GIAODUGDANTdc M GIAO DUG VAN HOA DAN TOC A T R U O N G TIEU HOC VUNG DAN TOC THIEli SO DAP ONG YEU CAU DOI MOll GIAO DUC VA DAO TAD ThS THAN THj YEN Vl|n Khoa hoc Gl̂ o due V\& N3m tde, mpt d in tde,[.]
Trang 1GIAO DUG VAN HOA DAN TOC A T R U O N G TIEU HOC VUNG DAN TOC THIEli SO DAP ONG YEU CAU DOI MOll GIAO DUC VA DAO TAD
ThS THAN THj YEN
Vl|n Khoa hoc Gl^o due V\& N3m
tde, mpt d i n tde, mdt tang ldp, mdt giai d p ed quan h i qua tai gida con ngfldi vdi eon ngudi, eon ngUdt vdi d c edng ey iao ddng, vdi gidi t u nhifn Trong clc quan he ddng sdng, hoat ddng lao dpng, hoat ddng chfnh tri, con ngudi Nd tao Iln tap qudn dng xfl, tfn ngfldng, elm xue dnh hudng d i n phin flng gifla nhdm ngfldi ndy vdi nhdm ngudi khdc
Vift Nam Id qudc gia da din tdc, moi ddn tdced bdn sic VH rifng mang tinh tdc ngUdi Bin sic VH eda d e
d i n tdc da gdp phan hinh thdnh n i n VH Vilt Nam - n i n
VH thdng nhit trong da dang
GD VHDT d trudng t i l u hpc vdng DTTS la eung d p cho hpe sinh (HS) ddn tde nhflng kiln thde, nhiirng g i l trj
VH cda cdc ddn tde Tao ddng Iflc eho HS DTTS phat triln todn diln, ddng thdi gdp phin bao tdn, phdt huy vd phat triln bdn sle VH d e d i n tdc
3 GD VHDT dr trUdng tieu hoc vCing DTTS
- VH la nin ting tinh than cua xa hot Id ddng tyc d l phdt trien con ngUdi v l phit triln xa hdi Tri em ngudi khi d e em dupe GD, trong mdi trUdng VH cda dan tde minh
Cdc ddn tde edng sinh sdng trdn dat nUde Vift Nam, binh ding, dodn kit, tdn trpng v l giup nhau cung phdt triln, nghilm cam mpi hdnh vi kl thj, ehia r l ddn tdc Ngdn ngd qudc gia la tilng Vift Cde dan tdc cd quyln dung tilng ndi, ehfl vilt, gid gin b i n sle d i n tpe phdt dep eda minh [2]
Nghj djnh OS/2011/ND-CP ngiy 14 thing 11 ndm
2001 cOa Ciifnh phd v l cdng tdc d i n tdc quy djnh:" dan tde dupe dUa v i o chflong trinh gtlng day trong d e phd thdng d i n tde bdn tni, trung tam GD thudng xuyln, hpe ehuyin nghilp, eao ding v l daf hpc phi^ hpp vdi dja ban vung d i n tdc" [3]
Nghi quylt 88/2014/QH13 ngdy 28/11/2014 v l Ddi mdi ehuong trinh, sdeh gido khoa GD phd thdng yeu
GO tf tudng, truyln thdng VH, Ijch sd, dao dflc lot sdng, dyng kiln thfle vdo thye tien" [4]
Quylt djnh 449/QD-TTg p h i duylt Chiln Iflpc edng tde chiln Iflpc den ndm 2020 quy djnh bdo tdn va phdt Chucmg trinh hdnh ddng thflc hiln chiln tUpe edng tie ddn tdc d i n nin 2020 quy djnh: "Phdt triln todn dien DTTS thilu sd; chfnh sleh gifl gin, blo tdn, tdn vinh va
I D I t v a n d l
Gido dye (GD) fa con dfldng ngin nhit, nhanh nhat
v l hifu qud nhat di eung d p trf thflc khoa hoc, kT nang
ngUdi hpe Ndi dung GD khdng ehi eung c l p cho ngudi
elp nhCfng kiln thflc, kinh nghiem efla d i n tpe v l tat c l
ede ITnh vfle trong ddi sdng xa hdi, die biet Id van hda
din tdc (VHDT) Vt viy Ding va Nhd nfldc ta da xdc dinh
nin GD xd hdi ehCi nghTa ed tinh nhdn din, d i n tpc khoa
hpe hlln dai, lly chfl nghTa Mac - Lf nin v l t u tudng Hd
hifn theo nguyin tf hpc di ddi vdi hdnh, GD k i t tipp vdi
lao ddng sdn xult If tuan g i n tiln vdi thfle t i l n , GD nha
trudng kit hpp vdt gia dinh va GD xd hdi
GD tilu lipc td cap hpc d i u tien cda GD phd thdng
Trong bdl cdnh ddl mdi GD va d i o tao ddi hdi t h l hf
