sir TAC DONG CUA QUY LUAT BAI TRUNG TRONG NHAN THUC KHOA HOC Trong thtf gi6l khdeh quan, mpi si/ vqt, hi$n iupng ^ u d trong qud trlnh vdn ddng va chuydn h6a khdng ngi/ng Nhung trong nhihig g^ hqn nh^[.]
Trang 1sir TAC DONG CUA QUY LUAT BAI TRUNG TRONG NHAN THUC KHOA HOC
T rong thtf gi6l khdeh quan, mpi si/ vqt, hi$n
iupng ^ u d trong qud trlnh vdn ddng va
chuydn h6a khdng ngi/ng Nhung trong
nhihig g^ hqn nh^t djnh v | khdng gian vd thdi
gian, si/ v$t ddng nh^t vdi chinh nd; ctd Id si/
di>ng tm tuong ddl cOa si/ vdt Tu duy vdl tu each
Id St/ phdn dnh cOa tdn tqi vd y tni>e cua eon
ngudi duong nhlSn nd cung ishdn dnh ed trgng
thdi v$n d$ng vd ed trqng thdi di>ng Im tuong
dii • Dd chinh Id tu duy oi$n chung vd tu duy
diinh xdc VI si/ diing Im cOo si/ v$t Id tuong ddi
cho nfin tu duy chfnh xdc Id mpt b$ khdng tdch
nM vdi tu duy bi$n chi>ng trong qud trlnh nhdn
thi>c thif gidl khdeh quan
Tuduy Id ddi tugng nghl&n cuu cOa n h l ^ ngdnh
khoa hpc khdc nhau nhir Ljogic hpc, Tdm li npe,
Sinh If hpc thdn kinh coo cdp, Su phpm hpc,
Nhung Locgic hpc vdi tu cdch Id m$t khoa hpc v |
tu duy phdn bi$t vdi cdc khoo hpc khdc Id d chd,
nd n^lSn cOu tv duy vdi tu cdch Id m$t qud trinh
nhdn 4iOc, cd nghTa Id tu duy dang nh$n thOe
Tu duy bl$n chihig vd tu duy chfnh xdc Id ddi
tupng nghiSn cdu cOa Logic bl^n chi>ng vd Logic
hlnh thuc
Logic hlnh thi>e dl sdu vdo nghldn cihi k^t
c£fu cila tu duy chinh xdc nhu mdt h$ Axing
nhOng si/ phdn dnh dd hodn thdnh d^ tim ra
nh(?ng m^i quon h$ t^t yixi glOa cdc y^u t^ e£iu
thdnh tu duy; tim ra nhOng quy lu$t, quy tdc cua
tu duv dOng ddn
NhOng quy lu^t cOa Logic hlnh thuc tdc ddng
vdo mpi qud trlnh tu duy vd trd thdnh ca sd cho
cdc quy toe, c^o cdc thoo tdc cOa tu duy nhu ^nh
nghTa, suy ludn, c h i ^ minh Cdc quy tdc ndy
ddm bdo cho tu duy cOa eon ngudi nhdn thuc
dung ddn th^ gidl khdeh quan Do v$y, cdc quy
ludt cOa Logic ninh thik cd chOc ndng diSu Hit
tfnh dOng dran trong hopt d ^ g tu duy eCa con
ngudi dya trftn nhiTng tu tudng dd hodn todn
xdc ^ n h , nhJ^t qudn, iJidng mdu ihuSn vd cd ddy
dUcdncd
V l ^ tudn thO cdc quy kidt cOa Logic hlnh thik
Id diAu k l ^ cdn thMft cW dpt dupe didn If trong
Q PGS TS L£ V A N P O A N ' qud trlnh nhpn thi>e Trong Logic hlnh thOe cd b^n quy ludt CO bdn sou: Quy lupt ddng nhd't, Quy ludt cam mdu thuan, Quv ludt ludt bdi trung (lopl tru (xil thi> bo) vd Quy ludt If do ddy du Trong phpm vi bdl vi^t ndy, tdc gid ehi d l cdp d^n si/
tdc d$ng {hi^u li/c) cuo Qoy Iu0t bdl InJng (QLBT) trong nhin thuc l^oa hgc
