MOT so VAN DE cd BAN CAN QUAN TAM TRONG DAY HOC CHO SINH VIEN THEO HlfflNG Tl[P CAN NANG LOG TS NGUYEN THj NHUNG'''' Hien nay, trong boi canh toan cau hda, giao due (GD) da dem lai nhieu thd^ co song cun[.]
Trang 1MOT so VAN DE cd BAN CAN QUAN TAM TRONG DAY HOC CHO SINH VIEN THEO HlfflNG Tl[P CAN NANG LOG
TS N G U Y E N THj N H U N G '
Hien nay, trong boi canh toan cau hda, giao due
(GD) da dem lai nhieu thd^ co song cung dat
ra nhieu thach thuc dd'i vcfl G D Viet Nam Nghi
quyet so 29-NQ/TW ngay 4/11/2013 Hoi nghi Tmng
UcfngSkhoaXlvedoimdicanban, toan dien GD-BT
da xac djnh muc tieu GD td'ng quat, trong do nhan
manh p h l i GD con nguc^ Viet Nam phat trien toan
dien va phat huy tot nhat tiem nanp, kha nang sang
tao cija mdi ca nhan; yeu To qudc, yeu dong bao;
songtotvalam viec hieu qua.Djnh hudng dSmdJGD
la "chuyen manh qua frinh GD tuf chu yeu trang bj
kien thdc sang phat trieh toan dien nang luc (NL) va
pham chat ngudi hgc" (1)
Hoatdgng dgy hoc (DH) tron^ cae tn/dng dai hgc
can ddl ma theo hudng phattrien NL ngudi hpe bd^
day la mpt xu the tat yeu cua xa hpi hien dai n h ^ phat
trien NL cho ngudi hgc, dap ung muc tidu dao tao
nguon nhan luc trinh dp cao Xu the DH nay ed diem
mdi, bieu hien dviec quan li chat lupng DH tap trung
dquanii ketqua hpc tap cua sinh vien (SV).Muc tieu
DH cua mdn hpc dupc md ta thdng qua cae nhdm
NL, dd la; NL chuy§n mon, NL phucfngphap (PP),
NL xa hoiva NL ca ffje.A NL nay tuong ung vdi bdn
tnj cdt cua GD la "hgc debiet, hgc delam, hgc de
chung song va hgc detukhing dinh minh"
1 Khai niem NL v a c a u true NL hanh dpng
Co the hieu mgt each khai quat: NL la kha nang
ttiuc hien cd hieu qua va cd trach nhiem cac hanh
dgng, giai quyetcac nhiem vu, van de thudc cac ITnh
vuc nghe nghiep xa hgi hay ca nhan trong nhimg tinh
huong khac nhau, tren cosdhieu biet kinang, kTxao
vakinh nghiem cung nhu s u s i n sang hanh ddng
Cau tnJc Chung cua NL hanh dgng bao gom:
- NL chuyen mon (professional competency: la
khanang thuc hien cac nhiem vu, chuyen mdn cung
nhu kha nang danh gia, ket qua chuyen mdn mdt
each ddc lap, cd PP chinh xac ve mat chuyen mdn,
trong dd, kha nang nhan biet cac md'i quan he thong
quaNLchuydnmdndupchieutheonghTaheplaNL
ndi dung chuyen mdn, tlieo nghla rpng hon gom ca
NL,PP chuyen mdn
24 Tap chi Gido due so 360
- NL PP{me^odicalcompetenc^: lanhiing haih
dpng cd kehoach, muc dich trong viec giai quyet cac nhidm vu va van de lien quan den hoatdpng hgc.NL
PP bao gom NL PP chuyen mon, tnjng tam cua PP nhan thuc la kha nang tiep nhan, xuli, danh gia, tmyen thu va trinh bay tri thut
- NL xahgi{socialcompetencyj: la kha nang flat
dupc myc dich trong nhung tinh hudng xa hdi ciing nhu trong nhung nhiem vu cd suphdi hpp chat che vdi nhihig thanh vien khac
- NL ca&)e{induvkiual competency: La kha nang
xac djnh, danh gia dupc nhihig CO hdi phat trien cung nhugidi han cua canhan, phattrien nang khieu,xay dung vathuchien kehoach phattrien canhan, nhiihg quan diem, chuan gia trj dao due va ddng cochi phoi thai dp va hanh vi ung xu
