LICH jSfl vdi NHA TRfldNG MOT SO \AJ% BE v t ClIlJOiVG TREVH Md]\ L ien Sir TROIVG H E THOMG GiAo o r e d MY vA CAI\ADA TRAN THI VINH* Trong h^ th6''''ng gifio dye 6 My vfl Canada, lich sfl Ifl m§t trong[.]
Trang 1MOT SO \AJ% BE v t ClIlJOiVG TREVH
Md]\ L i e n Sir TROIVG H E THOMG GiAo o r e d MY vA C A I \ A D A
TRAN THI VINH*
Trong h^ th6'ng gifio dye 6 My vfl
Canada, lich sfl Ifl m§t trong s6
nhflng mon hoc hflt bu6e b efle efl^p phd
thong Vi trl cua mon Ljch sfl trong nhfl
trUdng phd thong do dUOc khflng djnh,
khong con Ifl vfl'n de phai bfln cai Tfl't ea
hgc sinh muon c6 BSng tS't nghidp Trung
hoc phd thong (High School Diploma ci My
hay Secondary School Diploma b Canada)
bflt buoc phai hoan thflnh 30 tin chl
(credits) b cflp Trung hoc phd thong (idp 9
d^n ldp 12) trong do eo 18 tin chi bflt buoc
(compulsory credits) vfl 12 tin chi tfl chon
(optional credits) Lich sfl Ifl mgt trong so
cac mon hgc hflt buoc, cflng vdi cac m6n
hgc khac nhU Toan, Tieng Anh, Vflt ly,
Ngoai ngfl Trong tinh hinh d6, vigc day
vfl hoc ljch sfl dUdc ehu trong nhu m6t
mon hgc cd ban 3 cae trUdng pho thong b
My va Canada Bfli vi^t nfly sfl tflp trung
phan tich m6t so vflfn di vi vj tri mfin Ljch
sfl trong h | thong giao due b My vfl
Canada, chu^n qud'e gia mon Ljch sfl,
sflch giflo khoa lieh sfl vfl tfli li^u giflng
day ljch sfl b cac t r u i n g phd thfing b My
vfl Canada
1 Vj t r i mon Ljch siJf trong he thong giao due cf My va Canada
Cung nhu cae mon hoc khac trong trUdng phfi thfing, viec day vfl hoc mfin ljch sfl eung trai qua nhi^u bi6^n doi thfing qua cae cuoc cai each trong lich sfl giflo due My vfl Canada Thflc te cho thfl'y, khfing phfli
ngay tfl diu ngudi ta efi nh|n thflc that sU
d^y du vfl khach quan dfii vdi vj tri ciia mon ljch sfl trong h^ thong giao due noi chung
0 My, sau cai each giao due vflo dau thflp nien 60 the ky XX, cac nhfl giao due mfii cfi
each nhin mdi tofln di^n, diy du hdn ve bo
mfin lich sfl trong nhfl trUclng SU thie'u hut ki^n thflc lich sfl ciia hoc sinh, dfle bifit Ifl kifi^n thfle ve Ijeh sfl xa hfii vfl lich sfl vfln hoa dfl khien eho cac nhfl hoach dinh chinh sach phai xem xfit lai cong tflc day va hoe Ijeh sfl trong cac trUdng pho thfing Nhihig bit on vfi* xa hfii trong th§p nifin 60 th^ ky
XX, sfl xung dot ve' cac gifl trj vfin hoa, lich
sfl trong xa hfii My thin ky nfly hfit ngudn
tfl nhi^u nguyfin nhfln, trong dfi co su thi^u hut nhflng hieu biet ve ljch sfl xa hfii vfl vfln hfia Trong boi eflnh dfi, hflng loat dfl an dU^c th\Ie hi^n trong nhihig nflm 1960 •
Trang 21970 nh&m thflc diy vfl nflng cao chtft
lUi^ng d^y vfl hpe ljch atJl 6 cflc trUdng phd
thfing Vi$c gi&ng d^y mfin ljch avi ixSfjc
tfing cUcing vi nfki dung, sdlUi^ng gid d^y vfl
phuong thflc gidng day Vi n$i dung, b^t
dSu tfl nflm 1960, mfin ljch sfl bao gdm ck
ljch si^ xil hOi vfl tjeh sfl vfln h6a (1) Sau c&i
eflch giflo dye vflo cudi thflp nifin 1980,
Trung tflm qudc gia vd Ljch sfl trong eflc
trUdng phd thfing (National Center for
History in the Schools - NCHS) dU(?e thflnh
Iflp nflm 1988 nhhm myc tifiu tflng eUcJng
nflng Iflc gidng d^y vfl hgc tflp mfin ljch sfl
cho giflo vifin vfl hgc sinh cfic trUdng phd
thfing Cflng tflc d^y vfl hpe Ijeh aijt dUgc
tflng cU6ng vdi nhflng kdt qua kha quan,
dfle bi$t vflo nfla sau thflp nifin 1990, sau
khi Chuin qu6c gia mfin Ljch sit dugc
ehinh thfle han hflnh nfim 1996 (2)
NhQng nfim diu thfi'ki XXI, nhflng thay
ddi nhanh chfing cua tinh hinh thd gidi da
dflt ra nhflng thfleh thflc m6i cho cfing tfic
day vfl hgc ljch sii b cac trUdng phd thfing
Sau su ki$n nudc My hi tfn cfing ngfly
11-9-2001, du lufin cho r4ng nhflng hilu bidt cija
ngudi dfin My ve Ijeh sfl thd gidi, dfle bi§t Ifl
khu vflc ngofli Bfic My vfi chfiu Au cdn qufi
it 6i ChuySn gia giflo dye kifim phfing vifin
BBC News, Mike Baker cho r&ng: "Si^ ki§n
11-9 bSng chdc dfi b u ^ chflng ta thffy du^e
sfl eSn thidt phai tflng eUdng hidu bidt vi
ljch sfl nhflng khu vflc khfie nhau trfin thd
gidi cung nhu phai hilu vd ljch sfl tfin gifio,
ljch sfl vfln hfia vfi chinh trj, nhflng vfl'n dd
