stf DUNG BAI TAP GIAO DUC HOC TRONG DAY HOC DAO TAO THEO HETHONGTJN CHJ O ThS H 6 THI DUNG" 1 V I bdi tdp Gido dye hqc Gido dt/c hgc (GDH) Id mdn nghidp vy h ong h udng su phqm (SP) cd vj h"i hit sue[.]
Trang 1stf DUNG BAI TAP GIAO DUC HOC
TRONG DAY HOC-DAO TAO THEO HETHONGTJN CHJ
O ThS H 6 THI DUNG"
1 V I bdi tdp Gido dye hqc
Gido dt/c hgc (GDH) Id mdn nghidp vy h-ong
h-udng su phqm (SP) cd vj h"i hit sue quon trqng
giup sinh vidn (SV) ed duqc nhirng hllu bilt, 1^
ndng (KN) co bdn cua nghi dqy hqc (DH) Vi^c
sd dyng bdi tOp (BT| h-ong DH mdn GDH Id mdt
bl§n phdp nhdm phdt huy Hnh tfch eye vd h>ng
budc rdn luy^n nghidp vy su phqm (SP) cho SV d
cdc hvdng SP Kd thCra cd chqn Iqe vd phdt triln
cdch f^dn chlo dya vdo mye dich, ydu cdu su
dyng cdc dqng BT, chOng tdi dua ra nhi>ng dqng
BT GDH nhu sou:
- e r If thuyit Boo gdm cdu hdi (CH), BT ddi
hdi ngudi hoc \6\ hl^n lql nhihig kiln thuc li thuyll
dd hqe hay vdn dyng tri thuc li thuylt d l phdn
Heh, ldm sdng Id nhi/ng ludn dilm ve GD Vfdt/:
Hd Chu tjch dd tOng ndi: <tHiin du phdi ddu Id
h'nh s5n/Phin nhiiu do GD md n^' Bdng nhihig
k l ^ thuc If ludn G D H , anh (chj) hay Idm rd vol
h-d cuo cdc y l u td trong sy phdt triln nhdn cdch
quo hai cdu tho h-en
- BT thi/c hdnh: Id loql BT nhdm vqn dyng If
luqn d l gidi quylt cdc vd'n d l dong vd se diln ra
h-ong thyc tiSn G D , Id nhung BT rdn luy^n KN DH
vd G D Cy thi: + Logi BT th\/c hdnh cd tfnh chd't If
thuyit: + Logi BT tu thi/c tien rut ra cdc kit Iuin
SP; + Logi BTthi/c hdnh gldl quyit cdc tinh hud'ng
GD; + 1^1 BT thi/c hdnh rin luy$n KN
2 SO dyng BT h-ong DH
Cdn cu vdo d^c trung eua h/ng bdi hqc, myc
tidu SV cdn dqt d l su dyng BT cho mdl gid hqc Id
khdc nhau BT ed t h i su dyng d nhiluIchdu cua
m§t gid hqe nhu:
- Md diu bdi hgc Su dyng BT h-ong khdu ndy
cd tdc dyng djnh hudng, kfch thfch hung ihu, tu
duy, tqo tdm t h i hqc ldp cho HS Do v§y, BT h'ong
khdu ndy thudng duqc ddt dudi dqng CH ngdn
gqn Id nhiing van d l don trj, nhdm dinh hudng
eho HS xdc djnh duqc mdu thudn tdn tqi vd cdch
gldl quylt nhl$m vy
- Nghiin cuu bdi mdl: Trong qud trinh gidng
bdi nrjdi, thay bdng thuylt trinh, G V lya chqn mdt
sd n^l dung hudng ddn HS gldl BT Tuy nhidn, thye t l khdng phdi BT ndo eung cd i h l md hod duqc ndi dung eua kiln thuc Hong bdi mdi Vt
viy, thdng thudng G V HuvIn thy at\o HS nh(>ng
kien thiJc ban ddu ndo dd, sou dd cd t h i vua
gidng, vua cho HS luy$n t$p, ciing ed kiln lhi>c
mdl ngay Iqi chd giup HS hiiu bdi, ghi nhd bdi tdt hon vd cd dllu kl^n rdn luy#n K N , kT xdo mdn hqc Ddng thdi cdn cu vdo kit qud Idm bdi cua
HS, G V cfilu chtnh PPDH cho phu hqp vdl dllu
kl$n thyc t l
