s i DUNG DAY DIEN DOI HOA HOG HEN LDYEN TIT DDY LOGIC Clio HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TtlS O O A N C A N H G I A N G " Doi mdi phuong phap day hpo pho thong theo huAig hlnh thanh va phat trien nang[.]
Trang 1s i DUNG DAY DIEN DOI HOA HOG HEN LDYEN TIT DDY LOGIC
Clio HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
TtlS O O A N C A N H G I A N G "
Doi mdi phuong phap day hpo pho thong theo
huAig hlnh thanh va phat trien nang luc tu
duy cho hoc sinh (HS) la nhu cau tait yeu va
da duoc quan tam tOr lau Hoa hgc (HH) la bo mon
khoa tipc thuc nghiem 06 rat nhllu uu the trong viec
giup HS phattrien nang luc tuduy sang tao, logic
Viec Sli dung day bien doi hoa hpc (DBDHH)
(con dupc gpi la day chyen hoa) khong nhung co tac
dung cung co kienthiic, ren luyen kinang, macon tot
trong viec phat trien tu duy H H (neu xay dung dupc
cac day chuyen hoa thich hop) Yeu cau chung cua
dang bai tap nay, HS phal bo sung nhOng thong tin
con thieu trong scf do bien doi (dleu klen phan uTig,
chat phan ijm^ hoac chat tao thanh ) voimdi bien ddl
dupc bieu dien b i n g mpt mui ten {(tng vcri mpt phan
ling) Tuy theo dungycOa giao vien, ngudi radema
CO the dua ra cac DBSHH tucmg minh hoac khong
tucmg minli DBDHH "tuomg minh" la cho cac chat
trong sP do va yeu cau bo sung d i l u kien phan ling
hoac cho mpt so chat vadieu kien phan iing; DBDHH
"khong tucmg niinh" khi hau het cac chat trong so do
vadieu kien phan iing chua dupc cho s i n
Dac biet, trong HHhQu ca, do ling vol mpt cong
thlic phan tii co the co rat nhieu chat huu co khac
nhau (cac chat dong phan) va trong cung dieu klen
phan ling cung sinh ra nhieu san pham khac nhau, ttii
viec phan tich, lua chpn cong thiic cau tao thich hop
cho chat trong so do bi§'ndolHH la viec thiivi,doi hoi
ngucri hpc phai CO ki§'n thiic co ban c h i c c h i n
Sau day la m p t s o v i d u v e s i i d u n g DBDHH cua
cac chathliu codling trong viec ren luyen tu duy HH
chp HS trung hpc phothong
1 Day chuyen hoa tuong minh
Trong day chuyen hoa tucmg minh, cac chat deu
dupc cho ro rang ve cong thlic cau tao hoac dilu klen
chuyen hoa cac chat De lam dupc bai tap dang nay,
H S c h l c a n bo sung dieu kien phan ting (cotheco
nhieu each chuyen hoa) hoac cong thiic cau tgo cua
chat Cac HS co hpc luc tmng binh d i u lam dupc
nhiing day bien doi nay, vichij yeu yeu cau cua bai tap
la tinh chat H H ciJa cac chat
48 Tqp chi Giae due so 361
Vidu 1 Hoan thanh day chuyen hoa
C^HJOH I " >CH,CHO _ i 2 L _ > C H , C 0 0 H _ a _ > C H , C O O C , H ,
Lai glai Khi do (1) thucmg la CuO, t "C; (2) la Br,+ Hfl hoac H,0,; (3) l a C ^ H p H ^ j S O d a c , nong Vidu 2 Hoan thanh day chuy&i hoa BenzenC,H,(A) ^•'' , (B) i*at.<'., ^
( D ) MHCI , ( F ) HMO3 ) ( M ) Z.d7'g/arDldang thay dupc cong thlic cau tao cua cac chat B, D, E, Ivl lan luot la: C,H,Br; C,H,ONa;
C j H p H va 2,4,6-(OjN),C5H,OH