mfl trfldc dfiy chung ta da khfing chfl ^
dung mflc Dfiy Ifl luc chung ta nh$n thflc
rfi hdn tfim quan trgng eiia mfin ljch sfl
trong nhfi trudng Ljch sfl Ifl mfin hgc cung
cfTp cho chflng ta kidn thfle cd sd di hidu
thd gidi hfim nay" (3)
Cflng trong thdi gian nfiy, cflc kdt qua
cflng cho thtfy nhflng thfich thflc dflt ra ddi
vdi cflng tfic d^y vfl hgc ljch svt b My Theo
kdt qua didu tra ciia Trung tfim nghifin cflu vfl phfin tich cfic vtfn dd xfl h$i thudc D^i
hgc Connecticut, 66% hgc einh b cfic trUdng trung hgc b Yale, Northwester, Smith,
Bowdoin khfing d^t yfiu cSu khi Ifim bfli kidm tra trfic nghidm vd ljch siJl nUdc My, chl efi duy nhfi't m^t hgc ainh tra ldi dflng tofin b^ 34 cflu h6i Ch! cd khoang 60% hgc ainh bidt nhflng thfing tin vd ndn dfin chu vfi hidn phflp My, khoang 70% hgc sinh dU0e hdi khfing bidt vd nhflng cu(ic chidn tranh mfi nUdc My tham gia TbU^ng nghj
SI Joseph D Conn cho rflng: "Kdt qua didu
tra cho thfi'y thd h$ tri ngfly nay thidu hijt
nhflng hidu bidt vd ljch sfl dfin t ^ , vd cflc gifi trj dfin chii Chflng ta khong dfinh gifl thfi'p cfic trUdng phd thfing trong cfing tfic d^y vfl hgc ljch sii, nhUng chung ta bu$c phai yfiu efiu cfic nhfl giflo d\ic 6 eflc eflp phd thfing phai tfing cudng gd'p dot cd gfing ctia
hg dd thd h$ tr£ cfi dugc nhflng kidn thfle vd ljch sfl vfl vfin hda dfin t$c" (4)
Sfl thidu hyt kidn thflc Ijeh sfl cua thd
h§ tre d\S(jc cfic nhfl nghien eflu My nhin
nhfln nhu lfi "m^t hidm hga dfln t$e" Td
USA Today News ngfiy 28-2-2008 cfing bd
kdt qua m$t cu$c didu tra xfl h$i hgc vd nhflng hidu bidt cua 1200 thanh nifin My
17 tudi vd ljch aii dfln tOc Kdt qua cho thfTy ehi cfi 43% sd ngUcri d u ^ hoi cfi dU(?c nhiing kidn thflc cd ban vd cugc ngi chidn d
My, 25% sd ngudi d u ^ hoi cho r^ng C Columbus tim ra chfiu My sau nfim 1750 chfl khfing phai vflo nflm 1492 Khoang 50% nhflng ngUdi dugc hoi khdng bidt ho$c khfing nhd cflc sfl ki$n cd ban cfi Hfin quan ddn Ijeh sii nUfic My Tren ed sd nhflng kdt qua dU^c efing hd, bfli bflo nhdn m^nh, *%ai mUdi Ifim nflm sau khi cd bfio
cfio "Mdt hii'm hpa ddn tgc" (A Nation at
Risk) vd tinh tr^ng thidu hut kidn thflc
Trang 3ljch sii, vfin hfia cfla thanh thidu nifin My,
cong tfic d^y hgc ljch sfl da dUgc tflng cUdng
trong cfic trudng phd thong Tuy nhifin, cfic
kdt qua didu tra ngfly hfim nay cho thfl'y
mgt thv^e td lfi phai chfing chung ta chi tflp
trung vflo nhflng mfin hgc nhU Tofln, Tidng
Anh mfl bd qufin efle mfin khoa hgc xa h^i
khac trong dfi cfi mfin Lich sii" (5) GS
Kathleen A.Steevss, D^i hgc George
Washington cho r^ng ChUdng trinh hfinh
dgng "Khong dd cho tre em nflo tyt hflu" do
Tdng thdng My Bush dd xUdng (No Child
left behind, Public Law 107-110, 2001) trfin
thUe td dudng nhu chu ydu ehi du^c thflc
thi dfil vdi eflc mfin Toan vfl tie'ng Anh,
trong khi dfi mfin Ijeh sfl chUa dugc chu y
dung mfle (6)
l l n h hinh day vfl hoe mon lich sfl d cae
trUdng phd thfing d Canada cung gflp phai
nhflng vfl'n de tUdng tfl Bao cao ve" Tinh
hinh d^y hgc Ljch sii do Vifin dieu tra xfl
hgi hgc Ipsos b Toronto (Ipsos News
Center Canadian's Views on History
Education) eho biet, 76% sdngudi dUde hoi
lo ng?i vd tinh trang thie'u hyt kien thfle
ljch sfl dfln tfie eiia gidi tre, 83% so ngUdi
dUde hdi yeu cdu tfing gfip doi sd gid hgc
ljch sfl trong trUdng phd thong, dfle bi^t Ifl
lich sfl Canada, 81% sdngudi duge hdi keu
ggi Chinh phu lifin bang cin quan tflm
hdn ddn vi^c cfing tac giao dye ljch sii
trong nhfl trUdng (7) Mfic du Ljch sfl lfi
mfin hgc hfit huge trong eae eflp hgc phd
thfing nhUng trfin thflc td ehi cfi 35% sd
ngUdi dUde hoi cho rflng Ljch sii Ifl mfin
hgc Ua thich cua hg khi hoe trong trUdng
phd thfing Trong tinh hinh dfi, Chinh phu
Canada da chu trgng ddn v i ^ tflng eUdng
kidn thflc lich sii eho hgc sinh trong nhfl
trudng nfii rieng vfl cho efing dfln Canada
nfii ehung, trong dfi efi vi?e kiem tra kidn
thflc ljch sii bfit buOc ddi vdi nhflng ngUdi nh$p cu mudn trd thflnh cfing dfln Canada Theo Lufit nhflp cU ciia Canada, nhflng ngudi mudn cfi qude tjeh Canada phai trai qua bfli thi vidt vfl phfin hdi vfl'n dfip vd Ijeh sfl chinh trj - xa hdi vfl lich sfl vfln hfia Canada tfl 1867 ddn nay (8)