- dn tip kl^ thuc: Si> dyng BT trong dn tfip khdng chi giup HS cung d nhihig kiln thdc da
bill, md edn giup hq tiep nhdn kioi ihuc da hqc dudi gde dO mdi, G V ed i h l kilm ho vd ndm duqc kit qud tilp ihu HI thuc, rdn luydn KN cua HS
- Klim tra, ddnh gid k^ cud hgc top cua HS:
G V cd t h i su dyng BT hong khdu ndy hong tdi cd cdc kx;il gid hqc, thdng qua nhilu hinn thuc nhu: BT hdc nghifm, BT ihyc hanh, Qua dd, HS cd i h l l y ddnh gid k^ qud hqc tqp eixi bdn thdn d l dllu chinh ft'hqe sao cho ed h l ^ qud nhdt K^ qud hqc tqp eua HS Id eo sd giiip G V dllu chinh PPDH Hl§n nay cdc trudng dqi hqe ihye h i ^ dao tqo theo hd thd'ng h'n chi vd thudng cd 3 loql gid hqc: gid li'thuylt; gid BT, thdo ludn; gid h/ hqc Trong gid If ihuyll, G V chO y l u hinh bdy nhihig vd'n d l CO bdn, cd Hnh khdi qudt n$i dung ci3a hqc phdn Vi v0y, cdc BT duqc su dyng trong gid
li thuyll thudng ngdn gqn, chu y l u dudi dqng cdc CH gqi md v(!ri nhilu myc dfch khdc nhau:
Cd i h l Iqo tinh hud'ng cd vdn d l , thdm dd Hinh d§ hllu b i l l cua SV, td chue eho SV Irnh h§l Hi ihdc mdl, td ehuc thdo lu^n hodc kilm ho, ddnh gid nhanh tql chS qud h-inh h'nh hdi kiln thuc cua SV, Odl vdl gid thdo ludn (hinh thuc Idm v i ^ t$p thi) ndn BT thudng Id nhCmg vdn d l rdng d u ^ dqng chO d l , ho$c gidl cdc BT cd h'nh l^di aufit cao, ddi hdi SV phdi vdn dyng tdng hqp tri thue cuo nhilu bdi hqe d l gldl q u y l l nhifm vy hqc
*Tra8iSfi9ibQcHAis6il!c
Trang 2thudng giao BT cho SV c6 i h l Id tv on tqp kien hpc, d6ng thdi Id co sd d l G V dllu chtnh PPDH
thuc cue tu6n hpc dd hodc tv luySn Igp m$t so BT soo cho phu hpp
nhSm cung cd' tri thuc da hpc, hoy vISt ihu hopch 4 Quy Irinh si) dyng C H , BT cho old ten ldp
m?t n§l dung Iv nghiin cuu, dudi svdjnh hudng 1) Sti dt/ng CH, BT Irong gid li muvil
cOo GV ^ Quy trinh g6m cdc budc sou: - NghlSn cthj
3 Nhffng ySu cfiu khi si) dyng C H , BT mt/c tiiu, n^i dung nio fed; dgy Vdl phucmg
Irong DH ^ ihuc ddo tqo theo tin chi d cdc trudng dpi hpc
• He tfldng CH, BT phdi id rdng, chinh xic hl0n noy, tlidi glon ddnh cho gid If thuylt gidm,
dam bdo phu hgp vdi n^l dung bdi hoc vd cdch thay vdo dd Id tdng thdi gian thdo ludn, thvc
rft(Jc(6'c/ji>cg/d/ipccuaGV:Trongqud trinh l§n hdnh vd h/ hpc Do v^y, h$ thd'ng CH, BT si)
ldp, CH, BT md G V su dgng phdi dupc ndy sinh dgng Irong cdc gid li thuylt thudng t§p trung d
tdt ylu iheo logic ciia n^i dung bdi hpc Trong nhvng vd'n d l trpng tdm cOo bdlTfipc vdl mgc
cdc bql CH, G V nSn t^p Irung si) dgng loql CH dfch n h i m cOng c6 Iri thuc, gpi md nhung v i n
dl/ dodn, gldl thich hay phdn tich, chijng minh vl d l mdl cho SV trSn co sd nhdng kiln thuc ciia
