdc vdi tdm hdn cua ngQdi sang tac
Ddi vdi dac trQng tinh cam cua van hpc nghe thuat va yeu
cau truyen cam eua gid hpc van, giang binh dQdc xem la mdt
trong nhQng PPDH cd kha nang dap Qng tdt Bdi vl ban chat
eua binh van la "lay hdn tdi de hieu hdn ngQdi" (Hodi Thanh)
tQc la "dung tinh elm de kham pha tinh elm, tQ trai tim de'n
vdi trdi tim" [3,tr.30] Binh van la "ndi lai ndi dung cam thg
(dung din) eua minh den ngQdi nghe eung d m thg nhQ minh"
[6,tr.177] Binh van Id tQ chd rung elm ca nhan khidn ngQdi
nghe eung rung cam cdi rung elm eua minh, "nhilm lay" cai
tinh elm cua tac g i i va ngQdi binh, tQ dd md tgo nen sQ ddng
cam, sQ hda ddng tham my giQa ngQdi sdng tac - ngQdi binh
van va ngQdi nghe
2.3 Giang binh cd kha nang kich thich tinh tich cue nhin
thirc, tao nen hieu qua tham my ben lau trong cam thu cua
ngifdihgc
Ly lugn va thQc tiln dgy hpc da chQng minh nhQng Idi
gidng truyen elm, nhQng bdi thuye't trinh ed "iQa" (cd mdu sic
elm xuc, cd thdi dp nhidt tinh, the hien Idng me say vd sQ tdm
huyet trong giing dgy) eua GV cd "vai trd quan trpng trpng
viec tfch cQc hda hogt dpng hpc tap vd nghien cQu cua ngQdi
hpc, truyen elm hQng vd sdng tgo cho hp" [10,tr 189] 6 ddy,
ngdn ngQ - vdi vai trd la cdng cy eua tU duy - Igi dddc hd trp bdi
ngQ didu, cQ ehi, dieu bd, thdi dp, tinh elm eua ngQdi giang
da phdt huy dupe sQc manh cua nd trong vide thu hut dQdc sQ
chu y, tap trung cung nhQ kich thfch tfnh ti'ch cQc tQ duy cua
ngQdi hpc Thdm chf nd cdn tgo dQdc nhQng "dQdng han",
nhOng "vet khIc" trdn vo nao khi de Igi nhQng an tQdng sdu
dam trong tdm tri ngQdi nghe, khidn ngQdi nghe khdng ehi
rung ddng nhd't thdi md cdn IQu giO lau ddi nhQng Idi giing
nhQ thd vd quyet tdm "di theo" ngQdi giing Ndi nhQ nhd
nghien cQu gido due Phan Trpng Ngp: "Dieu ndy elt nghTa vi
sao khdng ft HS sau khi tdt nghiep phd thdng trung hpe cd
nguydn vpng, hQng thu vdi nghd dgy hpc vd khdng ft sinh vien
dgi hpc trd ndn say me nghien cQu ITnh vQc khca hpc ma cdc giang vien - nhd khoa hpe dang thee dudi" [10,tr.189] Trong dgy hpe van, nhQng dieu neu tren cdng trd nen phd bidn bdi nhQng Idi giang binh eua cac thay, cd gido tdi nang, tam huyet ludn ludn la mpt thQ "men say", mdt "lieu kfch thfch" cam xuc, tQ duy HS mdt cdch hieu qua vd cd tac dgng Idu ben Nd khdng chi truyen cho HS niem hQng thu, mong mudn, khat khao dQpc lam theo - bat chQdc nhQng doan giang binh mlu myc cua thay, d i n d i n thanh nhu ciu, thdi quen, sQ ty tin khi binh van, binh thd md edn tgo nen mdt dpng iQc phan dau sudt ddi Hay nghe tam sQ eua mpt hpe trd khi nhd ve
"Thiy dgy van" hdi Idp 10:' Phong each, thai dp dao mao,
chQng chgc, ty nhien, ty tin cung vdi nhdng Idi giing nong
am, truyen cim cua thay da gieo vac chung tdi mdt an tQdng
dac biet Lan dau tien trong ddi, chung tdi dUdc hpc mdt thay