Vidu 3 Hoan thanh day chuySn hoa CjHjOH "•'•'- , A ~."f , B c, u^.,^ , D Ldigi^ Vol loai baltap nay, HS chi can thugc tinh
chat cOa cac chat debosung d i l u klen phan ling va cong thiJc cau tao cua san pham khi da biet dleu kien phan ling Khi do, cong thlic cau tao cua cac chat A,' B, D lan lupt la: CH,CHO, CH3COOH va CHjCOOCjHj Tuy nhien, cung vcri npl dung tren, nhung chi can thay doi mpt chut viec glai bai tap sedoi hoi HSphal cophan tich lap luan sau hPn
Vi du 4 Viet cac phuang trinh HH hoan thanh daychuymhoa
CjH.O (X) - •> , A — ? ,B » i » » i f v ' t , p Nhu vay, X phai la ancol no, dPn chlic, m?chhd,
vl A CO cau tao phuong trinh C H,0 tac dgng dupc viS nucrc brom, chiing to no phai la andehit Vay X la ancol bac I: CH,CH,CH,OH; A; CH,CHjCHO; B: CHjCHjCOOH; D: CHjCHjCOOCHjCHj
Vidu S Xac dinh cong Oiuccaut^cua cac chiit
A, B, D, E, G, F trong sa do sau
CH2=CH.CH=CHj-* B Q Giao dye va fiao t^o
Trang 2vetinh chat cua cac chat thi mdi lam diing ducfc Cu
the: - Phan ting tao ra cftaM.khi buta-1,3 - dien tac
dung vdi brom d nhiet do cao {40''C) tiii tao ra san
ptiam cdng (1,4); - Cliat B cdng hidro trong dieu kien
tren chlxay ra quatrinh cdng vao lien ket đi C=C tao
rachatDiNC-CH^^CHjCHjCH^-CN.TOfđ.xacdjnh
duac cdng thiJc cau tao cua cac chat E, G, F lan luot
la H^N-tCHJgNHj, HOOC-fCH^VCOOH va
-(-HN-[CH,l,NH-OC-[CHJ,-CO-)-„
2 Day chuyen hoa khdng tudng minh
Cacchattrongrfayc/7t/yff7/Joa/f/7dnpft/Dn£rm/n/?
hau het deu dugc cho d dang: - Chua rd cau tao
phuong trinh;-Chua rdcdngthuccau tao; Gho dieu
kien phan ung rihung khdng_ cho cu the ve cac chat
trong so dọ Dd'i vdi cac chat hi/u co, vi hien tuong
dong phan va su da dang san pham trong phan iing
hiiu CO, do đ, viec xac djnh cac chat trong daychuy&i
hoa khong ti/dng minh ndi chung khd suy luan han
đi vdi cac chat vd cạ Oe lam loai bai tap nay, đi hdi
HS phai nim viJng tinh chat cua cac chat va cd kha
nang phan tich, suy luan; qua đ, se giup giao vien
phan loai HS
HS can nhd mpt so nhan xet sau ve su bien đ'i
phan tLfcacchathLiiicodugcgicrtthieu trong chuong
trinh HH phothong
H9P
dia
'c>ip
ct\p
'c^p
c^;f
Ci\p
cj<A
C A R
Bien dot
tbanh
c ^ A
C > 1 ^
c^,.,x
C>1^,
ct\^
C « , H ^ 0 j
C,H.O,
S I ; bi^n a6\
Tflng 1h6m1 nguyfin ttr
Giam 2 nguv^ tLT hidro
PhSnimglhfiOHtAig
X
P h ^ i n g t k t i H X
Phan Cmg tech H P
nnglhemm^sfiian
CH,
-Giam mgt so nguySn
nguyfln ILTO
- CM hoa m ^ nhanh
COB vbng benzen
N h ^ xel RCHO - * RCOOH -CHjOH * -CH=0 -CHOH - * =C=0
Chóng to 6i> IS anool
Chlhig Id đ la d i n xuSi nauvSn ti} C no
Chi]tig td đ \k ancol don
chijfc Phan ling esie hod cua
no don chiJc, mach hd NSu cd nhi4u mach
nhdnh a vdng banzen thi
so nguyfln \\S O I3ng Ifln =
2 l l h s5 m^ch nhdnh bi oxi hod
Vidu 6 Hoan tiiinh day chuyen hoa sau
C3H; (A) - > C3H,Br, {B) -^ C3H,0, (D) ^
C3H.O, (E) - > C 3 H P , (M) - > C , H , 0 , (X) ->
CeH.,0,JY) , ,
LdigiaL Bat dau tuchat A cocau tgo phuong trinh
tuang iJmg thuoc b ^ anken hoac monoxicloankan