tuong lai phli Id nhutig con ngUdi phdt triln todn dien
ddn tdc v l miln nut ndi rilng, ngodi nhiifng kiln thfleylu
dung VHDT, phit truyln t l i nhflng not dung dde trUng
cua VHDT ntidm gdp phin blo tdn, phdt huy b i n sle
2 GD d i n tdc thieu s6 (DTTS)
Trong t i t cd cAc xa hdi, VH cd nhdhg dac tning pho
biln tl d c h sddyng ngdn ngfl, nhuYig bilu tflong, cdc gid
trj ehuin myc, quan h i sinh sdng, giao tilp, edeh ddnh gid
Chd tjeh Hd Chf Minh sau khi nghiln cdu cde hifn tupng
eQng nhu myc dfch eua eudc sdng, loii ngUdt mdi sdng
t ^ v l phdt minh ra ngdn ngfl, ehfl vilt, dao ddc phdp
luit, ktioa hpe, tdn gtao, v i n hpc, nghf thudt, nhiing
phuong thdc sddung.Todn bd nhiifng sing tao v l phdt
minh dd tflc 11 VH VH td tdng hop cda mpi phuang thde
stnh hoat cdng vdi bilu hlln cda nd m l toai ngudl dd
sin sinh ra nhim mye dfch thfch dng nhutig nhu elu ddi
sdng vd ddl hdi cOa sinh tdn"[1]
Nhu v|y, VH td toan bd nhflng gi tdt dep nhit do
con ngudi da sdng tao ra trong boat ddng cda minh Ban
chit cua VH Id cd tfnh ngfldi vd tfnti xa hdi eda eon ngudl
VH tl mpt thfle t h l sdng cda eon ngudi NgUdi ta ed the
dch khie nhau efla mdt nin VH, mdt thdi dai VH, mot
Igil trj VH do eon ngudi tao ra Cd t h l ndi, VH v l bin chit
ngudl mdl cd cdc quan h i VH
V l Ijdn chit, VH cd tinh xa hot thdng qua d c phuong
thfle boat ddng sinh tdn vd hoat ddng giao t i l p eda con
ngudi Song, xa hdi vd VH khdng phdi 11 ddng nhit Xd
hdi trong eo d u eua nd I I mpt t i p doan ngudi, mdt bd
Trang 2phit huy ban sic VH, ngdn ngfl, chd vilt, tap quan, tfn
ngudng truyen thdng tdt dep cua ddng b l o DTTS; xay
dUng he thdng thiet che VH gan vdi vile bao quin, gin
gifl, b l o tdn di tfch tjeh sfl d tflng vung, tflng ^ a phuong;
xay dung nep sdng van minh, bai trd me tfn, di doan, hd
tye tae hlu"[S]
Dilu 5, Chuong 1, Ludt GD nam 2009, khing djnh:
" K l thda v l phdt huy truyln thdng tdt dep, bin sdc DTTS,
t i l p thu tinh hoa VH nhan loai"[6]
- Trong trudng tieu hpc vung dan tpc va miln nui,
GD VHDT nhim giup eho HS ngUdi dan tdc nhdn thdc
cdc gid trj VH/VH truyln thdng cua ddn tdc minh, cd </
thde v l dan tdc, v l nhiifng gia trj tinh than vd vdt chit
efla d i n tpc v l tich sd, xa hot, v l d c kinh nghifm trong
cudc sdng Hinh thdnh d HS nhiing tinh elm tdt dep v l
thdc trdch nhiem ddi vdi su phit triln cua que huong,
bilt tdn trpng, yeu quy, gid gin v l phdt huy bdn sle VH
truyln thdng cda ddn tde Hinh thdnh nhdn cdch con
mdt GD vd ddo tao
Mat khde, trong bdi d n h hdi nhdp kinh t l va giao
tuu VH gifla eac d i n tpc g i l trj VH cua mdi ddn tdc d i u
chju nhiing tdc ddng tfch cfle v l tilu cue, Tdy thudc vdo
t h i i dp dng xfl va y thde gid gin ma gid tri VH cfla tflng
d i n tde dupe blo tuu va phit triln khac nhau VHDT da
cd nhiifng y l u td VH dupc lam giau, phat triln, nhUng
s l e Do dd, nhifm d p thilt td bdo tdn vd phdt huy gid trj
VH eiia ede DTTS thdng qua con dudng GD
Nhuvdy, vifc td chde GD DTTS eho HS d d c trfldng
phd thdng ndi ehung, trudng tieu hpc vCing d i n tpc vd
miln ndi ndi rilng td phfl hpp vdi chu trUong ehfnh sdeh
cfla Ddng va Nhi nflde nhim b l o vf, bdo tdn vd phdt
huy nhflng g i l tri VH truyln thdng tdt dep cda cac DTTS
