A GIAUDUCDMITAC THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP NANG CAO CHAT LUDNG GIAO DUC CHO HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO Of VUNG DAN TfiC, MIEN N U I I O a t v l n d l Phit huy ngudn nhdn lUc (NNL) Id nhin td quan trong qu[.]
Trang 1THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP NANG CAO CHAT LUDNG GIAO DUC CHO HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO Of VUNG DAN TfiC, MIEN N U I
I O a t v l n d l
Phit huy ngudn nhdn lUc (NNL) Id nhin td quan
trong quylt djnh sU phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi cda mdi
thfle thi nhilu chfnh sdeh uu tifn nhdm tao ngudn, xiy
(DTTS) b i n nay, trinh dp dan trf cCia vUng DTTS v l miln
nui da dupc ndng tin ding k l nhUng van ehUa dap dng
vung slu, vung xa, ti 11 tdi mil ehfl cdn eao, tinh trang
hpc sinh (HS) bd hpe cdn nhilu, nhat Id HS ndeon em eie
gia dinh ngtieo fvidt sd dan toe ft ngUdi chua cd ngudi
tdt nghifp trung hpc phd thdng Vin de clp t h i l t dat
phdp nlng eao chit lupng gido due (CLGD) cho HS DTTS
d l phdt triln b i n vOtig NNL eho miln nui, vitng ddn tdc
2 Thuc trang v l giao due HS DTTS khu vUc m i l n
nui, vting d i n tdc h i l n nay
2.1 ThUe trgng vi trinh dp hgc vdn
V l CO bdn, da thyc hifn thdnh cdng sy nghilp xda
mil ehd, phd cap gilo due tilu hpc vd trung lipc co sd;
quy md ddo tao dai hpc cao ding, trung hpc ehuyfn
nghiep v l day nghi t i l p tue t i n g vdi tde dd cao; trinh dd
tay nghi, ehuyen mdn ki thuat eua lao ddng tifng bude
duoc nlng Iln H I thdng trudng phd thdng d i n tde ndi
tru khdng ngflng dupc cflng ed vd phdt triln
Ngdy 04/5/2013, Thd tfldng Chfnh phd da ban hdnh
Quylt djnh sd 692/QO-TTg phe duyet De I n "Xda mu chd
den n i m 2020" Sau hon mdt ndm triln khai thfle hifn,
d i n nay, Bd Gido dye v l Oao tao dang khin trflong ehi
dao cdc tlnh, d n cfl myc tieu, nhifm vu eiDa O l dn, tiln
hanh xiy dflng va p h i duyet k l hoach thflc hiln xda mfl
chd tai dja phuong [1 ]
Mie dfl ed nhOlig thanh tfeh nhu viy t r l n t o i n
qudc nhung ti tf dan sd khdng bilt chd tai ede vung
miln nfli phfa Ble, tf 11 d i n so 11 DTTS cao nhat, cung la
vung ddng d i u v l ti If dan sd trfn IS tudi khdng bilt
chfl (12,7%) Vung Tay Nguyin v l vdng Ddng bing Sdng
Cflu Long dflng thfl ba va thfl tfl trong d nflde v l ti I I
ddn sd II ngudi DTTS, nhUng ed ti I I ddn sd khdng bilt
ehd eao thfl hai vd thfl ba, tuong dng id 11,73% vd 8,4%
Ooi tupng khdng bilt chd chd y l u rot vao nhiifng ngudi
ed dd tudi eao (tren 40 tudi), mdt sd dja phflong ed tl tf
ehd cao nhu: Lai Chdu 42,6%, Ha Giang 34,5%, Difn Bifn
32,4% [21
Tl tf khdng bilt chfl d clc vilng dan tde va mien
nui cao ehd y l u td do nhilu ngudi trong cdc nhdm DTTS
vd chat tupng hpc t i p khdng cao do nhiifng khd khin v l