IVId hinh cau tnJc tren day cd thecu the hda trong tung li'nh vuc chuyen mdn, nghe nghidp khdc nhau
Vi du, NLcua giang vien (G V) bao gom nhQng nhom coban: N L D H , N L G D , N L g i a o tiep, NLtochuc cac hoat ddng GD, NL chan doan, NL danh gia
2 M p t s o v a n decan q u a n tam trong DH theo tiep can NL
2.1 Xac dinh muctieu DH.Day\ar]h\&r\vuc6y
nghTa quan trpng d a vdiGV Xac dinh diinq muctieu
DH phu hpp xu hudng DH hien dai theo tiep can NL giiip G V xay dung ke hoach va cd tac dgng phii hqp quy luat khach quan nham hudng d i n , dieu khISn hoat ddng cua SV dat dupc muc tieu da d^ ra Hien nay, khi xac dmh muc tieu DH,GV can quan trietsausicmyctieuGDftieotinhthanNghiquy^sci 29-NQ/rW ngay 4/11/2013dap iing yeu cau cua Sl/ nghiep CNH, HDH dat nudc va quy djnh cua Luat Giao due hien hanh ve muc tieu GD, trong do, yeu cau GD con ngudi Viet Nam phattrien toan dISn va phat huy tdt nhait tiem nang, kha nang s ^ g tao cua mdi canhan
Cac linh vuc muc tieu D H : Trong DH ngudi ta
phan biet ba Hnh vuc muc tieu la: nhan thtic; iam
li-'TnfOngfi^itigcTayBac
Trang 2dp) Ca3 muctieu nay can dupc chuy thuc hien t o n g
DH.Tuynhien,KiytheonpidungDHmaGVxacdinh
myc tieu nao chiem vi tri trgng tam cua bai hgc
-Muctieu nhan thiic lien quan dwi cac khanang tri
tue nhu viec tiep nhan fti thiic va phattrien tuduy k>gic
C a c d d n g t u ^ i ^ hinh CLJamuctieu nhan thdc la: nhac
lai, ggi ten, giai thich, tim ra, phan biet, s i p xep
- Muc tieu tam li -van ddng (kTnang): de cap muc
dp thanh thao cua cac kTnang hanh ddng vdi cac miic
do: b i t chudc, thao tac, hanh ddng chuan xac, hanh
dgng phd'i hpp, hanh ddng tunhien
- Myc tieu cam xiic de cap nhimg cam giac, thai
do, su san sang lam va tu duy cai gi dd va viec phat
trien cac quan diem gia trj Cac ddng hJdien hinh cua
muctieu cam xiic la:chii y.quan tam,tham gia
2.1.1 Phan bac Vinh do trong mtic Seu DH.Co
ratnhieu md hinh khac nhau frong viec phan bac cac
muctieu DH,trong dd cd each phan cac Hnh vucmyc
tieu theo 4 bac sau (xem bang If
Bang 1 He thmgphan bac cacmuc tieu nhan thtic
Mi>cd9
1 BiSl
il H i l u
111 Van dung
IV Glal quyet
Bi^u hi$n
Tfli tii$n (nhd t^i) nhOng di^u da hpc theo
tri n h d
T u x J If vd s i p xep tn thurc da hpc, giai
thfch dupc cdc moi quan he
VSn dicing h i l u bi^t da cp vAo nhCng
nhi$m vu tutmq t u
Ddnh gid phfl ph^n nhung di^u da hpc,
tim ra nhiJng phucmg an giai quySt cdc
vSn <S6 trgn c o s d van dgng h i l u b i l t da
c6 vdo cdc tinh huong mdi
M6 hinh nay CO kha nang ling dung cao vi khong
chia thanh qua nhieu b?c Mo hinh nay cung (Jinh
hudng theo phattrien NL, trong do, m uc tieu DH duoc
phan bietdcac miJC do chinh la biet hieu, van dung va
danh gia/giai quyet van de Kha nang sang tao the
hien trong van dung doi vdi cac tinh huong thay doi ya
giai quyet van de Trong mdi bac muc tieu deu can
thuc hien nhiing thao tac tu duy khac nhau Vi vay,