trong cdng ddng ddn tpc Viet Nam; GD HS DTTS thinh
con ngUdi phdt triln todn difn phyc vu sfl phat t r i l n
kinh t l - xd hdi d vung ddn tde vd miln ndi
4 Mot sd bien phap GD VHDT d trUdng tieu hoc
vung DTTS
4.1 Xdy dffng cdc ndi dung GD VHDT
a) Vi muc tiiu
- Kiin thdc: HS cd dupe nhflng kiln thflc, hilu bilt
CO bdn v l VH cua d c ddn tde d dja phUOng
- Kindng: HS nhdn bilt dugc nhufng VH tdt dep cfla
cdc d i n tde de phat huy, b l o tdn va tdng budc ban ehi
hole xda bd nhiifng y l u td lac hdu, hd tye; bUde dau cd
phflong de t i l p thu, van dyng trong qua trinh hpe tap
cung nhu n g h i nghilp va cupc sdng sau nay
- Thdi dp: HS cd thai dp yeu quy, t u hdo v l VH tdt
d§p efla ddn tdc minh; cd y thfle gid gin va phat huy
nhiifng net dep VH cda ddn tdc minh; tdn trpng VH tot
dep cfla d e d i n tdc khdc
b)Vindidung
- GD HS v l truyln thdng tdt dep cua cdng ddng cdc
d i n tpe Vift Nam, b i n sic VH eda cde DTTS
- Td chflc ddi song not trd cho nhflng tdp/trudng
phd thdng d i n tdc ban trfl t i l u hpe v ^ eac truyln thdng
tdt dep eua d e ddn tde Viet Nam
- To chdc day hpc vd d c hoat ddng GD v l VH clc DTTS d ^ a phuong
- Td chdc d e hoat dpng VH, vdn nghf, t h l dye the thao, d c boat ddng theo ehO d l , chd dilm; tham gia d c te hot, tet d i n tdc giao tUu VH vd cdc boat ddng x l hdi khae
c)Vithi^ lucmg
- Tuy theo die cfilm tinh hlnh cda mdi trUdng/dja
phuong d l phan bd thiA lupng phu hpp
- u tieu hoc n l u d?y hoc ft hon 10 budi/tuin thi
d i l u chinh chuong trinh bing d c h d t gtdm bdt hode khdng cd ndi dung boat ddng t r i i nghifm sing tgo (bao
t u hoc cd hudng d i n
d)Vi ddnh gid
Ddnh gid nang lUc cda HS t d hoat ddng ngodi gid ehfnh khda/hoat ddng trit nghifm sdng tao chu y l u
vi, bdng kilm vd hd so hoat ddng, k i t hpp vdt phUOng phapdinh tuong nhutuludn,trlc nghilm khieh quan,
4.2 Hinh thffc CD VHDT
GD VHDT d trudng tilu hpe vung d i n tde v l miln nui dupe thuc h i l n vdi nhilu hinh thflc khie nliau, chdng tdi dUa ra hai hinh thflc sau:
a) Tich hgp vdo cdc mdn hqc trong gid hgc chlnh khda
GD VHDT dflpc thuc hifn theo phuong thde tfch hop trong gid hpe ehfnh khda Ndi dung GD bao gdm thdng qua vile hudng dan, thflc hdnh ndi dung bdi hpc
md gilo viln (GV) giflp HS nhin thflc v l v i n dung kiln thfle VHDT
Vife tich hop kiln thflc VHDT trong cle mdn hpe dupc t t i l hien ba mfle dd tao dflng: Mflc dd tgo dyng tiln h i
- Mflc dd tao dflng todn phin: Mye tilu vd ndi dung bdi hpe hoac etiflong trinh hpe hodn todn phii tipp vdl mye tieu vd not dung eda GD VHDT
Sddyng hodn todn mdt sdn phlmVH dfla vdo trong
gid day de thye hifn mdt ndi dung GD Vile vgn dyng
hodn t o i n cd Uu d i l m Id tao dung tgi mdt sdn phim VH vdo hoat ddng, dflOc sdng, hda than vdi sdn phim VH dd Tuy nhiln, van dung hodn t o i n ddi hdi sUdlu tfl, ehuin
bj cdng phu vd cd t h l phflc tap v l tdn kim Vfdu: Bli hpe
gidi thilu mpt vdi nhac eu d i n tde (mdn Am nhac, tdp 4),
cd the sddung nhac ey eda cde DTTS tgi dia phflong nhU cdng, chiing, d i n T'rung, khin, d l gidi thifu eho HS trong boat ddng gidi thilu d c nhgc cy ndy
- Mdc dp tao dflng bd phdn: Ctii mdt bd phan bdi hpe
ed mue tifu vd ndi dung cfla GD DTTS Sd dung mdt phin