dgy Van van den nhQ the DQpc hpc gid van cua thiy, vdi
chung tdi la mpt niem vui sUdng Sau mdi gid hpc vdi thay, chung tdi "them yeu ddi, yeu cudc sdng va thiy minh Idn them mpt chut" dung nhu cau ndi cua nha thd Td HQu Thdi gian trdi Tdi gid ddy da Id sinh vien cudi nam thQ nha't khoa Van - trQdng Oai hpc SQ pham G i n hai nam rudi chua gap Igi thiy Tdi mong chdng den ngay nghi de tim dia chi gap Igi
thiy, ndi vdi thiy Idi cam dn: Nhd thay, nhd nhdng gid hgc van
Idp 10 mi tdi trd nen dam me van, nguyen pha'n dau dugc nhU thay Vang, 3 nam nda tdi cung la thay day van." [1 ,tr.52] Qua
that, neu phii ndi den viec phat huy tinh tfch cQc, den hieu qui tham my trong cam thg vdn hpc cua ban dpc HS thi cung khd cd nhieu dieu hdn the Chang phai ngiu nhien ma GS Nguyen Dinh Chu da cho rang ben canh viec van dgng cae PPDH tfch cQc khac, ngQdi GV v i n phai phat huy sQc mgnh cija PP thuye't giing (thuye't trinh, diin giang, giang giii,
giang binh) Gido sQvidt: " phdi thuyet giang cho ra thuydt
giang, thuyet giang de HS nhd ddi bdi giing" [2,tr.31] Nhd
gido Qu tu Dd Kim Hdi - sau nhieu nam tdm huyet vdi "cdng vide dgy van" - cOng da due kdt: dgy hpe van v i n phai "cd nhQng dogn diin giing ldm rung ddng tdm hdn cac em, lam cae em say sQa thich thu, ghi tgc vao cac em nhQng cam xuc
ed the nhd sudt ddi" [5,tr.193]
Tren ddy, ehung tdi mdi de cap de'n mpt sd Uu diem, tac dyng cua PP giang binh trong dgy hpe TPVC hien nay NhQng
QU diem dd deu dQdc nhin nhan tren quan diem dgy hpc vdn Id'y sQ tidp nhdn sang tgo cua HS lam trung tdm de vQa khang djnh nhQng gid tri tich cQc, vQng ben eua giang binh vQa tgo lap tien de cd sd cho viec van dgng vd ddi mdi PP ndy theo hQdng tieh cQc hda, hogt ddng hda qud trinh tiep can vd chiem ITnh tde pham vdn hpc cua HS Ben cgnh nhQng Qu thd
da dQdc thQa nhgn vd kiem chQng trong thQc tiin dgy hpe, giang binh cung cd nhQng hgn chd khdch quan vd viec sQ dyng PP ndy cdn bdc Id nhieu v i n de c i n tdng ke't rut kinh nghiem
2 NhQng han che can tranh khi sii dung phUdng
phdp giang binh trong day hoc van
2.1 Giang binh theo Idi truyen thu mgt chieu, ip ddt cam xuc
SQ dgng PP giang binh truyen thdng Id sQ dgng Idi dgy hpc ddn thpgi, thiy vQa Id ngQdi elm thg vQa la ngQdi truyen thg tri thQc van hpe eho HS NgQdi hpe gan nhQ thg ddng tiep nhgn thdng tin qua Idi giang binh eua thiy ma ft ed cd hpi the hien kha ndng elm thy van hpc eung nhy bdc Id thai dp, tinh
Trang 3:'4 SO 10-2011 X^^JSH
cam, cam xuc eua minh ve cdi hay, cdi dpp cua vdn thd Dd Id
ChQa ke neu vl trinh dp chuydn mdn hodc vl mpt nguydn nhan
nao dd, thiy binh khdng trung cdi "didm sang thdm my ciia
tdc pham hay giing giai sai thi hau q u i se rit t^ hgi GS
Dang Thai Mai da tQng kd Igi mpt "giai thogi" vd mOt dng gide
ngQdi Vipt giang chp HS nghe cdu ca dao:
Thu'dng em, anh cung mudn vd