O My, Bg Giflo dye Lifin bang da ho trd vi§c thuc hi§n cac dfl fin nhSm tflng eUdng vi§c giang day vfl giao due ljch sfl cho hgc sinh phd thfing Du an "Ngfly ljch sfl dan t§c" (National History Day - NHD) do GS Cathy Gorn, Dai hgc Maryland tidn hflnh Ifi mgt trong sd nhflng dU an nfiu tren Khoang 700.000 hgc sinh vfl 40.000 giao vien trung hgc phd thong da tham gia du fin NHD Vfii sfl tfli trg eua Chinh phii, hflng loat cac hgi thao, eflc chUdng trinh dflo tao gifio vien dUdc thfle hi^n, hgc sinh dugc khuydn khich Ifla ehgn vfl thflc hien cac dd tfli ve ljch sfl dfln tgc; cac trUdng phd thfing dugc tfing cudng thiet bj day hoc, ngudn tai lifiu day vfl hgc lich sfl, thiet ke eflc trang web ve Hch sfl Vfii ke't qua dat dugc cua du an nfly, GS Cathy Gorn cho rfing, trfin thUc te "viec Iflm cho hgc sinh yeu thich mfin ljch sfl khfing phai la dieu khfing thd Ifim dUdc" (9) Ben canh do, Bg giao due Lien bang da dUa ra eflc giai thudng thudng nifin cho giao vien mfin lich sfl nh&m khuydn khich phat nflng lUe ciia gifio vifin Nfim hgc 2007-2008, ChUdng trinh giai thudng dfinh cho giao vien day gidi Ijeh sfl My dUdc cong bd vfii tong gifl trj len den 1 trifiu USD (10) Thflc td eho
thfi^y, cflc nhfl hoach dinh chinh sflch b My
vfl Canada da efi nhidu no lUc trong viee nhin nhfln dung vj tri, vai trd eua mfin Ijeh
sii cung nhu tim quan trgng ciia cfing tac
giao dye ljch sii trong nhfl trUdng nfii rieng
Trang 42 Mdt so vfi'n dd vd Chu^n qu£>c gia
mon Lich suT (National S t a n d a r d s for
History) d My vfl C a n a d a
Hd thdng gifio dye eiia My dUgc dflt dudi
sfl tfli trg, qujin IJ vfl kidm sofit tfl ba edp:
cfi'p Lifin hang (Fedoral), cfl'p Bang (State)
vfi Dja phUdng (Local) Tuong ti^ nhU v$y,
hd thfi'ng giflo dye ciia Canada cQng cd ba
cfl'p Ifl; cfl'p Nhfi nUdc (Federal), cfl'p Tinh
(Provincal) vfl Dja phUdng (Local) CAc tifiu
chufl'n vi d^y vfl hgc, vd ki^m tra dfinh gifi
chfi't lugng day hgc cfic mfin hoc trong nhfi
trudng chu ydu do Bd Gifio dye eflc bang d
My (cfic Linh d Canada) ty quyfi't djnh trfin
cd sd nhflng quy djnh chung cua Bd Giflo
dye Lifin bang Cfing tfic quan Ijr vi§c d^y
vfl hgc ljch sfl cung tufin thu cflc quy djnh
dd
TrUdc het, d cfip Lifin bang, Trung tfim
qudc gia vd Lieh sfl trong cfic trUdng phd
thfing (National Center for History in the
Schools - NCHS) true thuge Bg Gifio dye
lien bang (d Canada Ifl Bg Giflo dye Qudc
gia) cd nhiem vy quan ly vfi ho trg cflc bang
trong vi^c ho^eh djnh chinh sflch, chidn
luge vfl thuc thi cac chuong trinh d^y vfl
hgc lich sfl Tfl nflm 1988, NCHS dfi thUc
hien cac dfl an nhflm tfing eUdng chfi't lUgng
day hgc ljch sfl dfin toe vfl lieh sfl thd gidi b
cflc cfip phd thong
Vdi BU cd vfi'n cua efie ehuyfin gia gifio
dye vfl Hi^p hgi efle nhfi sfl hgc My
(American Historical Association - AHA),
NCHS dfl xfly dUng Chudn qud'e gia mdn
Lich si (National Standards for History)
vfi cfing bd cfing khai tren trang web ciia
Hi$p hgi cflc nhfl sfl hgc My 14m ed sd dd eflc
bang vfi eae dja phUdng tridn khai cfic
chuong trinh day vfl hgc lich sfl Chudn
qudc gia mdn lich si dUde soan thao vfi sfla
chfla nhidu lfin nhfim dap flng myc tiflu
nUdc My trong nhflng th§p nifin gfin dfiy Nflm 1989, dich thfln Tdng thdng My G Bush (cha) dfi xem xfit vfl gfip y tofin bfi cfic
vfin bfln v^ Chudn qud'e gia mdn lich si,
trong chuydn thfim Charlottesville, bang
Virginia, nhktn thfle ddy cfing tflc eai each
gifio dye trong tofln lifin hang (11)
Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si dugc sii
dyng rdng rfii trong trfin 30 bang b My vdi
tfl cfich lfi vfin ban hudng ddn, djnh hudng cho qufi trinh d^y vfl hgc mfin lieh s^ d trudng phd thfing cflng nhu thi^c hi^n cflc dfl fln vd tflng CUdng hidu qua gifio due ljch
sii Tuy nhifin, Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si
khfing phai lfi vfln ban phfip ldnh mang
tinh bat budc mfl mang tfnh txf nguydn
Trfin thflc t^, m^t sd bang d My dfi chii