sin pham VH dua vdo trong gid day di thue hiln mdt n^i
dung GD Cdch thdc ndy cd mgt hgn c h l td HS chia nhfn bilt day dd htfn tupng, sin phim VH, nin sy hilu bilt chua todn dilri, chua slu sle Tuy nhifn, hlnh thflc ndy ft
tdn kfm vd d l thuc hiln Vfdu: Bdi hpc v l Cdc d i n tdc su
phan bd d i n cu (Dja Lf-ldp 4), trong phin gidi thif ii d c dan tdc ed tiie ydu d u mdt ndi dung nhin bilt mdt sd d i n tde qua trang phue qua tranh/hinh Inh hode dd v i t t h | t
- Mflc dd tgo dflng tidn hf: Clc kiln thdc GD VHDT khdng dfloc n l u rd trong sleh gilo khoa, nhung dya
Trang 3v i o kiln thfle bdi hoe GV cd the bd sung cdc kiln thflc
dd bing d c h fien hf, so sinh d e kiln thflc VHDT (hfln
tuang gid tri, thUc trang VHDT, ) vdo bli giang mdt
Viet 2), cd t h l tiin h i vdi VH chdo hdi, gidi' thieu cua mdt
sd ddn tde tai dja phUOng
Vilc tfch tipp DTTS cd t h l thUe hifn d tat d d c
mdn hpc eua t i l u hpe Tuy nhiln, eOng cd mdn cd kha
nlng tfeh hop nhilu kiln thde DTTS nhu Tieng Vift, TU
nhiln - Xa hot, Ljch sd- Oia Lf, Am nhac, Thl due,
b) Thdng qua hogt ddng trdi nghiim sdng tgo
GD DTTS qua hoat ddng trdi nghifm sang tao ed
khd ndng thu hut su tliam gia, phdi hpp, tiln k i t nhilu
lyc tupng GD trong v l ngoli nha trUdng nhU GV ehd
gidm htlu nhi trUcmg, cha me HS, edng ddng, cde nhd
bdn, nhiifng ngudi tao ddng tilu bilu d dia phuong,
Mpt sd hinh thfle td chflc GD ndi dung DTTS thdng qua
hoat ddng tril nghifm sang tgo nhU:(/J Ldng ghip vdo
hoqt ddng hqc tdp sinh hoqt; (2) To chdc cdc hogt ddng
gidi thiiu ve DTTS; (3) To chffc hogt dpng trinh diin; (4) To
chUc cho HS dl tham quan; (5) To chdc sUu tdm, bdo lUu
Vi dy: Got y hudng dan GD VHDT qua hoat ddng
gidl thif u/trinh dien VHDT
a) Muc tiiu
• HS chpn va gtdN thilu dupe nit/ sin phim VH ddc
sic cua VHDT (cd t h l eda dan tde minh hole d i n toe khae)
- Hlnh thdnh kT nlng hop t i e Ilm vile nhdm, kT
fling trinh biy, gidi thilu
-Ylu quy, tdn trpng net depVH cua ddn tdc minh va
de ddn tdc khde
b)Phqm vi, quymd; Tflng ldp hode todn trUdng (cd
t h l mdi cha m^ HS, nghf nhin, gta Ilng hode d c khieh
mdi khde )
c) Cdc hogt ddng chlnh
(1) Trudc khi thfle hifn hogt ddng (budc chuan bj)
- GV hudng dan HS thdo ludn de tim ra nhdng ndi
dung t h l hiln b i n sle VH eda d c ddn tdc d dja phuong
t h l giao viec di HS v l nhi hdi eha/me, hp hang, gia
lang/trudng bin, Sau do, td chflc cho HS tdm vifc theo
nhdm (cd the nhdm eung dan tdc hode nhdm ciJng yeu
thlch mdt sdn p h l m / n i t VH ndo do)
- Clc nhdm chpn net/sin pham VH cua mdt ddn tde
vd chon hinh thflc trinh bdy, gidi thilu cho moi ngudi
ciing hilu ve sdn phim VH dd
- Hinh thflc trinh dien, gidi thifu: Cd the la thuyet
trinh, d i l n tilu pham, hit, miia,
Thdi gian ddnh cho cdng vilc chuan bj ndy cd t h l
2- 4 tudn tiiy thudc vdo hinh thfle, mfle dd don gidn hay
phde tap eua hogt ddng gidi thilu VH m l HS tfla chpn
(2) Trong ktii thuc hifn hogt ddng (qui trinh dien
ra hoat ddng)
- Ldn lupt mdi nhdm s l gidi thif uArinh dien Phdn
trinh bdy d n gidp ngudi nghe, ngudi xem hilu dugc:
Tin cda sin p h l m / n i t VH? (vf du: Tin eda mpt bdi hit,
t i n difu mua, t i n mdn In, ); sin pham cua ddn tpc
ndo? Ddc dilm/ndi dung/nIt ddc trUng co bdn?