dil vdl kiql CH ndy ddi hdi SV phdi suy nghr, dv tdng bdi hpc nhSm kich thich SV tham gia vdo
dodn cdc phuong dn gidi ouylt vd'n d l vd v l ^ qud Irinh gidl q u y l l cdc nhi^m vy hpc t0p; - Dt/
dv dodn d mSi SV cd i h l khdc nhau n6n hinh kiS'n st} dt/ng cdc dgng BT vd id lugng CH, BT
ihdnh d cdc em nhu cdu Irao d l i , thdo ludn ngoy Irong m5i bdi hgc: TrSn co sd xdc djnh nOi dung
Irong bdi dqy D l l u ndv Idm cho khdng khf Tdp Irpng tdm cuo tOng bdi, cdn cv vdo Irinh d$
hpc sdi nd'l, mdl sd' KN hpp tdc givo SV-SV, SV- nhdn thi)c cuo SV, G V Ivo chpn cdc dqng BT (li
GV duoc diln ra ihudng xuy§n Qud trinh bpc Ip thuylt, thvc hdnh) cd tfnh diln hinh, nhung linh
suy nghi bin trong Clio SV Irudc cung mdt vd'n d l hud'ng G D chiia dvng mdu thudn cao, gdn vdl
s3 giup cho G V ddnh gid miic d$ hllu bdi vd ddi sd'ng, md ra nhilu hudng 66 SV phdn lich,
n^m vvng bdi d mi)c od ndo d l trdn co sd dd tranh luqn Tuy nhidn, so' lupng CH, BT khdng
dllu chinh hoot d^ng DH cho phu hpp vdl Irinh n3n qud nhilu vd qud khd, dllu ndy se tqo dp
d§ nhdn thiic cua SV Ivc cho SV trong gid hqc, ddn d i n trqng thdi
- Tinh vOa sue dd'i vdl It/a tvo'l vd ndng It/c m^t mdi xud'l hi|n sdm, hodc toqi BT qud d l se
ciJo SV: CH, BT phdi ndm trong khd ndng nhdn khdng kich ihich tinh tfch cvc ciia SV trong hqc
ihlic ciia ngudi npc nhdm kich thich ngudi hpc tdp Thdi gian ddnh cho mdi CH, BT cdn dv kiln
BT md G V dv djnh si) dgng khdng phdi d i u kSp, trdnh hien lupng bdi gidng roi vdo tinh trqng
dupc Ihvc hi^n cd md cdn cd sv linh hoqt Cd «ddu voi, dudi chupt" 'Thvc tiln cho thd'y, sv
nhiing CH, BT G V djnh sv dyng nhung rdi Iqi ihdnh cdng cua mdl gid dqy phg thudc rd'l nhilu
ihii, hodc cd nhffng CH khi tinh t h i doi hdi thi vdo chd't lupng gido dn cua GV; - Khi sif dt/ng
phdi nhanh chdng dua ra Do vqy, G V cdn dy CH GVcanltw y: + Djnh hudng vdo sd ddng
dodn trvdc dupc nhffng phdn iing ciia SV khi SV nhdm duy tri llln trinh hdi - ddp diln ra
tilp nhdn CH, BT d l dy kiln cdc^ xii li trong thvdng xuydn giua GV-SV, SV-SV; -i- Tdn trpng
tiing tind hud'ng cg i h l Thyc hidn td'i dupc d i i u thdi gian suy nghr cuo SV, ndr cho SV cd thdi
ndy ddi hdi G V phdi Id ngudi cd Irinh dd gian suy nghr vd luy tiing CHcd i h l sou mdl vdl
chuydn mdn vffng vdng, hllu rd ddi Ivqng ngvdl gidy hoijc ti) 3-5 pfiiit, sou dd G V khuyin khfch
hoc vd cd khd ndng xi) If linh hoql Irong cdc SV chii ddng Ird Idi Qud trinh SV Irinh bdy cdch
linh hud'ng cg i h l gidi quylt vd'n d l , G V cdn tdn trpng, chu yt Idng
- Ddnh gid vd ihu ihdng tin phdn hSi vS kit nghe, dllu ndy i h l hi^n sy tin ludng ciia G V