dgng di xufi't efie chudn mUc rieng, phfl hgp
vdi tht^e td eua bang minh hofle dja phUdng minh, nhUng tfi't ca ddu cfi mfit diem chtmg Ifl nhflm thuc hidn muc tieu giflo due qudc gia Tinh hinh dfi cung phdn anh dfle diem
da d^ng ciia ndn gifio dye My Trong khi
dfi, ndu so sflnh vdi tinh hinh b Canada efi thd thdy sfl khflc bi^t Chudn qudc gia mdn
Lich si dugc sfl dung trong tofln bfi 10 tinh
vfl 2 vflng Iflnh thd d Canada
Trong ehUdng trinh gidng day ciia cfic cfip hgc phd thfing d My vfi Canada, mfin tjeh sfl dUi^c dua vflo giang d^y tfl khfl sdm, thflm chi tfl eae ldp hgc tien phd thfing (efie ldp mSu gifio) Nhflng yfiu cflu dflt ra ddi vdi mdi cfi'p hgc duge quy djnh ro rflng trong
Chudn qud'e gia mdn Lich si Ngay tfl efie
ldp mdu giflo, nhflng kidn thflc ljch sii da dugc ldng ghfip trong cflc bfii gidng cua gifio vifin theo phUdng phfip "ehdi mfi hoe", "hgc mfl ehdi" Theo dfi, hgc sinh cfic ldp mdu
gifio d\l(}c budc dfiu Ifim quen vdi nhiing
kidn thflc sd dfing vd ljch sfl va dja ly, vd moi quan h§ gifla thd gidi horn nay v6i thd
Trang 5ljch sfl, cflc nhfin vfit lieh sfl, dja danh Ijeh
sii b cdng ddng, dja phUdng minh dang
sdng
Ddi vdi hgc sinh tidu hgc (Elementary
School), yfiu ciu dflt ra ddi vdi b? mfin ljch
sfl Ifl cho hge sinh budc Iflm quen vdi
nhflng nhfln vflt lieh sii, nhflng tfl'm gfldng
yeu nUde cua ljch sfl nU6c My vfl thd gidi
thfing qua nhflng cflu ehuy§n ljch sfl,
truydn thuyfi't dfin gian Tfl dfi xfly dflng
cho hgc sinh nidm tin vfio tinh eflch, bdn
linh cua nhflng nhfin v^t ljch sfl, eua
nhflng eon ngUdi efi thflt trong ljch sii, bUde
diu hieu dUdc tfic dfing vfl anh hudng cua
hg ddi vdi lich sfl phfit tridn eiia dfin tgc,
ciia bang vfi dia phUdng Ddng thdi, hge
sinh nhfln bidt vfl gidi thich dugc nhiing
bifiu tUdng ciia ljch sfl dan toe, lich sfl cua
bang, eua dia phUdng nhU qufic huy, cd lifin
bang, cd cua bang, cd cua efing ddng Vd tU
duy lieh sfl, hgc sinh cfip tidu hgc cfln phdi
bidt nhflng khfii niem dau tien vd khfing
gian vfl thdi gian, bifi't dflt sfl kien lich sfl
vflo dung trinh tU thdi gian, bidt sfl dung
ljch va dien cae sU ki^n Uch sfl cd ban vfio
nien bieu (12)
Doi vdi hgc sinh trung hgc ed sd (Middle
School), Chudn quoc gia mon ljch sfl dUa ra
nhflng kien thfle ed ban vi ljch sfl thd gidi
vfi lieh sfl dan toe eung vdi nhflng yfiu elu
cao hdn ve nhfln thflc vfl tu duy ljch sfl so
vfii hgc sinh tidu hoe Chfing han nhu ddi
vdi hge sinh ldp 6, yeu elu dfit ra 14 trfin cd
sd hieu bidt nhiing si^ kien Ijch sfl cd ban
cfin nhfin thflc dugc mdi lien hd gifla nhflng
sU kifin, con ngUdi, dja danh lich sfl dfii
vdi eufie sdng hfim nay Hgc sinh cfin phai
hidu vfl ly giai dUiJc y nghia ciia cae ngfly le,
ngfiy nghi, ngfly tudng ni|m nhU: ngfly Dgc
Ifip, ngfiy Cflu chidn binh, IS Ta dn, \i Phye
sinh Hgc sinh ldp 7-8 dvl(}c hudc diu Iflm
sfl, kdt ndi hidn tai vdi qufi khfl, sfl dung bdn dd ljch sii, xfiy di^ng bidu dd vfl kha nfing budc diu 1^ gidi vin dd ljch sfl b^ng ngfin ngfl eua minh chfl khfing phdi hgc thufic ldng sflch giflo khoa (13)
Ddi vdi hgc sinh trung hge phd thfing
(High School) ySu elu eua Chudn qudc gia
mdn Lich si Ifl cin phdi cfi ky nfing phfln
tich ljch sfl vfl tu duy dfic Iflp, phfin bi^t dugc vfl efi kha nflng sfl dyng ngudn tU li^u gde vfi efie ngudn tU li§u tham khdo khac, cfi khd nflng xfiu chudi cfic sU ki^n ljch sii efi lien quan, khd nfing danh gifi, dira ra nhfln xfit cfla cfl nhfln vd cac sU ki^n ljch sir vfl tfl dfi cd khfi nflng dira ra quyet djnh Chdng han nhU dfii vdi hgc sinh ldp 11, khi
hoc ve chu de Nudc My trong thdi ky Chiin
tranh Viet Nam (1965 - 1973), yeu elu dflt
ra khfing phai ghi nhd may mfic cae sU ki^n ljch sfl, cae con so, eflc tr§n danh, mfl lfi giflp cho hge sinh eo kha nflng khai thflc, sfl dung eflc ngudn tU li$u khac nhau vd chien tranh Vi^t Nam thong qua sach giao khoa, efie trang web, thu vi^n di^n tfl, cac trung tflm luu trfl, kdt ndi cae sU kien de tra Ifid eflc cflu hdi sau day:
- Nhthig ly do nao khien nUdc My tham gia chidn tranh Vi$t Nam
- Vi sao nUdc My thua trfln?