cac thaotac tirduy nhi/so sanh,twig hop khong phai
la cac bacmuc tieu hpc tap trong mohinh nay.Oday,
bac I CO nghTa la miic dp don gian, bac IV la kho
Mpt so dpng tir bao hieu muctieu hoc tirong ling:
+ S e j trich d i n , biai d i n , dpc thupc I6ng, HSt ke, trinh
bay ; + Hieu phan biet, mp ta, giai thich,sap xep, he
thong hoa, so sanh ; + I'an dung, chetao, ling dung,
tinhtoan,t6mtat,kiS'mtra ;+GH/9uyeJi'anrfeKet
luan, danh gia, phan tich, lap tuan, suy luan, binh luan
2.1.2 Hethdng phan baccacmuctieu tam li-van
dgng:theomucdgph6lhgp{>iem bang2):
Mdc do
1 l.amtheo (1 Luyfin tap
III Phoi hpp
IV Giai q u y ^ vandS
B i l u Pu&n Ldm theo mau timq birdc hdnh dpnq
TV luven tap tutiq budc hdnh donq Ooc lap phoi hpp cdc budc cua hanh
dgng: s i p x4p, xdc (^nh moi quan he giiJa
cdc hdnh dong dpc lap thi/c hien c h u i n xac tianh donq
Dpc lap thuc hien hanh dpng trong riiQng
tinh huonq khdc nhau
Mdt sddong tu bao hieu muctieu hpc tuong ung: + Lam theo: lam theo, thdnghiem; + Luyen tap: luyen tap, cung co; + Phd'i hpp: phdi hop, ket hpp; + Giai quyetvande: chetao,cai tien
2.1.3 He thong phan cap cac muc Seu cam xiic tiieo miic do nhap ^m (xem bang 3):
Bang 3 Cac mijc lieu cam Xiic theo mtic do nhip tam
M^cda
1 TIS'p nhdn
11 Ddp Ong
III E)Snhgtd
IV Hinh thdnh gidtn
Bi^u hi^n
Nhdn b\& cdc gjd In nhdn thiU'c Puyc ^ nghTa coa cdc chu ai
LAi cu6n vdo chu i36 ho^t d^ng ho$c su IdSn d l
md n6ng wiSc tim t6i nP, Idm vi^c vdi ni5 vd tham
qia vdo iS6 Nhdn xdt ddnh gid cdc gid tn liSn quan OSn chu
dd ho^l d^ng hpc tdp
CP mim tin vdi cdc gid tri, sSp x£p cdc gid trj
Irong mfii quan h5, hinh thdnh h$ Ih&ig quan nt$m gid tri
Cac d ^ g td nhatdjnh bao hieu bac muc tieu hpc tuong ling:+Nhan biet: nhan biet, luu y; + Phan iing: phan ting, giai quyet;+Danh gia: nhan xet, danh gia; + Hinhthanhpiatrj:thuc hanh lam hinh m l u Tren CO so cac bac muc tieu DH neu tren,khixay dyng ke hoach DH, can md ta cac muc tieu cho phu hpp vd^' ndi dung chucmg binh mdt each rd rang, sao clio cd the dat dupc cac m yc tieu do trong pham vi khoang thdi gian xac dinh, cdthe kiem tra duoc, phat bieu rd rang muc ddgia tang ve kien thuc dupc hudng
tdi va nhiing kTnang hoan toan cy the, lam m h h b&c^
trinh tucd he thdng, timg budc DH va hoach djnli ro tung ndi dung trong bai hpc can hudng tdi phattrie'n
NL nao cho ngudi hoc
2J Goi mdi tdchuc, dieu khien hoat dgng hgc tap va danh gia ket qua hgc ^p cua SV.ViH
theo quan diem phattrien NL dat ra yeu cau mdi doi vdi ndi dung DH, phucmg phap day hgc (PPDH), ciing nhu viec danh gia ketqua hgc tap cua SV PPDH theo quan diem phat frien NL khdng chi chu y tich cue hda hoat dwip tri tue cua SV ma cdn chu y ren luyen NL giai quyet van de, g^n vdi nhihig tirih hudng cua cudc song va nghe nghiep, dong thdi gan hoat ddng fri tue vdi hoat ddng thuc hanh, thuc Hen; tang cudng viec hpc frong nhdm, doi mdi quan
Tap chi Gido dye so 360 25
Trang 3trpng nh^m phattrien NL xa hdi