qud/K>c%)CiJaSV: Ddnh gid i h l hifn d hai mdl Irudc cdu trd Idl ciia SV, kfch thich SV mqnh
Id Ihiim d|nh vd chdn dodn D l ddnh aid thyc dqn hon khi trinh bdy cdch gidi quyll cOa minh;
Irang kit qud hoc tdp ciia SV, G V cd i h l dung + Cdu trd Idi cua SV cd i h l dung, dOng mdl
kiqi CH, BT cd tfnh vdn d l vdi mdl phuong dn phdn ho^c sol N l u cdu Ird Idl dung, G V ndn
Hid vd mdt phuong dn dS kit hpp vdl nhau Cdch cd sy ddng vidn cdc em bdng nhffngliinh thi)c:
vdo kit qud tn5 Idl Clio mdt sd SV kit hqp quon hodn todn diing hodc sai thi G V cd i h l gpi mdl
sdt cOo G V cd i h l ddnh gid kit qud Irnh hdi Iri hodc mdt vdl SV khdc trd Idl bd sung, tqo ndn
Tap chi Slao due so 2 8 7 (w i • « / M m ^
Trang 3nhau h-ong lao d0ng khoa hqc; - Ddnh gid kit
qud CH, BTdSV: Sou mSl cdu trd Idl cOa SV,
GV c6n cd nh^n xdt, ddnh gid trdn co sd Hi
chilu ydu du cuo CH, BT d l ra Ddy Id m$l
khau CO bdn cOa qud trinh DH, vi$c ddnh gid
ndy khdng chi ddng lql d kit qud SV dqt duqc,
md cdn ddnh gid cd y thuc, thdi d^ cOa SV khi
tilp nhOn nhi^m vy, ddnh gid sy hqp \6c giOa
GV-SV, SV-SV trong gldl quylt vd'n d l , mi>e
d$ thdnh thyc cOo cdc KN hqe t^p, ding thdi kit
aud ddnh gid Id co sd xdc djnh vi$e td' chdc gid
dqy ctia GV cd dqt hi^u qud hay khdng? 6 mde
do ndo? Ti> dd GV diiu chinh PPDH Hong cdc
gid dqy Hip theo Ddy Id khdu cud'i cOa qud
Hinh DH, ddng thdi lql Id co sd b6t ddu cho cho
m^tqud Hinh DH mdl
2) SI} dvng CH, BT trong gid thdo Iuin Di
ii chuc gid ihdo lu<ln, thdng ihudng GV gloo
nhl^m vy hqc t<ip eho SV nghidn cdu hvdc, n^l
dung ihdo lu^n Id nhihig vdn d l cd Hnh ldng hqp,
dudi dqng CH, BT If thuylt, BT thyc hdnh ho0c
chu d l duqc GV lya chqn Irdn co sd nhOng n^l
dung dd duqc gldl thl$u Hong d l cuong chi Hit
mdn hqc
Quy Wnh su dyng CH, BT Hong gid thdo Iu$n
nhu sou: - Xdc dfnh myc tiiu, yiu ciu SV cin
dgt cua gid thdo Iuin: Myc Hdu cOa gid thdo
lui^n nhdm h$ thd'ng hod kiln thuc If thuyll dd
hqc, Idm rd m^l quon h$ gli/a cdc kiln thuc
Hong chuong Mnh mdn hqc, mi\ auan h$ giifa
cdc mdn hqc SV bilt v^n dyng Kiln thuc d l
gldl quylt cdc vd'n d l If lu$n vd thyc Hin, rdn
fuy^n KN DH vd GD, b l l dudng KN Idm vl$c
I0P thi glCta SV-SV, giOa GV-SV; - Lt/a chgn
CH, BT, cdc cho di rfido Iuin: Cdn cu vdo mye
Hdu SV cdn dql duqc H'ong mSi gid ihdo lu^n,
GV ndn lya ehqn n$l dunq thdo TuQn Id nhi/ng
vdn d l Hqng tdm trong chuong Hinh mdn hqc
nhung cd sy md r$ng, g^n vdl thyc Hin Sd luqng
SV trong n>5l nhdm Id ca sd d l GV giao nhi^m
vy cy the Nhdm trudng cOa m&\ nhdm SV phdn
cdng nhl$m vy eho h>ng thdnh vidn cOa nhdm
minh vd cdn cd sy trao ddi, thdo lu^n thdng
nhd't gli}a cdc ihdnh vidn trong nhdm v l mye