CHjCHBrCHjBr, va do do, D (CgHgO,) cd CTCT CHjCHIOHjCH^OH va M phai la CH3COCOOH, khdng phu hop vdi dau bai (M: C^H^^), vay
A la xiclopropan Khi đ, cac chat B, D, E, M, X, Y lan luot la: B: BrCH^CH^CH^Br; D: HOCH^CH.CHjOH; E: 0=CHCH2CH=0; M: HOOCCH^COOH; X; HOOCCH^COOC^H^; Y;
C j H j O O C C H j C O O C H j Day chuyen hda duoc hoan chinh nhusau:
<^ —^Sf'srf^HiCHjCH.Br !I£™" H0CHiCH,CH;OH '^°° » Q-CHCIIiCH-O
CHiOOCCH^OOCjHj ' Ij^^li^'HOOCCH:COOC;Hs * —
Vidu 7 Cho sado bien hoi sau
C^iiBr -CH„»i2 - C.,H|rf3—^C,
A V B * D
Viet cong tiiuc ciu tao cua cie chattiiam gia trong sodobien hoa tiin
/.d?ya/Degiai duoc bai tap nay, HS can nhan xet mdtsdvandesau:
-ChatAcđokhdng no bang4,nen cotheco cac lien ketd6iC=C mach hd hoac vdng
- TiJ B (CjiH^dBr^) khi tac dung vdi NaOH thanh D (CgH,gO): neu theo phan ung tiiuy phan d i n xuat halogen thdng thudng thi2 nguyen ti}Brb| thay bing
2 nhdm OH; khi đ, san pham phai la CgHj^Ộ Theo dau bai, Chung to 2 nguyen tiiBrdcungrndtvi tri; do
đ, da loai nudc detao ra nhdm 0 = 0 trong phan tuD
- T I > ' A {CgH„Br) tac dung vdi NaOH thanh X (CgH J ; chdngtoday la phan Ling tach HBrva nguyen
tu Br 0 mach cacbon no; phan ti} C,H,g cd 1 lien ket C=C cua ankenituđ.CgHjjOcd chiíc ancol va chat
A la dan xuat cua benzen Suy ra Y la ancol bac II, D laxeton
- Tl) D (CjH,gO) tao thanh CgH^Ô: la phan ijng oxi hoa giam mach cacbon fiieu nay xay ra khi d i n xuat cua benzen cd2 nhdm theC, va C„, -CgHgOJadiaxitcdthematI phantuHjOthanh CghPg, Chung td 2 nhdm COOH d vt tri gan nhaụ Tif đcd frie lap duoc so do bid'n doi:
T q p chi G i d o due so 3 6 1 49
Trang 3C^H^^ A , ^ A 2 - > A 3 ^ A ^ - > A 5 - > A g - > A ^ - >
Biet ring: - 0 day chi xay ra phan ung cong d o
(tilemol la 1:1) vaphan ung tach 1 phan tuHCl;-A^
la hidrocacbon cd ti khdi ddi vdi H^ la 13; - Cac chat
A,, Aj, A^, Ag, Ag, A^, Ag la cac hc^ chat huli cO cd
chiis d o ; - A^ cd khdi luong moi la 168 g/mol va cd
cau true phan tu ddi xung Viet cdng thu'c cau tao thu
gon cua cac chat ti) A, den A^ va hoan thien sa do
chuyen hda tren
LdigiaL Vi A3 cd M = 2,13 = 26 (g/mol) nen A3
phai la OH = CH Viphan tU A^ cung chi cd2 nguyen
tiicacbon, cdcau tmc phan tuddixung vcfl khdi luang
moi la 168 g/md, do dd A^ cd cdng thu'c la CHCI^
-CHCI^ Suy ra, cong thijrc cua cac chat cdn lai cd the
la: A, la CH^d-CH^CI; A^ la CH^ = CHCI; A , la
CHCI = CHCI;A,laCCI, = CHCI;A,laCCl3-CHCI,;
A3 la CCIj = CC^
TO'dd, ta cd so do chuyen hda:
CH, = ai,-:^CHp-CH,CI-^!2-»CH,=CHa-^!!^CHaCH
'"'""" iCHa=cHa-^^CTa,-CHa,-^^CQ,=cHci
- ^ ^ c a , - C H Q , - ^ ^ c a ^ = C C I , - ; 2 i - > c a , - ca,
Nhuvay, neu xay dung duac DBBHH hop Use
giup HS ren luyen tuduy HH rattot, cd hung thu hoc
tap bdmdn, hinh thanh tu duy logic hieu qua •
Tai li$u tham k h a o
1 Nguyin L3ng Binh (chu bien) D6 Hucmg Trk
-NguySn Phircmg Hdng - Cao Thi Thing Day va hoc
tJch circ: Mdt s6 p h m m g p h ^ p va kl thugt day h^c
NXB Dgi hpc supham H 2010