Sp trudng Nha Hd, sp pha Tam Giang
Sau khi khen eau ca dao hay, dng giang:" trudng Id cdi
dQdng di qua nui sp trudng Nha Hd sp pha phd la cdi
pha la cai pha l y mai" Sau logt cudi ran cua c l Idp, mdt cdu
HS dua tay hdi: "- ThQa thiy g ! Thay g ! Thiy bio cho
con: pha la cai gi g ?" Thiy elt tidng ddng dae:"- Cdi pha I
Cai pha thi la cai pha, chQ cai gi nQa !' [7,tr.10] Cd le,
khdng c i n phai binh lugn them ve nhu'ng trQdng hpp nhQ thd
ndy
2.2 Giing binh chUa dugc xem li hogt dgng ciia chu thd
trd trong tU cich cua mgt ban dgc vdn hgc sing tgo
Phin nhilu cdc quan diem nghidn cQu trQc tidp, gian tidp
ve giing binh trQdc ddy deu nghieng vd cdng vide eua thiy,
ehu trpng vdo cdc ky thudt gidng binh eua thiy gido vdi mong
mudn vide gidng vdn dgt dQpc hipu q u i eao nhit md chQa hd
quan tdm den vipc td chQc hogt ddng binh vdn eua trd Khdng
the phu nhdn tlm quan trpng, gid trj tfch eye cua nhQng ldi
giang vdn, binh thp "dep nhQ nhQng bdi thd" eua nhQng nhd
gido tai ndng vd tdi hoa, ddng thdi eung khdng the khdng iQu
y anh chj em GV phii tranh thu hpe tap, van dgng ede ky
thudt binh vdn cua cdc nhd van, nhd thP, cdc nhd nghien cQu,
phd binh van hpc de ndng cao trinh dp chuyen mdn vd nghiep
vg giing dgy, nhQng ndu giang binh v i n chi Id cdng vide eua
thiy, cd gido thi ehung ta da tg ddnh md't mdt trong nhQng
phQPng thQc ddc thu nhd't giup HS the hien vai tre ehu the,
BDST eua cdc em Cd mdt nguydn tic ed bin trong giang
binh md ai cung bidt Id: "Ngudi binh vdn thd phai Id ngudi
hieu, elm sdu sic bdi vdn, ngudi binh vdn thd cd la bgn tri dm
vdi nhd vdn mdi tao ra dUde tid'ng ndi tri dm vdi ngUdi nghe."
[6,tr.178] Mat khde, cd hieu bidt ve tdc pham nhuin nhuyln
den dp bien thdnh rung ddng elm xuc, tinh cam chu quan
cua cd nhdn minh thi ngudi binh van thd mdi cd kha ndng gdy
elm vd truyln cam Nhu vdy, HS chi cd thd tham gia vdc vipc
giing binh khi vd ehi khi cdc em Id chu the elm thy Id bgn
dpc thQc thy eua nhd van Do do, dpng vidn, khich 1$ vd tgc
ede didu kien thudn Ipi de HS cat len tidng ndi tinh elm cua
minh vd cdi hay, cdi dpp cua thd vdn, mgnh dgn trinh bdy
cdch hieu, cdch ly giii vd Idi binh eua minh v l tdc pham cung
chfnh Id cdch phdt huy ccn ngudi bgn dpc trong cdc em, giup
ede em chu dpng, ty tin vd ty gidc hPn trong qud trinh tie'p
nhdn tdc pham Tuy nhidn, didu ddng tide Id trong miy thdp
ky qua, do thdi quen vd tu duy dgy hpc cQ, giang binh chi Id
cdng vide cua thiy gido Chi thay mdi giang dupe vd eung chi
thay mdi cd kha ndng binh vdn, binh thp trong nhd trudng
Thuc ra, giing binh Id mpt ndng iQc cam thy vd truyln thg
van hpc Nd khdng phii Id ndng khieu md Id mpt dgng ndng
lyc vdn hpc cd the rdn tap cho HS TQ Idu cdc nhd khoa hpc
su phgm Lidn Xd (eu) da khang djnh: "Tdm 1^ hpc hi$n dgi
thQa nhdn cd sQ khde nhau ve ndng iQc cua HS nhung khdng