PGS.TS TRINH THANH HAI
Tntm Bai hoc Ktioa hoc • Oai hoc Thli Nguyfin
t s L £ THI THU HliN
Tnldng Dal hoc Gilo d^c - Qal hoc Qutfc gla HI N6I
TS LA DUG MINH - Vl^n Din tfic - Uy ban DSn t&c
ngdn ngfl, dieu kifn hpe t i p (trudng tdp tdi tan, thilu do
ngheo ddi), cich truyln dat cda thay cd gido va chUOng trinh hpe ehua phu hpp
2.2 ThUe trgng vi ngdn ngff
Phin ldn HS DTTS gap khd khdn v l ngdn ngd khi tdi Idp Mpt trong nhCfng nguyen nhin d i n d i n khd khan ve ngdn ngd trude khi di hoc ma nhilu HS DTTS gap phdi
11 do cac em khdng dupe ehuan bj trong giat doan d Ida tudi mam non Thdi gian vfla qua, gido due mam non non kien ed ehf dat 30,30%, edn lai t l phdng hoc bdn 17,13% tdng sd d c phdng hpc cho gilo due m i m non
td di mflpn eda eac c l p hpe khde, sd dyng tam nhd kho hpp tdc xa cu hoac phdng cCia try sd Ciy ban nhin din xd, Vung cd phdng tipc tam nhllu nhit td Trung du vd miln ndi phia Ble vdi ti if 26,41 % [2]
Bp Gilo dye va DIo tao da quan tdm d i n vifc day ehd ddn tde eho HS Oen nay da cd hon 10 toat chiJ DTTS dupc day trong trfldng hpc tai mdt sd thanh phd thflc
nhU: Ninh Thuin, An Giang, Tty Ninh, Cd Mau, Cln Tho,
dupc triln khai d 646 trfldng, 4518 Idp vdi 105.638 HS Hien nay, ed nUde ed tren 1200 gido viln (GV) day tilng DTTS, blu h i t dIu 11 ngfldi DTTS [2]
Bd Gilo due vd Ddo tao cung nhU cdc tinh vung miln nui, vflng d i n tde d i u nhin thfle ring day v l hpe bing tilng d i n tdc Id van d l rat d n t h i l t gdp phin ndng ding k l trong vile hoin thiln ehit Iflpng NNL vdng DTTS Tuy nhiln, vife day tilng dan tde vd hpc bing tilng dan tdc edn gap nhilu trd ngai do chit tflpng gido trinh chfla eao, thilu tfnh ddng nhat v l dan tdc d d e Idp hpc do HS trong mdt Idp vdng cao thudng thude nhilu ntidm dan tpc khae nhau Chat lupng GV day tdp ghep ehfla dat yfu
d u , thilu sfl hd tro va khuyin khfch ddi vdt GV d?y ttlng
d i n tdc„
Z 5 Thffc trgng vi chdt lumg dgy hgc cho HS DTTS
Hifn tai, van cdn ti If kha eao GV t i l u hpe ehfla dat ehuin (dio tao t h i p nhit Id hf eao ding) Hlln nay, d
tf GV ed trinh dp thap hon cao ding td 37% ( d e trudng tinh ti, le GVcdtrinh dd ddo tao dudl ehuin cdn eao: Kon Tum 15,72%, D l k Lik 13,98%, Dlk Ndng 7,37%, Trd Vinh 7,23% TI I I GV dat y l u d u v l ndng tUc chuyin mdn d
d p Trung tioc co sd la 66,48% vd Trung hoe phd thdng
II 59,80% [2]
Do vdy, mac dCi da ed mdt sd d f l i n d i u tu t i p huln eho GV v i phuong phip d^y hoe tteh cfle nhung thdi
5 4 • K H O A HOC BUU) DUC
Trang 2, gian tren tdp ngin, chuong trinh hpe nlng, GV thUdng ft
dinh thdi gian cho d e HS ehim tilp thu, nhdt nhit Mat
khie do rio cln v l ngdn ngfl nen hau h i t FIS DTTS d i u
tdp khdng eao
2.4 Chuang ttinh hoe chffa thffesUphd hgp vdi HS
DTTS
Hifn tai, d nfldc van dung ehung mdt khung chUemg