Trong DH hien nay, frudc tien, can xac dinh rd
rang muctieu DH, trong dd chu trpng myc tieu phat
trien NL, lua chpn cac ngi dung ed the pliat trien NL
ehuyen mdn va cac NL khae trong cau tnic N L hanh
dpng cho SV
DoivoiviecsiidijngPP tochiic DH:6ec[uar\\i\6\
hoat ddng hpc tap cua SV tren ldp, G V can cai tie'n
cac PPDH tnjyen tfid'ng nhu thuyet trinh, dam thoai,
luyfen tap - day la nhirng PP quan trpng frong DH
Dong ttidl, can tang cudng van dyng cac PPDH nhu
PP giaiquyetvan de, DH phan hoa, tochiic thao luan,
thao luan nhdm , sudung cae kT ttiuat DH phat huy^
ca", Ja chdp", "XYZ" ! Nhflng PP va kTthuat DH nay
se dam bao su tuong tac tich cue gifla GV - SV, SV
cue hanh ddng, tich ci/c tu duy sang tao md^ cd the
giai quyet cd hieu qua Viec to chijrc, dieu khien hoat
ddng hge nhu vay se piijp SV phat trien dupc kha
nang sang tao, phattrien duoc cac NL chuyen mdn,
N L P P N L xa hgi va N L ca the
Trong danh gia ketqua, DH theo tiep can NL chu
trgng danh gia kha nang hieu biet, phan tich va van
dyng eua SV chukhdng chiehu trpng kiem tra viec tai
hien kien thfle mptcach don tiuan
2.3 Tang cuang huang din SV tu hoc Co 3
giai doan co ban can hudng d i n SV tt/ hoc: 1} Dgc
lan tiitinhatdenam bitdul^u, n h i m pliat hien ra cai
gi la quan trgng; 2) Dgc lan thii2 dexiilicac dukien,
phan tich sau hon, clii tiet hon n h l m hieu dugc cau
tmc va ndi dung DH ttieo hudng tiep can NL, dat ra
yeu cau cao ve viec tu hgc cua SV (tu hpc bai mdi
tn/dc khi len Idp, tuhpc chu dpng ngay tren Idp dudi
suhudngdlncuaGV,tuhocsaukhilenldpdnhaya
ty hgc trong gid thao luan nhdm dudi su hudng dan
van de khoa hpc, ngoai nhiem vy chuyen tai kien thflc
cho SV, G V cdn danh phan Idn thdi gian va edng sflc
vao viec hudng dan, giao nhiem vu cho SV tu tim
cua SV se duoc GV lien tyc dinh hudng, uon nan,
danh gia frong sudtqua frinh hpc tap
Theo chung tdi, de hu'dng d i n SV tu hgc cd hieu
qua, can chu y mdtsd van de sau; - Xac dinh rd muc
tieu, yeu cau, ndi dung, phuong tien tfl hpc cija SV:
ndidungnaocan dpc dehgc, ndi dung nao denghien
ciiru , chiddn tai lieu hpc tap mdt each cy the nhu ten
sach, tai lieu, nha xuat b ^ , tac gia, cac trang, myc can
dpc ;-Xaydyng hettiong cau hoiva bai tap sau moi
chuong de chi dan SV tu hgc; - Hudng d i n SV each
26 Tap chi Gido due so 360
ban; + Xac dinh cac dang dpc va van dung phu hpp vdi muc dich dat ra
Cd 4 dang dgc co ban la Dpc "quet ngang", Moc nhanh", "dgc cham", "dpc rat cham" Mdi dang cdmyc
dich xac dinh va dang tai Seu tflong flng (xem bang4\ Bang4 Cac dang dgc cff bin " ' ' ^ ' '
Danq doc flpc "quel ngang"
- Doc ludt
n h ^ i h
Doc nhanh
Doc cham
Ooc rSl cham
Muc dich/v dinh doc
- Dinh VI mot thong tin chl tigt nao do, - Tim
sif ki$n Irong tai lieu
£)pc d ^ lao niem hiJng thii, tim mgt y tucmg tham khao
DQC d6' hgc, i3§ ITnh hpi
mot thong lin xac djnh can Ihiet
Bpc dS' hoc, de hiiu
mpt bdi khoa mot giao doc theo mpt dinh huong that chl tiei
DanatSi liSu