2 Nguygn Cuang - Nguy£n Manh Dung, Phmnig phdp
day hoc Hda hoc NXB Dai hpc sirpham, H 2002
3 Nguygn HQTI Dinh (chu biSn) - D$ng Thj Oanh Day
v& hoc Hda hoc 11 theo hming ddi mdi NXB Gido
d{ic, H 2008
4 NguySn Xuan Tm&ng (chu bifin) Hda hoc 11 NXB
C(do rfiicH 2007
5 Nguygn XuSn Traimg (chu bifin) Hda hoc 12, NXB
Gido due, H 200%
SUMMARY
Solving the problems in the chemical
transforma-tion sequences hl^er secondary students have to
think actively This signUlcantiy contributed In
de-velopment Io0cal thinking for them
50 Tqp chi Giae dye so 361
BOi diiig nang Iyi; giai quyL
(Tiep tiieo tang 53)
- C V d i n d a t v ^ o c d c D A
- GV k l f m tre s i / OiuSn b{
cda eic nhdm tfieo ptiin
itng In/do 66 1 tuSn
D A I ; Cdc l o ^ nii?u iJ^o sdn
vilng Tgy 8Sc va phucng
chip sin xuSt
• A 2 : RUQu - nhang (cti ich
titu
DA3 l ^ u f i c no PiOu CO vi ngudn gSc cua giai Nobal
quSclA DA4- Ctiat ilgc mau d s cam v& h$u qua CUB no I n n g
eu4c chifin iranh a Vi$l
• NhAm HS d i M<!c
phfin cdng chuSn b|
tn/<tc 1 luirt si 1'inh
- Tiing nhdm c J i l ^ i
d i f n IAn trlnh bay sdn
phim ci}a DA (8 phiil)
- Sau khi tnnh bay
cdc nridm c6 inS SUB
b«n cdn I91, h i 4 c
ngu^e I9I a6 l u do HS
cd Mp Gd Ihfi' ndm vilng bfii {4 phul)
NOI dunn vifit bdna
D A 1 : Cdc lofil niqu
B 3 E va phuong phdp DA2 RiKfu • nhiJnB cua x& h f l
0 A 3 : Thudc n£ hOu
cava ngudn gfic cua
giai Nobal qutfc Ifi DA4: C h f t d^c mfiu
da cam vfi h f u qud cua nd tnmg cufc
(san phdm dugc Irinh bdy d cdc mijc
E-Bai tap ve nha HS lam bai tap 1,2,3,4,5,6,
7/SGK/235
DHTDA la PPDH tich CUC, song thi/c te viec ap
dung phLTong phap nay trong DH la van de Icha kho
khan, dac biet doi v a nhung l(hu VIJC ma HSddfo CO
kha nang nhan thiic va y thuc hpc tap khong ^ t Bi
PPDH nay dat hieu qua, doi hoi G V phai co trinh do chuyen mon va NL to chuc DH tot Vivay, trong qua trinh hgc tap lai cac tru'dng supham, viec cho SV lam quen va tliu* nghiem cac PPDH tich cue la vo cung can thiet, dieu nay giup cac G V tuong lai d l dang ti^p can vol SLf doi md^ thudng xuy§n cua PPDH sau nay khi DH dtrudng phdthong •
Tai li^u t h a m k h a o
1 Tai lifiu dir an Vi^l - Bl Hpc theo gdc, theo hop
d d n g va theo d u a n 2008
2 Nguyin Lang Binh - Cao Thj Thang - D6 Hirang
Trfl - Nguyfin Phuong H6ng Day hpc tich cire - CAc
phuvng p h a p , kl thuSt day hpc (Dy ^n Vi^t - Bi)
llXBDaihpcsirph(im.H 2010
3 Trdn B5 Ho&nh - Cao Thj Th$ng - Phgm Lan Hirong
A p d i i n g phirmig p h ^ p D a y hpc tich circ ni6ii Hda hpc Dir an Viet - BI 2003
SUMMARY
Project-based teaching method bas been studied and tested In some secondary schools However It bas not been applied In teaching Chemistry In almost help students have better access to active teaching methods and contribute to capacity and professional
we have studied and experimented the project-based teaching method In teaching methodological module and In the process of doing researches