trinh day hpe cho HS khdng phdn bift thanh thj, ndng
thdn, HS td ngudt Kinh hay DTTS Do vdy, mac dfl Bd Gilo
dye v l Oao tao eho phip d c dia phuong dUOc dieu chinh
ciia dia phuong nhflng cd mdt sd mdn hpe van ehua thuc
sfl hdu feh ddi vdi HS; mdtsd kiln thflc khd ddi vdi HS DTTS
nin gdy ra tinh trang ehdn va bd hpe
2.5 Thuc argngvi quan hi giffa GVvdHS DTTS
Mdi din tdc cd mdt phong tyc, tap qudn va van hod
rifng khiln eho d e thiy ed gido cd the klidng hilu duoe
HS thudc nhdm DTTS khdc cda minh Trong mdt ldp thdng
thudng ed nhilu nhdm din tdc edng hpe n i n dd GV cd la
ngudi DTTS cung khdng t h l d i p flng dupe h i t ngdn ngd
cua HS Do vfy, theo dtlu tra, cd trln 50% HS DTTS khdng
^ mudn din trudng vi khdng hilu bdi do GV gidng Cd the
§: t h ^ ring, so vdi d nUdc, dpi ngu GV vung ddn tde vd
I ' miln ndt ndt chung, GV vdng DTTS ndi rilng cdn ft v l sd
lupng, y l u vi nlng lflc chuyin mdn
E 2.6.0lktkiinditgivda/sdvdtaidtcdanhdmii/ng
I; Dilu kifn cCia HS DTTS thudng sdng d eae vung
1^ xa xdi hio tlnh, cd vj trf xa trUdng hpc, dudng di khdng
I" thuin lpi, thiln nhiln khdng ung hd Nhi nude eung da
chuyin bift ddnh rifng cho HS DTTS nhflng ti If bd hpe
d mdt sd tfnh ddng DTTS van cao, nhat td ddi vdl HS d p
Tilu hpc
Tfl nam 1991 d i n nay, Nhi nflde da d i u tfl t r l n SOO
tl ddng de xdy dflng h f thdng trfldng dan tdc ndi trd
Oa hlnh thdnti h i thdng trudng phd thdng ddn tde npi
trii clc d p nhu sau: 06 trUdng trUe thupe Bd, 47 trUdng
thude d c tinh v l 231 trudng tiiudc huyln Nam hoe
L 2008 - 2009 cd tdng sd 84.677 HS theo hpe (S0.818 HS
r elp Trung hpe eO sd vd 33.859 HS d p Trung hpc phd
thdng) trln dja bdn 49 tinh, thinh phd eua cd nfldc [2]
2.7 Nguyin nhdn cda thuc trgng
Cdng tdc quin If v l ddo tao, phdt triln NNL miln
nut chua dupe quan tdm dung mflc nhat td vife xay dflng
tao nghi H I thdng eie co sd day n g h i cdn nhilu b i t
elp Ngudn lflc d i u tu cho ddo tao nghi tfl ngdn sleh
nhi nude ddi vdi die thfl eda vung miln nui chfla thda
ddng, t h i l t bj day n g h i edn thilu, mdt bd phin cdn bd
qudn 11 day n g h i ehua cd kinh nghifm thuc tien, GV
thilu v l sd tupng, han c h l v l chat tupng ChUOng trinh
ylu d u cda thj trUdng lao ddng Mit khde, d c co sd ddo
t^o n g h i chua chd ddng g i n kit gida dao tao vdi gidi
, quyet vile tdm, ehUa b i t tay duoc vdi cdc doanh nghiep
i d l tim "diu ra" cho HS hpc nghi [3]
• Cdng tdc gido due hudng nghiep eho HS vd phy
huynh cdn nhilu ban chl, phdn ludng HS sau trung hpc
CO s d v l trung hpc phd thdng gap nhilu khd khdn.Tdm tf
hoc eao ding, khdng mudn hpe nghi hode trung hpc eliuyln nghilp Mot bd phdn nfidn d i n ehUa nhdn thdc dflpc tam quan trpng cda gido due, ddo tao vd day nghi nen khdng mudn eho eon em hpc nghi [3]