QIBT phdt bidu: «Vdl cdng mgt dil tugng, xem xit trong cCing mgt mil quan h$, tgi cOng mgt ihdl dlim ihl trong hal tu tudng mdu thudn rhau dot Idiodtphdl cd m$t dOng, m^t sal, Ihdng
cd khd ndng thuba'{})
Trong khoo hpc, QLBT thudng dupe su dyng trong phucffig phdp chi>ng minn phdn chung
Chdng hpn, oiung minh rdng -Jl Id m^t s^ vd tl
To si> di/ng QLBT nhu sou:
Gid si>>/2 khdng phdl Id sd vd tl, nhu vdy V2 ldsdhuutivdlacdthlddt:-=>^(ll(trong
d d - Id nhdn ti tdl gidn) ++ (2) P = >/2 q
(2) F» > 2q3 (3), ti> do ta cd F» Id s^ ehSn vd P
phdi idsidt^n, cho nin P > 2p, (4); thoy (4) vdo (3) ta cd: {2p,P =- 2 q = 0 4p,2- 2q^ (5)
0 2p,= = qM6|
Ti> dd la ed q^ Id sd chSn, vd ta suy ra q Id so chdn, cho nin q » 2q, (7)
Ti>(4)vd{7)tacd:^ = | ^ ( 8 ) Dieu ndy cd nghTa Id— khdng phdl Id phdn s^toi gidn N h u v ^ , (8) trdI vdi 0 ) : - I d phdn
si tdl gidn Do66 ^|2 khdng th^ Id so hOu tl, vdy
I d ^ phdllds^vdtl
Trong hopt d$ng nhdn thi>c, QIBT glCt m^t voi trd quan trpng, nd glup chOng ta li/o chpn
Trang 2chung la Dilt rdng, s i / n i i n huu trong ti/ nhlin,
trong xd hpl vd tu duy trpng thdl ^n djnh tuong
dol, tinh xdc ^ n h cOo ede tfnh chd't vd cdc quan
h i giDo cdc s i / ' ^ t vd h i i n tupng chfnh Id t i l n
de leidch quan cho si/ tdc dpng cuo ede quy ludt
Logic hlnh thi>c trcmg tu duy cOa con ngudi
Nhung frong ty nhiin vd xd hdl ihudng d l l n ra
51/ blen ddl, si/ ehuyin hda cdc ddl tupng vd
Hnh e h ^ cOa chung thdnh edi d^l Idp vdi chfnh
minh, vl vdy cdc trpng thdl ehuyin hdo vd ede
Hnh hu^ng trung gion xdy ro khdng ft Tfnh
khdng xdc ^ n h trong nhpn thuc cOa con ngudi
xu^t hi^n trudc h i t Id do si/ phdn dnh trpng thdi
ehuyin hda cua chfnh cdc dol tupng trong the
gidl hlin thi/c, ddng thdi cdn do si/loidng ddy
a u , thiiu chfnh xdc vd si/ phdn dnh khdng phO
hpp mdt cdch hodn todn ede khdeh t h i nhdn
tht>c md chOng to nghlin cOu chdng
D l thdy dupe hi$u li/e cOo QLBT trong hopt
d$ng nhdn thuc chung to hay phdn Kch mdt so
Hnh hudng ehuyin hdo ihudng gdp trong ty nhlin,
xd hdl vd cd trong qud trinh nhdn thuc cdc si/ v^t,
hi$n tupng
Trong ti/ nhiin Knh thilu dn i^nh v l si/ ehuyin
ddi cua cdc ddng khf do chju dp li/c cOa cdc
vung dp th£ip vd vOng dp coo dd gdy l i n sy
b l l n ddl rling bl$t cOa thdi tilt, ddng thdi nhOng
hi^n tupng ty phdt khdng qudn If dupe cOa ty
nhiin nhir ddng ddt, lO lyt, sy phun trdo cOa nOI
li}a; hpn hdn node mua rdo dang trd thdnh
nguyin nhdn cua nhffng tai hop Trin thyc t l
khdng phdl lOc ndo con ngudi cOng dy bdo dupe
mdt cdch chfnh xdc h l | n tupng ly nhiin dd n i u
nhu: thdl tilt, ddng d^t, la lyt, Vd ehfnh d l l u