- Tra ciiu tCf diin, xdc dinh mpt thfing tin
trong tdi ^u - m^t sau se d(K kThon
Tl^u thuyet, fiuy^fi, bdo, tap chf, mfit ldi ll$u, m(rt bai khoa dim
gian ,„
Bdi khda, gido Irinh, bdi giang, lai liSu Khoa hpc • ' " ' Gido trinh sdchi'^cil khoa, bai giang, tdi II^U; li§u khoa hoc ktth'u^'l
3) Dgc lan tht/3 nham tong hgp, ghinhdcac Ihdng^
va dukien Ngoai ra, G V cung can hudng d i n SV PP
ghi nhdtai lieu, gin giflva tai hien, hoi tfldng khoa hgc de'giup SV luu gifl va tai hien nhflng tai lieu can ttiiet phuc vu cho viec ttiuc hien cac nhiem vu hpc tap; h u ^ g
d i n cho SV nhan thflc va van dung chu ^eu bai ghi nhdb^ic, huy dgng tuduy detim ra cac diem tua.dau hieu ban chat va mdiquan he giifei cac phan frong nfii dung tai lieu
Ngoai ra, dequan li hoatdgng tyhpccuaSV.GV can cd cac bien phap kiem tra van dap, dat ra tinh huong ttii/c tiln cho SV xi? li, yeu cau S V ^ g hpfi bao cao ketqua b i n g bai viethay trinh bay tn;dc ldp;;; Trong bdi^canh hien nay, DH can dupctien hanh theo cjuan diem phattrien Nl_ cho ngudi hgc, day laxu the tat yeu trong DH cua nhieu nudc tren thegidi cung nhudVietNam Tfong DH,GV can xac djnh rorang muctieu DH,m6tacacNLngudi hpc can hinh ttianh saochophuhppvdimycdich,ngidung,nhiem vuDH
GV to chuc dieu khiw SV tich cue hoc tap b ^ g cac PPDH tich cyc, ket hpp vdi PP iruyen thdng dedgt dupc myc tieu da xac dinh, dong ttidi tang cudng to chuc, dieu khieh, hudng dan viec tuhpc, quan li tdt qua frinh va ketquatuhpc cija SV.Day lanhiing y ^ toed ban dam bao cho qua trinh DH dat hieu qua tdt, hinh ttianh dupc nhung NL ttiie't yeu cho SV •
(Xem tiep ^ng 29}
Trang 4phu hop vdi ngudi hpc frong qua ttinh ttiam gia khda
hpc Cac MH nay lua chpn dupc khai niem phu hpp
vdi ngudi hpc nhung chua hudng d i n ngudi hpc lam
ttie nao detim hi^u dupc khai niem dd
MH ngudihoc: Khi xay dutig M H ngud^ hpc, cac
hettiong neu fren chua su'dung n h i ^ ttiudc tinh cua
ngudi hpc dd'ttiich nghi Su'dung gia frj nhj phan {vi
du: biet/khdng biet), gia trj djnh tinh (vi du: tdt, tmng
binh, kem), gia frj djnh luong (vt du: tap sd' nguyen
frong khoang [1 100])dedinh lupng muc dp hieu
biet khai niem cua ngudi hpc Cac gia fri nay khdng
dat dupc dp chinh xac cao khi danh gia m 0*0 dp hieu
biet cua ngudi hpc Them vao dd, he tticnig segap khd
khan frong viec phan ldp ngudi hpc de thich nghi khi
dua fren cac gia frj nay Ngoai ra, cac he thong nay
cung khdng danh gia muc dp hoan ttianh viec ttiuc
hien cae hoatdpng cua ngudi hpc (do each tiep can
MH npldung hpc khdng xem xet den cac hoatdpng,
nhigm vg hoc tap)
Cache thich nghi: Lua chpn cac ndi dung phu
hpp vdi ngudi hpc (vi du: cac khai niem frong hetfiwig
IntertiookvaAHA.baitipldnfrong KBS Hyperbook )
chua ^ 0 ra tien frinh hpc tap phu hqp vdi ngudi hpc,
cung nhutrong mdi glal doan cua tien trinh hpc chua
hudng d i n ngudi hpc cac budc can ttiuc hien de cd
tti^hoan ttianh giai doan dd
Tdm lal.frjrviecngh^n cihi mptsdhettidng HTN,