3 Die dilm cda HS DTTS A viing dan tdc, mien nui
Trong qud trinh hpc tdp, sU bien ddi nhdn thfle eda
HS ehju sfl t i c ddng cua ndi dung, phuong phdp vd cle hinh thfle day hpc dfldi dnh hfldng cOa dilu kifn kinh
t l , phong tye t i p qudn, tdi sdng da dflpc hinh thdnh d bao gdm nhflng y l u td dd dn djnh vd nhiifng y l u td mdl phdt triln trong q u i trinh day hpc va gido dye Ode dilm not bdt trong tfl duy eda HS DTTS Id thdi quen tao ddng trf de ehua b i n , ngai suy nghT Trong hpe tap, HS cd thdi quen suy nghi mdt chtlu, d l thfla nhdn dtlu ngUdi khie ndi Khi nfu k i t tuan hay hiln tflpng, HS ft di slu tim hilu
nguyfn nhdn, •j/ nghia hole nhutig diln biln v l j? nghTa
cua sy v i f c hien tupng dd Khd nang tU duy trfle quan -hinh dnh cfla cdc em tdt hon khd nang tU duy trflu tflpng
- togie Phuwig t i l n giao tilp chd y l u eua HS I I ddng thflc giao t i l p trong nhd trUdng Do vdn tfl v l k i l l ndng diln dat edn han ehi nin nhilu HS ngai t i l p xue thilu ede em ft phat bilu, thdo ludn vi sp sal, x l u hd [4]
Su phit triln nhin d e h eda HS dd tuong ddi dn dinh So vdi HS ngudi Kinh, ede em ed trdi hon v l t h l Ifle mde dii ehju Inh hudng t d nhd dilu kiln sdng khd
khan HS y l u lao ddng, qujr trong tinh thay trd, tinh ban,
trung thUe, dung d m , Ben eanh nhflng HS ryt r l , t u ti, nhilu HS ed Idng vj tha, ham hilu bilt Qud trinh chu y eda HS da phit triln, song l^i hay quen Trang t h l i chfl y khdng bin khi giao tilp, giao tuu, die bilt trong cdc gid hpe chinh khod, Nhilu hiln tUOng "ehU y gid tao" xult hifn trong gid hpe ddi vdi HS Od la suchu y ed tfnh chit hinh thflc, tudn theo kl luat, nhflng thfle chit HS khdng
t i p trung t u tudng, cung khdng bilu hifn chin nin, ptidn dng hole hUng phan Cac n i t t i m if nhU y ehf rin luyen, dc quan slt, trf nhd, tfnh kifn tri, tfnh ki tudt eda
HS ehua dupe chuin bj ehu dao Qui trinh ehuyin h o i nhifm vy, y i u d u hpc tap cung nhu eO c h l hinh thdnh
d bdn thdn HS dien ra cdn eham Do sdng t d nhd trong khdng gian rpng, tilp xue nhilu vdl thiln nhiln n i n nhdn thdc d m tinh cua HS phat triln khd tdt Cdm gidc tri gilc cda d c em ed nhiitng net dpc ddo, tuy nhiln edn thilu todn dien, chua thay dupe b i n chit cua suvat, hiln tilp, g i n vdi mdu sic hap ddn eda suvdt tao ra xdc elm
d HS Ddl tupng tri gidc cua HS ehi!i y l u Id sUgan gut edy coi, con vat, thiln nhiln; tri giac thdi gian bing nhiifng quy ude cd tinh edng ddng nhd thilu ehuan mfle, nhu khoing vdi qud ddi, vdi cdi gao, budi Ilm thay cho d c dai tupng do thdl gian va khdng gian [4]
4 Mdt sd bien phip nlng cao CLGD cho HS DTTS miln nui, vCing dan tdc
4.1 Biin phdp 1: Ndng cao CLGD thdng qua tgo ca hgi dm HS DTTS Sugc hgc dhi thdng t^c truffng chuyin biet vd hgc tgi ede trffdng dgi hoc, eao ding