dd Idm cho con ngudi khdng t h i chudn bj kjp
thdl dd'l phd dupe nhi/ng ht^n tupng ty nhiin
ngodi y mu^n
Tl) ^ Cd dpi da cd nhung nhd Logic hpc
^ o rdng trong mpt s i Hnh hudng quan n$ d i n
luong b i , chOng to khdng t h i vdn dyng'QLBT bdl
vl cdc m^nh d l sou ddy: «Ngdy moi s i cd hl$n
tupng soo bdng vd ngdv moi nidng cd hl$n tupng
soo bdng', hdm nay oiung khdng phdl Id chdn
thyc vd cijng khdng phdi Id gid d i l n>d cd hal
d i u khdng xdc djnh Trin thyc t l chung ta khdng
t h i ndl chfnh xdc dupe tt> hai phdn dodn mdu
thuon nhau nhir «CHKI m^t thdng nCro d Nhpt
Bdn s i xdy ra d^ng ddt vd quo mdt thdng nOa d
Nhdt Bdn s i khdng xdy ra d$ng d d r , phdn dodn
ndo Id chdn thyc vd phdn ^3dn ndo Id gid ddl
Tror>g khi dd, cdn cuvdo nhung Knh todn khoo
tung gidy cdc hiin lupng nh^t thyc vd nguy|t thyc truoc hdng trdm ndm Chfnh v) vdy, trong Hnh huong ndy QLBT hodn todn e d h l ^ lye, mde dO
nd dupe vdn dyng vdo cdc phdn dodn phdn drA cdc hl§n tupng d l l n ro trcmg tuong lol VI vdy,
^ec dp dyng QLBT vdo cdc sy v l ^ riing l i trong tucmg lal ddi hdl E ^ I phdn Kch mdt edeh cy ihl dd'l vdl tung Hnh hudng
Trong xd hpl cung nhu trong ty nhiin, ddng thdi vdi Knh xdc dinh vd Knh dn djnh cdn ed Hnn
huong khdng xdc dinh, edn ed ede glai dopn vd
cdc h^ng thdl ehuyin hda cua cdc sy vdt hl$n tupng Cdc sy vlic ngdu nhlin khdng dy dodn dupe rd't hoy xdy ra Qidng hpn nhCrn^ thdm hop dudng hdng Uidng, cdc sy c£) dudng sdt vd dudng bd, V i | c Hin dodn ehfnh xdc mpt thdm hop riing bi$t ndo dd Id rdt khd thdnh cdng Chfnh vi v$v, ehOng to kbdim t h i dp dyng QLBT vdo nhOng Hnn huing nhu thfiT
Trong nh^n thuc, n h ^ thilt phdi chO f den cdc
Hnh hudng khdng xdc ^ n h Cdc Hnh hudng dd tdt y l u dSn d ^ gid tr] ihu ba cua Knh ehdnlf Id
«Khdng xdc djnh' C h ^ g hpn cdc phllu dllu tra
xd hdl hpc dupe sd dyng vdi myc dich nghlin
cuu cdc y kiln xd hdl, trong dd tfnh khdng xdc djnh cOa cdc cdu trd Idi phdl dupe Knh ti> trudc,
do dd trong f ^ l l u edn phdl thilt k l cdt Ong vdl cdu trd Idi: «Tdl khdng b i l r , d i n g thdl phdl chO
•^ d i n cd trudr^ hpp trong dd ngudi to hodn todn
khdng trd Idl d i n cdu hdi ndy hay cdu hdl khdc Chfnh vl vdy, trwig khi d y thdo bdn dllu tra
xd hdi hpc cho mdy Knh dlin ti}, phdn Idp trlnh
cho nd c6n Knh den Midng ehf cdc trudng hpp
cho ede cdu trd Idt xdc djnh: «Cd'hodc «Khdng',
md edn cho cd cdc trudng hpp vdi ede edu trdldl
«Khdng xdc djnh'
Trong tu duy thdng thudng vd tv duy khoo hpc, con ngudi thvdng dl d i n phdn Kch nhOng khdl nl$m od Knh didt m I m d i o , llnh d ^ , Midng