tidu, k l hoqch thyc hi^n, thdi gian thyc hl$n vd
hodn thdnh nhl^m vy; - TVd'n hdnh rfido Iuin:
Thdng thudng d dql hqe, Hong cdc gid thdo lu$n,
GV khdng chi ndu vd'n d l thdo lu$n, quy djnh
thdi gian cho nhdm SV duqc phdn cdng bdo
cdo, md cdn Id ngudi ldng hqp k i l qud bdo
cdo cija cdc nhdm, dllu chrnh n$l dung bdo
PJ
cho d l Sy khdng ihdng nhdl v l ddp dn hoy quon dilm cua cdc nhdm, cd nhdn trvdc ciing mdl vdn d l sd tqo ndn mdl bdu khdng khf [dm vl|c tfch eye giffa cdc thdnh vidn Mdl cd nhdn s» bdc 1$ khd ndng hllu bill, Mnh sdng tqo ciia bdn thdn trong nhffng hoqt ddng chung Thdng thvdng, khi xdy ra nhffng tinh hudng nhv vdy,
GV cdn dllu chfnh d l budi thdo ludn khdng roi vdo linh Irqng lan man, khdng cd hdi kit; - GV
tdng kit, nhin xit, ddnh gid kit qud bdi Idm cOa h>ng nhdm, ddnh aid thdi df hgp Idc glOa cdc Ihdnh vlin Irong nhdm
31 Si) di/ng CH, BT Irong gId llf hgc Ngodi
nhffng CH, BT du<?c thyc hi$n trdn kip, GV cd ihl glao BT v l nhd cho SV ly ciing cd, luydn ldp, rdn luyfn cdc KN Kit qud thyc hl|n cdc nhilm vg ndy i h l hl|n qua vd ty hpc ciia cd nhdn Qua sdn phdm ciia SV, GV ddnh gid y' ihiic, ihdl dd, Hnh chuyin cdn, kit qud bdi Idm vd muc dd ihdnh thqo cdc KN DH vd GD
Quy trinh thyc hi|n gid ly hqc thyc hidn theo
cdc budc sou: - Xdc djnh mt/c tiiu SVcSn dgt, k/a
dv?n n^ dung It/ hgc (ll ihuy^, iht/c hdnh) trong mSl ludn; - G/oo nhlim vt/ tt/ bgc, xdc djnh ihdl gian iht/c hl$n mil nhlim vy; - Klim Ira, ddnh gid htqud Iht/c hiin cdc nhl$m vy V''P<:(<:d ihl ihdng
qua nhilu hinh thvc nhv: vd ly hpc cua SV, kiSn tro nhanh tql kSp cdc n^i dung Iv hqe, kilm Ira vlH mdl liong nhffng ndi dung SV ly bpc tql ldp, )
Kit qud ciia cdc Hnh ihiic kilm Ira ndy khdng chi ddnh gid ndng k^ hqc i ^ md cdn ddnh gid f
thiic, ihdl dd dSl vdl mdn hpc ciia mdl SV Q
m i l t u tham khio
1 DJng Thilnh Hung D»y h»c hi(n dfi (Ll lujn, bi«n
phSp kl Ihu^I) NXB Dfl HQC quIfc gia, H 2002
2 Trln Tht Tuyft Oanh (chi bien) GUo dfC h?c (t$p
1 ;2) NXB Bfl Itfc suphfm, H 2009
3 Thfti Duy Tuyen Phuong phip d^y h^c truyin
thOng vi ddt mM NXB Gido <f|ic, H 2008
SUMMARY
Using the exercises In Itieteactting process Is con-sldeied a type, on actlvB teaching rrtethod which enables students to find out and solve the protilems However, teachers nowaday depend mainly on their experiences in helping students to solve the exercise problems Therefore, Itiis paper sttjdies In depth the general and exercises on peaagogics In particular Itvough the method ot credit teaching as a reference for the teachers m Older to etncienlly use h the teach-ing process and trainteach-ing career sidlls for students
lap chi Slao due s6 287 (w i 6/Mm