Bi tang eUdng co hdi hpe tap eho HS DTTS vdng
miln ndi, vung din tde cln phdt triln loai hlnh trUdng
Trang 3A GIAO DUC DAN TOC _
chuyen bjet danh cho ddi tupng eon em eda ddng bdo
tru, tn/dng ban tid, d e trUdng, khoa dy bj dai hpc Cd
ging ddu t u xdy dung cac trucmg not tru v l cd d e chfnh
vdng dac bift khd khan
Can thue hiln nguyen tac tuyln sinh vdo hpc tat
d c trudng pho ttidng dan tpe not tru la HS DTTS, hoac ft
nhat 11 HS dan tde Kinh t d cdc viJng ddn tde va mien ndi
xa xdi, heo tanh b e tao d i l u kifn eho HS DTTS, sd lupng
HS ddn tdc Kinh dupe phep tuyln sinh vdo d c trUdng
phd thdng dan tpe ndi trd khdng dUpc vupt qua 5% tdng
sd HS dupe phep tuyln smb
Nhd nudc d n tang chl tieu efl tuyln va ho trp kinh
phi cho HS DTTS t i l p tye dUOe hpc tai cdc trUdng dai
trudng dai hoe eao ding, cho d e dot tflpng HS dde bift
khd khan, cd ctiinh sdeh ho trp ehd an d vd hpe bdng eho
clc ddi tupng HS DTTS ed k i t qud hpc tap tdt
4.2 Biin phdp 2: Ndng eao CLGD thdng qua dot mcS
npi dung ehuang trinh vdphffUng phdp, ki thudt dgy hge
tieh cffc ddi vdi HS DTTS
Cln ed vdo dac dilm cOa HS DTTS, thUc trang v l gilo
dye HS DTTS, dilu quan trpng can thay ddt Id chUong
trinh day hpe sao eho phfl hpp vdi ddi tUong HS DTTS
Cln ed ehfnh sdeh cho cde dja phuang dupe thay ddi d c
dilm vung mien.Dexuat Bd Gilo dye vd Oao tao dUa mpt
sd mdn hpc liln quan d i n kiln thfle dia phflong g i n gui
Vift song song vdi tieng ddn tde de HS DTTS cd t h l ed
ngudn tdi tifu tham khdo tdt hOn
Can to chdc cho GV thudng xuyen cdc dpt tap huln
v l phflong phdp va kT thuit tich eflc de GV van dyng mdt
cdch tinh boat d e phuong phap do trong day hpc HS
DTTS giup ndng cao ehat lUOng day hoe; ndng cao hdng
thfl hpc tap cho HS DTTS
Nhd nude cln d i u t U v l phuong tifn day hpc va tai
lieu tham khdo, sdeh gtao khoa d l gtOp HS DTTS cd t h l
kjp sU phit triln cua giao dye giup HS DTTS tilp can dan
vdi cdc phuang phap hpc d tale Oat hpe vd dam tDdo dd
dilu kifn tham gia hpc cdc bae hpc cao hon
4.3 Biin pbdp 3: Ndng eao CLGD eho HS DTTS didng
qua ehinh sdeh UU tiin dgy vd hge bdng tieng ddn tdc
O l phdt triln NNL eho ddng bao mien ndi, vdng ddn
tpc d i u tien phli quan tdm phdt trtln v l tri tue, tddd thay
ddi v l nhdn thflc eua ngUdi DTTS Tuy nhiln, do vung miln
ndi, ddn tdc cd nhieu ddn tdc khdc nhau eflng sinh sdng,
hpc tap, di ed t h l hilu dupe phong tue tap qudn eCia ngUdi
dan tde, khdng ai h i t chfnh td d e GV bdn dja hode GV dflOc
ddo tao ndi tieng ddn tpc mudn vay:
- Can phdi ed quy tioach chiln luoc v l dao tao dpi ngu
GVday tilng dan tpe ed t h l cd HS DTTS theo diln edtuyin,
difn SOA v l dao tao GV day tilng ddn tdc hole thu hut d c
sinh viln d l tdt nghifp dai hoc cao ddng ve day ttlng din
tdc
- Cln dau tuco sdvat chat eho HS DTTS ngay t d mam