ed ngopi dlin dupe djnh vl chdt chi Vf dy, khdl nl$m «Ngual t r i tudi', « 5 n g g i d ' , «Chlie do ddl hpp thdi trang*, vd nhilu vf dy khdc nOa, Trong todn hpc Logic hpc, D l l u khiln hpc vd trong nhilu cdc khoa hpc khdc, cd nhilu Midi niim md ngopi d l i n d x i chOng dupe djnh vj chdt
c h i dong dupe sv dyng, cdc thudt todn ayy djr^
mpt cdoi rd rdng Knh npp If cOa cdc p h i p todn
dong dupe dp dyng vdi nhOng khdi nl$m dd
Nhung trong qud trinh phdn dnh hi|n thyc khdeh quan, tu duy tfwdng sv dyng nhOi^ khdl nl|m llnh hopt khi gdp phdl nhihig thudt nga todn n
T8PClMBIaci»cs6 282
<ida-odn mfl
Trang 3cdc bdi to<^ md chinh cdch ihiit Ipp chdng dd
boo hdm tfnh khdng xdc djnh Trong If ihuy^ <Tdp
md* d a si> dyng nhOng khdi nlim nhu t h i , vd
trong dd QIBT khdng ed hlfu lye
Bdy gid chung to |Jidn Hch mdt s i Hnh huong,
trong dd QLBT dupe v & i dyng m^t cdch ed hliu
lye Chdng hpn, thyc t l khi thi hdnh lupt phdp,
cdn phdl chung minh mdt phdn dodn rdng ^ i
phpm d a xdy ra hay bj bdc bd, edn khdng cd
Ichd ndng lh(>Da Trong cdc trudng hpp phue tham,
Tda dn idl cao dua ro phdn quylt Ipl mdt Idn
nua tudn theo QLBT: «(hode Id ed tdl, hodc Id
khdng ed tdl, khdng ed khd ndng thi> b a ' Nhung
trong khi cudc d l l u tro chua kit thOc, ngudi ta cd
t h i dua nh$n xit: «Ngudl ndy phpm tdl hdy cdn
chua dupe chOng minh vd cOng chua dupe bj
bdc bd" Kit ludn dd ed t h i khdng chdn thyc, cd
t h i khdng gid d^l md nd khdng xdc djnh
N h v v ^ QLBT dipc dp dyng d nhOng nol md
trong dd nhdn ihOe ci^i con ngudi quan h$ vdl nhung
Hnh hudng chdt chi: hodc Id hodc Id (hodc Id eh&i
thyc, hodc Id gid d i l ) ; cdn QLBT s9 khdng dupe v ^
cKngdnhOng noi md trong dd Knh khdng xdc ^ h
trong ede qud trlnh khdeh quon hodc chfnh Irong
oud trtnh nhdn thOc dupe phdn dnh VI vdy, vl|c si>
oyng QLBT cdn phdl cd sy phdn Kch cy t h i nhOng
Hnh huing cy the vdl sy chO ^ d l n cdc ddc dilm cuo
ddl tupng nghlin cOu
Loglcnpc Id khoa hpc nghlin cdu tv duy dong
nhdn thi>e, chfnh vl vdv QLBT cOng nhv cdc quy
hidt khdc cOa logic hlnn thi>c dupe v^n dyng vdo
hopt ddng nhdn thijc eOa con ngudi t r m g nhOng
glai dopn nhdt i^nh Khd ndng tu duy logic cOa
ngudi hpc s i dvpc bdl dudng vd r i n luyin thdng
qua ede bdl gidng trilt hpc vd Ijch sd triit hpc od
mpi ddi tupng, sy phdn o l i t nhung cdl dd'l lap dupe the hlin dudi dpng nhu: khdi n l | m , minh
de, h i tu tudng, td vd cung quan trpng Chdng horn nhu cdc thudt ngQ: bl$n chi>ng - sliu hlnh, bdt khd tri - khd tri,duyvpt-duy tdm, n h ^ nguyin kipn vd nhj nguvin ludn,