tac gta da so sanh, danh gia, chi ra mdt sddiem han
c h M a y lamdt frong cac CO sddehinlittianhnhSng
muc ti§u ve MH HTN nhu; MH ndi dung hpc, MH
ngudi hpc, va co chd'ttiich nghi •
T&{ lifu tham k h i o
1 Brusilovsky, P M e t h o d s and Techniques of
Adaptive Hypermedia User Modeling and User
Adapted Interaction, 6, 87-129 [ciled at p vii 2, 12,
13 14,73,99]; 1996
2 Kubes T Application of Hypermedia Systems in
E-learning Master's thesis Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Czech Technical University in FYague
[cited at p 3 13, 21]; 2007
3 B r u s i l o v s k y , P., S c h w a r z , E and W e b e r ,
G Elm-art: An Intelligent Tutoring System on the
World W i d e W e b Proceedings of the Third
Intemational Conference ITS [cited at p 1 3 , 1 7 , 2 0
21 22, 28, 37, 48 70]; 1996
4 Anh N V and Ho, S D Applying Weighted
E-learning Learning by Effective Utilization of
Technologies: Facilitating Intercultural
Understanding Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
(ki2-6/2015)
3 7 , 6 0 i 0 0 ] ; 2 0 0 6
5 Anh N v , Kien, D H and Dam, H S Applying Collaborative Elearning to Develop a Question
-A n s w e r i n g S y s t e m Journal of Research and
Technology 20 5-12 [cited at p 37, 98]; 2008
6 Henze N and Nejdl, W Adaptivity in the KBS
Hyperbook System 2nd Workshop on Adaptive
Systems and User Modeling on the WWW (Toronto, Canada May 1999) [cited at p 2 0 , 2 4 , 3 7 , 7 8 ] ; 1999
SUMMARY
The study of adaptable personal leaming serves
as the foundaUon of developing systems of adaptable leaming towards setting up standardized courses meeting the needs and goals of adult education
MptsOvanSecilliaiL
(Ttip Sieo trang 26)
(1) Ban C h i p hinh Trung inmg Nghi quyi't s6
29-NQ/TW ngdy 4/11/2013 vi ddi m^ cdn bdn, loan dien gido due vd ddo lao
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1 DSng QuO'c BSo - DO QuCic Anh - Dinh Thj Kim
Thoa C a m nang n^ng cao nSng lire v^ phim chfi't dOi ngu gjdo vi«n NXB U ludn chinh tri, H 2007
2 Vfl Qudc Chung - LeHSi Ytfn Di tirhqc d ? t dwyc hifu quS NXB Dai hpc supham, H 2003
3 Bemd Meier - NguySn VSn CirbTig Li luSn day hpc hifn dai NXB Bai hpc supham, H 2014
4 L u a t Giao d u e n ^ 2005, stjra ddi bd sung nSm
2009 NXB Chinh trj qudc gia - S^t th^t, H 2009
5 Pham Vi^t Vm?ng Li ludn day hoc dai hpc NXB
Gido diic, H 2003
SUMMARY
Teaching activities in universities should develop innovation- oriented learners' capacity because this
Is the Inevitable trend of modem society This trend
of new teaching, manifested In the management of outcomes of students Leaming objectives of the course are described througii energy ^oups, which social competence and Individual capacity 4 This capacity corresponds to the four pillars of educaUon
as leaming to know, learning to do leaming to live together and leam to assert themselves The paper presents several problems related to leaming capac-ity approaches
Tap chi Gido due so 360 29