non v l ddi mdi not dung day mdm non theo hudng day
tilng Vift eho HS mam non, dd la tiln d l de HS cd till giao
tilp vd fioc t)lng tilng Vilt d d e bac hpc eao hon
- Can thu hut dupe GV, sinh vien tdt nghifp eae trudng su pham v l day tai d e khu vUc mien ndi, hit dio, vung khd khdn, xa xdi, h i o idnh, cd cle chfnh sdch Uu d l l tdt d l k l u gpi GV nhiet tinh tham gia gido due HS DTTS
4.4 fiiln phdp 4: Ndng eao CLGD cha HS DTTS thdng qua qudn lidpi ngu cdn bd ngffdi DTTS sau ddo tgo
Mdi dia phuemg d n quy hoach ngudn d n bp cho tdng ITnh vfle nganh nghe phd hpp nhfl gid^o dye y t l , thdy Ipi, giao thdng Sau do, cdn cfl tren sd lupng cln trung hoe phd ttidng cfi ddo tao tai d e trfldng dai hpc eao ding, ddng thdi theo ddi slt q u i trinh hpc tap eCia
cde HS dugc cii di ddo tao va yeu cau d c em dugc cfl di
hpc phli quay v l dja phUOng cdng tde, edng hien eho miln nfli, vdng ddn tde
Day manh edng t i c hudng nghiep d dja phuang,
c l n Idm tdt cdng tde gido due hudng nghifp ngay td khi
d i n v l ngdnh, n g h i m l minh theo duoi, tfl dd xac djnh muc dfch, ddng co, thai dd hoe t i p rd rdng
5 K i t l u i n Trln ea sd nghiln edu ve nang eao CLGD trong phat trien NNL, chflng tdi da nghien edu v l thuc trang CLGD cda thUe trang dd DUa trfn cO sd thUe tien, chung tdi de eho miln nui, vflng d i n tpc Clc bien phap ed quan he segiup phdt trien NNL cho miln nfli, vdng d i n tde
TAILIIUTHAMKHAO
[1] Ciy ban Din tdc (2015), Didn Phdt trien ngudn nhan lut ddn tdc thiiu so Ha NdL
[2] Uy ban Dan tdc vd UNDP, (2010), DU anyiE02/001
- SEDEM A & EMPCD v l Tang cu'dng ndng yyt c/io Oy faon Don
tdc xdy dung thffc hiin vd gidm sdt chlnh sdch ddn tdc [3].http-//cema.gav.vn/wps/portalAapchidantoc/nghien cuulyluan/chitiet/
[4] Pham Hdng Quang, (2003), Tochdc dqy hqc cho hqc sinh ddn tdc, miin nui, NXB Oai tipc SU pham [5] Bdo cdo Tinh hinh gido dye ddn tdc vd phuang hudng din ndm 2020 cua Bp Gido dgc vd Ddo tgo [6] Nguyen Sinh Oudng, Gido due ddo tqo vdl phdt trien NNL chdt lUdng cao d nUdc ta hiin nay, Tap chi Cong
sdn dien tfl, nam 2015
[7] Oang Xuin Hoan, Phdt trien nguon nhdn lUc Viit Nam giai dogn 2015 - 2020 ddp Ung yiu cdu day mqnh cdng nghiip hda, hiin dqi hdq vd hdi nhqp quSc ti,Tap chf
Cdng sin d i l n td, nam 2015
SUMMARY
Developing ethnichuman resources is a long process with difflculties and challenges with the aim to create a solid foundation for sustainable development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas The article presents several issues: l/The real situation of education in ethnic and mountainous areas; 2/Characteristics of ethnic education tor ethnic minoritystudents
Keywords: Improvement of education quality; ethnic
minority; ethnic minority and mountainous areas