- Tfie dgng vfl he luy cua cugc chidn doi vdi nudc My
- Trfin cd sd dfi hoe sinh cfi thd dua ra y kiin dfinh gifl eiia minh vl vi^c ra quyet djnh (making decision) cd nen hay khfing nen tham gia vfio eufie ehi^n va hgc efieh dua ra quydt djnh vflo nhflng tinh hudng tUdng tu (14)
Nhflm myc tieu tflng eudng tri thflc ljch sii cho hgc sinh phd thfing, Bg Giflo due Canada da thi^c thi nhidu di^ an trong vfi ngofii trfldng phd thong Hflng loat efie
Trang 6thudng c6 gifl trj vd Ijeh sfl dfln tdc vfl ljch
sii thd gidi dugc cfing bd nh&m khuydn
khfch gidi trd tim hidu vfl khfim phfi ljch
Bii Theo thdng kfi nflm 2006 cua Trung
tfim nghifin eflu ljch sfl D^i hge Victoria,
Canada, trong nflm 2005- 2006 c6 12 tridu
lugt ngudi vflo cfic trang web vd ljch sfl
Canada Cflc gidi thfldng cho hge sinh gidi
hai thfl tidng (tidng Anh vfl tidng Phflp) vi
ljch sO dfln tOc trj gifl 492.000 dfila Canado
dfl dugc trao cho hgc sinh trung hge phd
thdng Dfle bidt, vi^c thidt Iflp trang web
Nhing bi dn chUa dUpc khdm phd trong
lich si Canada (Great Unsolved Mysteries
in Canada History) dfl thu hut a^f chfl f cua
dfing ddo hge sinh, sinh vifin Theo dfinh
gifi, trang web dugc thidt kd khfing phdi ehi
ddn thuin nhU mgt cfing cy d^y hgc thfing
thudng hay m^t bfli gidng ljch sii truydn
thdng, didu quan trgng lfi hge sinh, sinh
vifin duge eung elp nhflng ngudn tU lidu
khflc nhau, trong dfi ed tU li^u gde, dugc
tham gia thdo lu^n, phan xfit ljch sii vfl dUa
ra y kidn cfi nhfin ciia minh vd Ijch sfl dfin
tgc (15)
3 Chiidng t r i n h vfl e h u a n Icien thufc
ve lich suf d a n tpc t r o n g tri/dng p h o
thong d My
ChUdng trinh ljch sii dan tgc (Ljch sii
nudc My) d phd thfing dugc thidt kd theo
tidn trinh ljch sfl, theo efie thdi d^i Ijeh sii,
cung vdi nhflng yfiu cfiu vd chudn kifi'n thfle
ey thd eho mSi thdi dai Vd d^i thd, Ljch sfl
nudc My duge phfin thfinh 10 thdi d^i (Era)
vfi dfldc gidng day bflt d i u tfl ldp 5 ddn ldp
12 Bflt d i u tfl ldp 5, hgc sinh da hgc ljch sfl
nhu mgt mfin hge dgc Iflp Tfl ldp 11 vfl ldp
12, hgc sinh dflgc hge m^t sd chuyfin dd
chuyfin sfiu tu ehgn ve ljch sii dfln tdc Theo
chUdng trinh chu^n, efle thdi dai trong ljch
sii nUde My bao gdm:
- Thifi dgi thi nhdt: Si/ gdP gd cda Ba
thi gidi (ti khdi ddu din ndm 1620) Yfiu
edu vd kidn thflc ehudn eiia bao gdm hai n^i dung: (i) so sfinh d$e didm ciia cflc xfl hdi:
My, Tfiy Au vfi Tfiy Phi, a^f tUdng tfie ngfiy
cflng ldn cua cfic xfl hdi nfiu trdn sau nflm
1450 trong Ifln sfing di cU sang chfiu My; (ii) qufi trinh ngudi chfiu Au di cU sang chflu My, sy tuong tfic vfln hfia vfi sinh thfii gifla efle dfin tdc mfi trUdc dd khfing hd cd b{ft ky mfii hen hd nflo
- Thdi dgi thi hai: Qud trinh thudc dia
hda vd dinh cU (1685-1763) Yfiu ciu kidn
thflc chudn gdm ba ndi dung: (i) vi sao chflu
My l^i thu hflt nhflng ngudi chflu Au, vl sao
hg dUa nhflng ngUdi nd 1$ da den di eilng, nhflng ngudi ehfiu Au di eU da dfiu tranh nhu thd nflo dd kidm sofit khu vUc Bfic My vfl bidn Caribe; (ii) nhflng vfin dd chinh t4 xfl hdi vfi tfin giflo ndi b$t trong cflc thu^c
dja eiia Anh b Bflc My; (iii) qufi trinh djnh hinh cflc gifl trj eiia chflu Au b Bflc My
- Thcfi dgi thi ba: Cdch mgng vd sU hinh
thdnh nudc My (1754-1820) Yfiu elu kidn
thflc chudn gdm 3 ndi dung: (i) nguyfin nhfin bflng nd vfl thdng lgi cua Cfich mang My; (ii) tflc dgng chinh trj, kinh td, xa hfii ciia Cfich m^ng My; (iii) sfl hinh thflnh h$ thdng chinh trj My
• Thdi dgi thi tU: Md r^ng ldnh thd vd
cdi cdch (1801-1861) Yfiu ciu kidn thflc
chudn gdm 4 ngi dung: (i) qua trinh md rdng lfinh thd vfl tfic d^ng ddi vdi cfic eUdng qudc chflu Au, ddi vdi ngUdi da dd; (ii) cfich m^ng cfing nghidp, dfing ngUdi nhflip cU vfi qufi trinh md rdng lanh thd vd phfa Tfiy; (iii) ndn chinh trj My sau nflm 1800; (iv) phong trflo cai eflch xa h$i, vfin hfia, tfin gifio
- ThX dgi thi ndm: Ndi chiin vd Tdi
thiii (1850-1877) Yfiu e l u kidn thflc chudn
Trang 7chidn; (ii) qufl trinh, tinh chfi't vfi tfic dfing
ciia ndi chidn ddi vdi ngUdi My; (iii) qufl
trinh tfli thidt sau ngi chidn
- Thdi dgi thi sdu: Su phdt triin cua
cdng nghiip My (1870-1900) Yfiu cfiu kidn
thfle chudn gdm 4 n§i dung: (i) si^ phfit
tridn cong nghidp vfi cd gidi hfia nfing
nghidp da tfic ddng nhu thd nflo ddn xfl hfii
My; (ii) lfin sfing nhfip cU sau nfim 1870, sfl
da d^ng vfin hda; (iii) sfl phfit tridn ciia
phong trflo cfing nhfin, tfie d^ng eua ehinh
tri dfii vdi kinh td - xa hdi; (iv) chinh sflch