-ii chdc eho HS hdi - dip, nhdn x l t sau mdi phan
trinh bay va rut ra nhdng dleu thd vl, an tUOng v l ede sdn phamVH
(3) Sau khi dien ra hogt ddng (kit thflc hoat dpng)
- Td ehfle de HS ghi chip, trflng bay hlnh dnh, hiln
vat hogc gidi t h i l u tai cho nhilu ngfldi khic edng btet v l
d e sin pham da duoe trinh bay
- Hudng dan HS tilp tye sUu tam, gidi thifu sdn pham VH cda d e d i n tde khac
5 K i t l u i n
GD VHDT trong nha trUdng tilu hpe dvung DTTS td nhilm vu d n t h i l t d i p dng yeu d u phdt t r i l n GD todn difn eho HS ndi chung vd HS DTTS ndi rifng theo tinh than ddi mdi cln b i n todn difn GD va dao tao Trln co sddd, can xiy dung ede ndi dung GD VHDT phu hpp, Ilm
d n cfl d l thye hifn GD VHDT eho HS d vflng d i n tdc v l miln ndi thdng qua ede hinh thfle khae nhau nhfl hoat khda, tfch hpp trong d c gid hpc chfnh khda, giup HS DTTS htlu va them yfu quy VH tdt dep cda dan tdc minh DTTS Viet Nam
TAI L i l u THAM K H A O
[1 ] Pham Duy Dflc Quan diim cda Ddng, Nhd nudc
vi phdt triin vdn hda, xdy dUng con ngudi trong giai doqn mdL
[2] Hien phdp Nudc c^ng hda xd hpi chO nghia Viit Nam, Cdng thdng tin diln tfl Chfnh phu ngiy 11 /12/2013 (3) Nghf dinh 05/2011/ND-CP ngay 14 thdng 11 ndm
2011 vi Cdng tdc ddn tdc
[A] Nghi quyit a8/2014/QH13 vi Ddi mdi chuang trinh, sdch gido due phS thdng
[5] Quyet dmh 449/QD-TTg ngdy 12 thdng 3 ndm 2013, phe duyet Chiin luac cdng tdc chien IU(?c den ndm 2020 [6] Ludt Gido dgc ndm 2009
[7] Duthdo dSi mdi Chuang trlnh gido due phd thdng
fdng the, thing 3, nim 2015
[8] Nguyen Thj Thu Huyln, (2012), Ndng cao ndng luc cho cdn bd qudn II trUdng phd thdng ddn tpc bdn tru [9] Pham Duy Dflc, Quan diem cda Ddng, Nhd nudc
vi phdt triin van hda xdy dung con ngudi trong giai dogn mdi
[101 Quyit djnh 404/QD-TTg ngdy 27/3/2015 vi Phe duyet di dn dSi mdi chuang trinh sdch gido khoa gido due pho thdng
[11] Quyetdjnh 2356/QD-TTg ngdy 14 thdng 12 ndm
2013, ban hdnh chuang trlnh hdnh dpng thuchien chien lugc cdng tdc ddn tpc din ndm 2020
SUMMARY
Referring to primary education in general and primary education in ethnic minority and mountainous areas in particular, besides the requiredknowledge.the educational contents must be linked to ethnic culture, to transfer the typical content of ethnic culture, contributing to preserving, promoting ethnic identity and enriching Vietnamese culture The article mentioned contents: 1/ Educate ethnic culture; 2/Educate ethnic culturein ethnic primary schools; 3/Some solutions to instructeducate ethnic culture in ethnic primary schools
Keywords: Culture; educate ethnic culture; ethnic
minority; primary education