bao gid eho dieu do Id hidn tupng bam sinh NhQng dgc diem
bam sinh chf cd the Id nhQng ddc diem thupe v l sinh ly hpc
-giai phdu, tQc Id nhQng tQchd't ldm ep sd cho sQ phdt trien tdi
ndng, chlnh tdi ndng Id kd't q u i eua sQ pha' '^'^"- ^®'"j' khdng chi dupe thd hidn trong qud trinh hogt dpng md dii chu ydu Id nd dQpc hinh thdnh ngay trong q d tnnh hogtd^i dd" [9,tr.12] Vl vdy, nd'u kidn tri tap luy?" ket hpp vdii chudn bj bdi d n thdn, trdn ed sd san cd mdt tdm hdn nh; elm cua tudi mdi Idn, HS hodn todn cd k h i ndng cQngllil giao elt nghTa binh gia v l dpp cua TPVC
Tdm Igi, gidng binh vdn Id mdt trong nhQng PPDHdS thii cua dgy hpc TPVC (hay dgy dpc hiou van bdn vdn hoc) nhd trudng phd thdng Tuy nhien, trong h$ quy chilu ciial tudng dgy hpc van tnon dai, giing binh c i n dUpc hogld^n hda theo hudng chu trpng vdo bgn dpc HS Cdng viec giJn binh cua GV v i n rat can thiet nhung khdng nhim vdovi? thda man sQ hudng thy tham my cua thay md phai hudngti trd, truyln cho tro nhung rung dong xuc cdm nghf thua khdi ddy trong cdc em tinh yeu ddi vdi vdn hpc vd y thifc ch ddng, sdng tgo cua mdt bgn dpc vdn chupng Khdng chlo vdy, gidng binh edn phdi Ird thdnh lao ddng cam thy vd b^l kit q u i e l m thy eua bdn than HS Ddy chinh Id hudng dime trcng xu thd ddi mdi day hpc TPVC theo hudng HS Id BDS' hidn nay
d
T<tj li^u tham khio
1 PhQdc Ldc Ba (2006), 'Thdy dgy vdn" D^y va Hg
ngiy nay, (6), tr.52
2 Nguyin Dinh Chu (1998), "Lgi noi v l cupc each mang
phUPng phdp trong sQ nghiep Gido dye" Ki yeu Hoi thao
khoa hgc vi Ddi mdi ndi dung, phUOng phip dgy hgc cic irm khoa hgc ea bin trong trudng Dgi hgc SUpham tr.30-34
3 Nguyin Vdn DQdng (1994) "Nghd thudt binh thd cua Hodi Thanh vdi phUdng phdp giang binh thd d nhd tnJdng
phd thdng" Luin vdn Th^c si Khoa hgc giao due, Tniclng
DHSP Hd Npi
4 Phan Bd Hdm (1972), "May kinh nghidm giang va binh
trong gidng vdn" Nghien edu gido dgc (3) tr.14-18
5 Dd Kim Hdi (1998) Nghi td cdng vigc dgy vdn, NXB
Gido dye Hd Npi
6 Phan Trpng Ludn Nguyin Thanh Hiing, TrQdng Dinh,
Tran T h i Phi^t (1998) Phuang phap day hgc vdn NXB D?i
hpc Qudc gia Hd Ndi Ha NOi
7 Ddng Thai Mai (1950), Giing vdn Chinh phu ngim, ^
thu tu tudng Thanh Hod L.K IV
8 Nguyin Ddng Mgnh (1996) "PhQdng phdp phan tich,
binh gidng tdc phUm vdn hpc" Ddd^y tdt Vdn 12, NXB Giao
dye Hd Ndi tr.5-20
9 Naidendp B.X, Kdrenhiuc I.IU., Maiman R.R
Zavatxkaia T.PH (1979) Phuang phap dgc diin cam, NXB
Gido dye, Hd Ndi
10 Phan Trpng Ngp (2005), Day hgc vd phuang phap
dgy hgc trong nhd trUdng, NXB Dai hpc Su pham, Ha Noi
11 Ddng Thiem (2005), Cdng hgc sinh khdm phi qua
mdi gid vin, NXB Gido dye, Hd N6i
12 Hodng Thj Thiiy (2006), "PhQdng thQc binh trong qui
trinh dgy tdc pham thd" Day vi Hgc ngdy nay, (i o) tr 27-28
13 Ld Trf Viin (1998), Ddn vdi tha hay NXB Gido due,
Hd Ndi