ciia Chfnh phii Liln bang vdi ngudi da dd
vfl ehinh sfich ddi ngoai sau n$i chidn
- Thdi dgi thi bdy: SU xudt hi^n cua
nUdc My hiin dgi (1890-1930) Yeu elu
kidn thflc ehu^n gdm 3 ngi dung: (i) vi?c
giai quydt nhflng v^n dd eiia chu nghia tu
bdn cfing nghigp, do thj hfia vfi nhflng v^n
dd chinh trj; (ii) sU thay doi vai trfi cua My
trong cac vfi'n di qudc td thfing qua Chidn
tranh the gidi thfl I; (iii) nhflng chuydn
bidn cua nudc My sau Chidn tranh thd gidi
thfl Nha:t
- Thdi dgi thi tdm: Dgi khung hodng vd
Chiin tranh the gidi thi Hai (1929-1945)
Yfiu ciu kidn thflc chuIn gdm 3 ndi dung:
(i) nguyen nhfin eua cufic Dai khung hodng
vfl tac dgng ddn xa hgi My; (ii) Chinh saeh
mdi vfi nhflng bidn doi eua nUde My, sU bfit
dau chinh sflch phue lgi cua I^fl nUdc; (iii)
nguyfin nhan vfl diin bidn ehinh eua Chien
tranh the gidi thfl Hai, cugc chien d trong
vfl ngoai nfldc My, vfi sU thay ddi vai trd
cua My trong cfic v3!n dd thd gidi
- Thdi dai thi chin: Nudc My sau chien
tranh Hoa Ky (ti 1945 din ddu nhing ndm
1970) Yfiu elu kidn thfle chuIn gdm 4 ngi
dung: (i) sU bflng nd kinh td vfi chuydn ddi
xa hdi My sau chidn tranh; (ii) Chidn tranh
L^nh vfl cac cugc chidn b Trifi'u Tien vfl Vi$t
chinh trj nUde My vfi qude td; (iii) cfic ehinh sfich ciia nudc My sau Chifi'n tranh thd gidi thfl Hai; (iv) phong trflo dfiu tranh ehdng phfln bidt chung tgc, binh dflng gidi vfl md rdng quydn tfl do cfing dfln
- Thdi dgi thi mUdi: Nudc My hiin dgi
(1968 din nay) Yeu ciu kidn thflc chufin
gdm hai n§i dung: (i) sfl phfit tridn eua ndn chinh trj trong nU6e vfl qudc td; (ii) sU phfit tridn kinh td, xa hgi vfl vfln hfia ciia nudc
My hifin dai (16)
Thflc td eho thfi'y, chfldng trinh vfl kidn thflc ehudn mfin Ijeh sfl khong di vflo nhflng ndi dung ehi tie't, nhflng bai giang
ey thd mfi ehi dUa ra nhflng ehii de chinh vfl mgt sd thi dy minh hga mang tinh chfit ggi y de nhflng ngudi thUc thi - thiy vfl trd
d cac cfip hge, efle dja phUdng khfic nhau c6 thd phat huy quye'n tu chii vfi y tudng sflng tao ciia minh mgt each toi da trong day hgc lieh sfl Tren cd sd chUOng trinh vfl kidn thflc chudn, eflc trUdng phd thong cfi thi thidt ke eflc ehUdng trinh giang d^y phfl hgp vdi dia phUOng cua minh vfl lUa ehgn nhflng bg sflch giao khoa thich hgp de dat dugc mye tieu giao dye quoc gia
4 Ve sach giao khoa lich sit of cac
trt/dng phd thong My va Canada Trong luflt giao dye cua My vfi Canada, hgc sinh eae cfi'p phd thfing tfl ldp 1 den ldp
12 dugc sfl dyng miln phi hofln tofln efle lo^i sflch giflo khoa, trong do cd giflo khoa
ljch sfl Sflch giflo khoa ljch sfl b cfl'p trung hge ed sd vfl trung hgc phd thong b My bao
gdm nhieu bd saeh khac nhau B§ Giao dgc Lifin bang Ifl co quan danh gia ehfi't lUdng cua cac bd saeh vfl cdp giiy phfip lUu hflnh Trung tflm qude gia vd ljch sii trong cfic trudng phd thong (NCHS) trao quye'n lUa ehgn sach giao khoa lich sfl eho efle bang vfi cac dja phUdng Theo dfi, efie Phdng giflo
Trang 8efle trUdng phd thfing Ifla ehgn b{k sflch giflo
khoa dd sii dyng Cfic trUdng phd thfing cd
thd Ifla ehgn mdt trong sd nhilu bd sflch
giflo khoa khflc nhau dd sii dyng, ho$e efi
thd thay ddi sfich gifio khoa ndu thfi'y cin
thifi't Chdng h^n nhu t^i cac trUdng trung
hge b Ottawa (Canada), vdi phAn ljch sfl thd
gidi cfln hi^n d^i, gifio vifin vfl hgc sinh sfl
dyng nhidu lo^i sflch giflo khoa khde nhau
nhu cudn S(/ hinh thdnh thi gidi hi^n dgi
(Arthur Haberman, The making of the
Modern Age), hofle cudn Ljch si thi gidi thi
ky XX (Richard Goff, Walter Moss, A
Global History of the Thventieth Century),
hay cudn Thi ky XX, nhing biin cd lich si
(Michael Adas, Peter N Stearns, The
twentieth century - Turbulent passage)
Ddi vdi bd mfin Ljch sfl nudc My, efie
trudng phd thfing ed the lua ehgn nhflng
sflch giflo khoa cua cflc tflc gid khfic nhau
nhu cudn Nudc My - Lich si nin Cdng hba
(James W Davidson , Mark H Lytle, The
United States - A History of the Republic),
hofic cudn Su hinh thdnh nUdc My: Lich si
Hoa Ky (Caron Berkm, Christopher Miller,
Making American - A History of the USA)
hay cudn Lich si ddn tgc My ti 1492 din
nay (Howard Zinn, People's History of the
USA 1492 - present)
Sfich giao khoa lieh sfl My dUde bifin
soan efing phu vdi d0 dfly xfi^p xi mdt ngfin
trang vdi ngudn tU li$u ljch sfl phong phu,
bao gdm ca tu li§u gde vfl cac ngudn tu lidu
tham khdo khflc H$ thdng kenh hinh bao
gdm tranh dnh ljch sfl, bdn do, bidu dd r^t