D l khdng djnh dupe tfnh chdn If cOa mpt
trudng phdi trilt hpc ndo dd trong Ijch sd triit hpc, chOng ta phdl vdn dyng QLBT d nhi/ng thai
d i l m Ijch su nh^t ^ n h QLBT se phdt huy tdc
dyng khi chOng to ihua nhpn hodc phO ^ n n Knh dOng ddn cua mpt tu tudng trong mdt hpc thuyit triltlipc ndo dd Q
(1) TO Duy Hpp - Le Doan Ti - Vfi Tning DQng Gldo
trinh logic hpc NXB Chtnh trf qu^c gia, H.2004
TiiU^utliamkhio
1 Glietmanova GUo trtnli lo^c hoc (d^ng Nga) NXB
Tignb^.U.\9%(,
2 Gido trinh NhOng vin di trif I h^c cda khoa hpc
tv nUen (titfng Nga) NXB Ttin b^, 1^ 1985
3 TO Duy Hpp - lA E>oan Ti - Trfln lYgng Dung GUo trinh L f ^ hpc NXB Chinh trt quic gia, H.2004
4 Vuong Til D9t Lo^c hpc d^l cinmg NXB Thi
gidi H.2007
SUMI^RY
Througtioutthesclentiliccogr^tfonarKir^earchgs ttie acff)erence to the Law Excluded fii^lddle (orPrky-clple of ttie Excluded Third) In paticular and other Laws of Boolean Logic In general Is tt)erequysltkm for achieving the objective axioms In deriving ttte knowl-edge of deduction lne\^at:^, our perception can attati ttK}s& principles spontaneously, ttov/ever, be-tigseff-coTKlous and having a tiiorough grasp of the Law Excluded fi/llddle would help us with a more effi-cient conception, togett^er with a more advantageous way to ttw ot^ectlve axioms
Tang cudng doi ttio?!
(Tlip ihfo hang 3dl
TU Wu tham khdo
1 John Dewey (Phfm Anh Tutfn dich) Dftn chd TA
gMo dvc NXB 7H rAilc, H 2008
2 Nguyin Tl^ng Hotn (chU biCn) Til ll$u tfp bulii
gido vMn thgc Mfil dfy 119c vA kijm tra, Aiah gid
tiieo chutfn kitn thdc, kl nfing, chuong trtnh gido
diKI>l><l<l><ll>ll'^10'
3 PhanlYpngLu^n Vaah^nhAtniftng,nhtndifp
.atpcta-MntdlNXBBathgcsupham, H.2009
4 Hodng Tbi M; "ThuyA Irtnh vil thio lu|u>, mot
hlnh thdc hoc I4p tic phim vdn chuong" Tgp chl
Nghiin ahi gido difC s6 8/1987
3 Trdn Dloh Si> "D6i m6i phuong phdp d^y hoc mOn NgQVandtrudngph6lhOng",trichTdlii^bAidiriiig
gido Titn NXB Gi<io due, H 2008, tr 178 -183
SUMMAm
Thepoem IhegultaofLorcarofThonh Thoopoel
is an interesting and new style but difficult to get Its spirit Enhancing the dialogue following standard
• lawwledge and skISs Is a new, creative, and posttlve
• teaching Fuithermore, this Is Skely a key to solve the Offlcultles in both teaching and learning Ihls poem Before hokSng a aSoiogt/e conferenco It's necessary
to determine ttteslandards of knowledge andskSIs of lhBpoemoswelaslheoblecllves,fotmsandlevelsof dk*>gae V/hendtaloglng, participants shotMcom-btneclctiguemelhodwllholhermethods.foimsand teachlngtechniques
Blip dMC so 2 8 2 tu t • 3/»oin