da dang vfl phong phu Cd thd ddn cfl mdt
sd thi du: cuon Nudc My - Lich si nin Cdng
hba, dflng cho cfic trUdng THPT (High
School), vdi dg dfiy 832 trang, bao gdm trfin
80 bdn dd ljch sfl, 55 bieu bang, 65 tU lidu
tham khdo tfl efle ngudn khfic nhau cho
tdi thiit hudng tdi thi ky XXI (The
Americana Reconstruction to the 21" Century) vdi dd dfly 917 trang, duge sii dyng trong efie trUdng THPT d cfic bang Alabama, California, Florida, Connecticut, Colorado Vd ndi dung, d mdi chUdng, m5i bfii ddu ed phdn tfim luge n^i dung ehfnh (chapter outline), thdng kfi efie sfl ki^n ed ban, hudng ddn hge tflp vfl phflt tridn cfic
ky nflng ljch s\i nhU phfin tich, so sfinh sU
kiOn, dgc vfi hidu cfic bidu bdng, bdn dd Ijeh sii Ddng thdi, eung vdi phfin ndi dung ljch sfl edn cfi eflc chuyfin myc kdt ndi nhU ljch afl vdi hidn t^i, ljch sfl vdi vfln hgc - nghd thu$t, ljch sfl vfl khoa hgc • ky thuflt (18) Cfic efiu hdi vfl bfli tflp dUge thidt kdcho hgc smh d nhflng mfle dg khfic nhau: hgc sinh trung binh, hgc sinh kha, gidi vfl cd sd thich hgc ehuyfin sflu vd lich sii d bflc dai hgc sau nfiy Cfi thd thfiy sfich gifio khoa ljch sti thd hi^n tinh lifin thfing trong dfio tao nhU mfit d§e trUng eiia nen giflo dye My vfl Canada Ben c^nh sfich giao khoa, giao vien vfl hge sinh cd thd tham khao cfic nguon tfli li^u ljch sfl vfi cflng phong phfl vfl hofln tofln mien phi tren efle trang website, eflc thu vi^n difin tfl, thU vi^n cua cfic trudng, cfic dja phUdng Trang web ciia Trung tfim qufic gia vd Ljch sfl (http://www.nch8.ueta.edu) cfi try sd tai D^i hgc California, Los Angeles dugc cfip nhflt hflng ngfly, hflng gid vfi thuc sfl trd thflnh dja ehi tin cfly cua giflo vien vfl hge sinh cfic trUdng phd thfing Thfing qua trang web, Trung tam dfi eung cfip tren 36 loai ngudn
tu hfiu gde vfl hflng trfim loai saeh tham khao eho gifio vifin cflc trudng phd thfing nhdm myc tieu thUc hidn Chudn qu6c gia mfin Ljch siJt (19) Truy cflp vfio trang web nfiy, giflo vien ljch sii cfic trudng phd thong khong chl cfi thd truy cflp cfic ngudn tfii li^u ljch afl khfie nhau, mfl edn tham khdo cflc
Trang 9loai giflo fin, eflc hinh thflc d^y hgc hidu
qua de dgt dUde ehuin qude gia vi nhflng
chii dd ljch sfl cy thd Bfin cgnh dd, Trung
tam qude gia giao dye ljch sfl cfin xfiy dUng
vfl phflt tridn hfi thdng chUdng trinh gidng
day lich sfl online cho eae trudng phd thfing
trung hge trfin tofln nUdc My Ngofli ra
cung cdn phdi kd dfi'n ngudn tU li|u dd sd cd
the tham khao hofln tofln miln phi bao gdm
sflch giflo khoa ljch sfl, sflch chuyen khao,
cfic bfli bfio vfl tap chi tai mfit trong nhflng
thu vidn didn tfl ldn nhfl't d My vfl Canada:
http://www.questia.eom Nhu vfiy, vd cd
bdn giao vien vfi hgc sinh d cfic trUdng phd
thong b My va Canada c6 nhflng didu ki^n
vfit chfl't cdn vfl dii dd thUc hifin nhflng yfiu
ciu mfl Chufin qudc gia mfin Lieh sfl dd ra
5 Ket luan
Tfl nhflng phan tieh neu tren, cd the di
dfi'n mgt vfli ke't lufin sau day:
- Vi?c day vfl hge ljch sfl d eflc trUdng
phd thfing 6 My vfi Canada, nhflng nUdc
phat tridn va gifiu cfi vflo loai nhdt thd gidi,
mfic dfl cfi nhidu lgi the vd ed sd vflt chfi't vfl
cd sd phap ly, nhUng cung phdi ddi mflt vdi
khfing it vfi'n de nan gidi Trai qua nhflng
cugc cai cfich giao due, mon lich sfl da duge
dfit dung vi tri cua nd - dd khfing ehi 14 mgt
mfin hgc thfing thudng mfl edn la mdt mfin
hgc nhflm giao due nhan each, tinh thin
dfln tgc, long yeu nUdc, y thfle cfing dfln Vi
nhflng ly do dfi, lich sfl Ifl mgt mfin hge bat
bufic trong cac trUdng phd thfing, ddng thdi
su am hidu Ijeh sfl dan tfie la tieu chuIn
hang diu ddi vdi cfing dfln My vfl Canada
• Cac tieu ehuIn vd chUdng trinh, v^
chudn kien thflc, vd kidm tra danh gia chfit
lugng day hgc ljch sfl trong nhfl trUdng do
Bg Giao dye eae hang d My (eae tinh b
Canada) tu quydt dinh tren cd sd nhflng
qui dinh ehung eila Bfl Giao dye Lien bang
trudng phd thong trflc thu^c Bg Giflo dye Lifin bang (d Canada lfi Bd Gido dye Qudc gia) cd nhi^m vy quan ly vfl ho trg cac bang trong vi§e hoach djnh chinh sfich, chidn luge vfl thuc thi cflc chuong trinh day vfi
hge ljch sfl Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si
duge soan thdo vdi sy ed vfin vd ehuyfin mfin ciia Hi§p hfii cac nhfi sfl hge My, duge sfla ehfla nhieu Iln nhflm dap flng mye tifiu giflo dye qufi'c gia ciing nhu nhflng thay ddi eiia nUde My vfl nhfln dugc sU quan tam sau sde eiJa Tong thdng My
- ChUdng trinh ljch sfl dan tgc Ojch sii nudc My) d eflc trUdng phd thdng My dugc thiet kd theo tien trinh lich sfl, theo cfic thdi dai lieh sfl, eung vdi nhflng yeu cdu vl chudn kidn thfle cy the cho moi thdi dai Vd dai thd, lich sfl nUdc My dugc phan thflnh
10 thdi dai (Era) v4 dUdc gidng day bfit diu tfl ldp 5 dfi'n ldp 12 Bdt ddu tfl ldp 5, hgc sinh dfl hgc ljch sfl nhU mfit mon hge dgc Iflp Tfl ldp 11 va ldp 12, hgc sinh dUdc hgc mfit sd chuyen de ehuyen sfiu tU ehgn ve tich sfl dfin tgc
- ChUdng trtnh vfl kien thfle chu^n mfin tich sfl khfing di vflo nhUng ngi dung ehi tifi't, nhihig bfii giang ey the mfl ehi dUa ra nhflng chii de chinh vfi mdt sd tlii dy minh
hga mang tinh chfl't gdi y di nhflng ngUdi
thuc thi, thiy va trd d cflc cap hgc, cac dja phuong khae nhau cd the phat huy quyen
tu chii vfi y tudng sang tao cua minh mgt each toi da trong dgy hgc ljch sir Tren ed sd chUdng trinh va kifi'n thflc ehuIn, efie trudng phd thdng efi thd thiet kd efie chUdng trinh gidng day phfl hdp vdi dia phUdng eiia minh vfi lUa ehgn nhflng bg sach giao khoa thich hdp de dat dugj myc tifiu giflo dye qude gia
Saeh giao khoa ljch sii d cdp trung hge
cd sd vfl trung hgc pho thfing d My bao gdm
Trang 10b a n g Ifl CO q u a n dfinh gifl ehfi't l u g n g ci^a cfic
bfi sflch vfl cdp gidy p h d p Itnj hflnh T r u n g
tflm Qufi'c gia vd ljch sii t r o n g cflc trufiTig
p h d thfing ( N C H S ) t r a o q u y d n Ifla e h g n
sdch gido k h o a ljch sii eho cfic b a n g vfl efie
dja phUdng T h e o dfi, efle P h d n g gido d y e
( D i s t r i c t school B o a r d s ) h u d n g d d n cho efle
t r u d n g p h d thfing tfla e h g n bd s d c h gido
k h o a dd sii d y n g Cfic t r u d n g p h d thfing c6
thd Ifla e h g n m d t t r o n g a d n h i d u bd sflch
giflo k h o a khflc n h a u dd sii d y n g , hofic cfi
thC' t h a y ddi sfich giflo k h o a n d u thfl'y c i n
thifi't nhfim t h y c h i ^ n cfi hi^u qufl n h d t myc
tifiu giflo dye qude gia
NhUng vdn dh trfin dfiy chl tfi m ^ t sd ggi
y m a n g t i n h t h a m khflo eho chflng t a
T r o n g bdi c d n h sfl phflt t n d n n h u vii bao
cfla k h o a hgc vfi cfing n g h $ , v&n di dflt r a
eho cflc nhfl s u p h g m , cfic nhfl edi eflch gifio
d y e , cfic nhfi h o g c h d j n h e h i n h s d c h giao
d y e lfi Ifim t h d nfio dd mfin tjeh sii dugc xa hdi n h i n nhfln vfl flng xfl d u n g n h u vj t r i vdn
cd eiia nd, Ifim thd nflo dd n h f l n g t r a n g web
vd ljch sfl efi t h d c u d n h u t gidi t r e n h u m ^ t
n h u cdu t y thfin t h y e s y mdi k h i lUdt web
Didu q u a n t r g n g h d n nfla lfi, Iflm t h d nflo
dd ljch sii dugc k d t n^Ti vdi cudc s d n g hidn dgi vfl t r d t h f l n h hflnh t r a n g khfing t h d
t h i d u cho mdi n g u d i t r o n g qufl t r i n h t h a m gia vflo h $ t h d n g k i n h t d • c h f n h trj tofln edu Chflc chfln dd c u n g Ifl n h f l n g m u c tieu eiia cfing t a e d g y vfl hgc ljch sfl t r o n g nhfl trfldng p h d t h d n g d V i § t N a m t r o n g t h d ki XXI
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
(1), (2) (6) Kathleen « Steevea Working
together to Strengthen History Teaching in
Secondary Schools
H ttp ://www h is to ri a n a o rg/pub s/Fre e
(3) Miker Baker September il, 2001- The
lessons for History's subject in Schools BDS News
22-9-2001
(4) Linda Starr Students flunk US History
Test Education World 7-7-2000
Http7/www.education-world com
(5) USA Today Newa Education 28-2-2008
(7) Ipaos Newa Center Canada's view on
History Education, 10-9-2001
(8) http://www c ic gc ca/e ngliah/ci ti ze n a h i p/ci
t-test.aap
(9) Cathy Gorn Getting Studenta to Like
History ia Not Impoaible History News Network,
26/2/2004
(10) AHA Today (14-6-2007) American
Historical Aeaociation Blog
(11), (19) National Center for History in the
Schools (2004) About Ihe National Standards for
History
H t tp://WW w a Bcne t ucl a e d u/ncsh/sta n d a rds ht ml (12) Riverside UniHeld School District NSH
Http://www edu pi at com/ss/hmsa/
(13), (14) National Center for History in the Schools NSH Http://wwwnchs.ucla.edu/stBQdard afth in
gking&-12-6.html (16) University of Victoria Annual Riview
2006
H ttp://WW w CO m m u ni ca to ra u VIC ca/a nn u a 1 revie w/
annualreview2006 (16) http://www.ncha.ucla.edu/Standards/us-history-conteot-sta ndards
(17) James W.Davidaon, Mark H Lytle (2004)
The United States- A history of the Respublic
Prentice- Hall,inc Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey