XAY DUNG CHUYEN DE DAY HDC TICH HDP VE THIET Hj Kl THDAT TRONG DAY HOC VAT LJ 6 TRlTdNG PHO THONG TS D U O N G XUAN QUY" Abstract It is possible to develop integrated topics about technical devices ar[.]
Trang 1XAY DUNG CHUYEN DE DAY HDC TICH HDP VE THIET Hj Kl THDAT TRONG DAY HOC VAT LJ 6 TRlTdNG PHO THONG
TS D U O N G X U A N Q U Y "
Abstract: It is possible to develop integrated topics about technical devices around us The teacher can incorporate these topics in extra-curricular activities in the secondary school Through such activities, students can learn about how various theories and concepts are applied tn a realistic situation and investigate Innovative ideas underlying development
of certain technical devices In addition, students might be more interested in learning physics in the school, and their creative thinking may flourish
Ngay nay, cae thiet bj kTthuat (TBKT) dupc s d
dung ngay cang nhieu trong day hpe cac mdn
khoa hpc tunhien, dac biet la Vatii, Dong thdi,
d moi TBKT cdn chda dung rat nhieu y tudng sang
tao cua cac nha thi^t ke, che tao Viee ung dyng eac
TBKT vao day hpc khdng chl giup hpc sinh (HSJl van
dung kien thdc vao thuc tien, maedn giup tim hieu su
sang tao kTthuat cua con ngudi khi van dung, deren
luyen nang li/e sang tao eho ban than Bai vietde cap
viee xay dung ehu de day hpc tich hpp (DHTH) ve
motTBKT trong day hoc l/a///'dtrudng phd'thdng
1 Vai tro cua DHTH
DHTH la djnh hudng day hoc de HS phat trien
khanang huy ddng td'ng hpp kien thiip, kTnang (KN)
thupc nhieu ITnh vuc khae nhau nham gial quyet ed
hieu quaeac van i i trong hpe tap va cupc sdng; dupe
thuc hien ngay trong qua trinh ITnh hdi tri thdc, ren
luyen KN; phattrien dupc nhihig nang [uc can thiet,
nhat la nang luc gial quyet van de thiJc tidn
DHTH d trudng phd' thdng cd cae vai trd co ban
sau: - Lam cho qua trinh hoc tap g§n vdi cupc sd'ng
cung nhung tinh hudng cu thema HS segap sau riay,
hoa nhap the gidi hpc dudng vdi the gidi cupe song;
-Xac djnh va phan biet dupc eae kien thde - nang luc
cotyeuvdinhdng vande itquan trpng hon;-Tao dieu
kien de HS dupc sudung kien thdc trong tinh hud'ng
cy the {thay vi chl quan tam trang bj cho HS nhieu
kien thiit li thuyet); - Xac lap moi lien hegiiia cae khai
nl&m da hpc tiiong qua cac kien thuc va giua cac mdn
hpc khac nhau (thdng tin cang da dang, phong phu
thi tinh hdthong phai cang cao, nhuvay HS mdi tfiuc
su lam chu dupc kien thdc va van dung dupc kien
thuc da hpe khi phai duong dau vdi mot tinh hud'ng
thaeh thuc, bat ngd, chua tdng gap); - Tao co hdi cho
susang tao trong viec van dung kien thue degiai quyet eac van de thuc tiln, gan gtii vdi ddl sd'ng con ngudi
2 Y nghTa cua TBKT t r o n g qua trinh day hpc
6 tn/dng phd' thdng, viec day hpc ve cae TBKT khdng phai la nghien euu xay dyng kie'n thdc mdi,
cung khdng phai la che tao iSdac TBKT mdi, hoan
chinh de su dyng trong ddi sd'ng ma chu yeu la tao dieu kien eho HS van dung eac kien thiirc da hpc de tim hie'u co che, cau tnJc, chdc nang cua TBKT; tim hie'u dupc eae ytudng sang tao cua cae nha che tao; van dung kien thdc vao thuc tien, dedua ra dupc each thdc su dung, bao quan hpp li TBKT dd Ngoai ra, viec day hpc vecac TBKT cung cdthetao dieu kien de
HS tap che tao cac TBKT don gian, dap ung eac yeu cau nao dd trong cudc sd'ng
Viecday hpc cac TBKT cdnhungynghTa CO ban sau: -Tao cho HS cohdivan dung sang tao kie'n thire hoac tim hieu cac ytudng sang tao kTthuat dupc the hien OTBKT; - Tha'y dupe sug^n ket chat che gii?a li thuyettnjru tupng vdithuetlln, gida sutrdu tupng cua cac khai mem, djnh luat vdl eai cy the la eac sukien, hien tupng xay ra trong cac TBKT; - Phattrien tuduy vatlikTthuatdHS khidupetim hieu s u r a n g b u p c m a lien he giira cae klen thue, giiip HS thay dupc val trd quan tnsng eua kien thu'c vat li dd'i vdi ddi song vasan
xuait; qua dd, kieh thich hung thu, nhu cau hpc tap Vit Iicua HS
S.Dac tinh tich hpp cua TBKT
3.1 Chua dung nhieu ngi dung kiwi thuc ichac nhau nhSmdatdugc muc dich sudyng.UoiJBKl
deu chda dyng nhieu kien thdc cua cac bdmdn khoa hpe hoae kie'n thde dcac phan khac nhau trong mot
* TraSngOai hpc Stf pham Ha Npi
Tap chi Giao due so 367 I 41
Trang 2chu dao, tao nen dac tnmg cua TBKT; dong thdi,
cung chu^ dung nhieu iJmg dyng cua cac kien thuc
khac la dieu kien cho TBKT hoat ddng hieu qua
V i dy, "xe dap" la mpt phuong tien hd trp con
ngudi trong viec di chuyen, chu'a dung tich hpp ddd
nhieu kien thu'c Trong dd, kien thdc chu dao, tao
nen sirkhae biet cua xe dap chinh la su'bao toan ve
phuong cua s i ; quay" (bao toan moment ddng
lupng), dam bao xe khdng dd'khidalan banh Ngoai
ra, cdn cac kie'n thu:c khdng the thie'u la: sutmyen luc
theo nguyen t^c ddn bay va lien ket nhd he thdng
nhdng - xich se dam bao truyen lUc tdban dap de'n
diem tiep xdc eua banh xe v ^ mat dat; giam ma sat
6 cac d' tmc bang vdng bi lam tang hieu suat lam
viec; tang ma sat d he thd'ng phanh de dieu ehinh
viecgiamtdcdpeuaxe;tangmasatnghidbanhxe
sau nhd Idp xe eao su de dam bao dp bam dudng
tao ra luc phat ddng cho xe dl chuyen
3J Chua dung nhieu ytudng sang tao.TBKT
la mptsan pham sang tao cua loai ngudi, chira dung
nhieu yeu to sang tao ung vdi tung kien thdc cuthe va
tuan theo eac nguyen tac sang tao kTthuat dupc su
dung degiai quyet van dedat ra cho TBKT Vi vay, se
iudn tim ra dupc s i ; sang tao trong rat nhieu ehi tiet
hay bpphan cua TBKT
Vi du vdi chiec xe dap, khi "dap ehan" vao ban dap
thi lue dupe tmyen den lip xe lam banh sau quay theo
chieu thuan (chieu chuye'n ddng cua xe) Khimudn
nghi ehan (khdng dap vao ban d?p) ma xe van tie'p
chuyen dpng, thi lip xe (do Ren ket vdl xich va ehan
ngudi) khdng dupc can trdchuyen ddng eua xe (neu
khong, ehan ngudl phai rdi khdi ban dap va ban dap
v i n quaytheosuchuyen dpng cua xe) Dethuc hien
dleu nay, lip can cd phan dpng (yanh lip) lien ket vdi
xich va phan cddjnh (cdt lip} gin vao banh xe, hai
phan nay lien ket vdi nhau nhd chi tiet quan trpng la
"ca lip" Mpt y tudng sang tao khac la lip ciia cac xe
dap dja hinh dupc che tao nhieu tang de sudyng cho
nliieu kiai dja hinh dudng di khac nhau
3.3 Thehien tinh toi uu cua cac giaiphap De
giai quyet mot van de li thuyet thudng ed nhieu giai
phap lien quan Tuy nhien, vdiTBKT, giai phap dupe
chpn thudng la giai phap td'i uu dng vert mpt kien thul;
Cac giai phap td'i uuthehiendnhieu khia canh:ehi phi
nguyen v a t l i e u ^ gian, khanang sudung toida, hieu
suat sudyng nang lupng cao nhat, kieh thudc, hinh
dang hep li
Vi dy, khung xe dap (ke ca khung xe may) dupe
cau tao dang ong hpp kim hoae vat Peu composite de
42 Tqp chi Gido due so 367
eh ju luc; banh xe bang cao su cd sam bom hai d ap suat eao lam giam tdi da khdl lupng banh xe nhung
v i n dam bao kha nang ch ju luc de va tang kha nang bam mat dudng; dong thdi, giam cha'n dpng khi gap dudng xdc; vanh banh xe khdng dac ma dung cac
"nan hoa" lien kettmc quay vdi vanh banh
3.4 The hien cac yeu to vung mien, vanhoa
TBKT ludn chda dyng trong nd cae ye'u tdtich hpp
ve van hda, thudc tinh vung mien d e d a p dng cac yeu cau ve van hda, tham mT, dac die'm nhan trSc hpe Chang han, xe dap danh cho.nam gidi dupc che tao khac vdi xe dap danh cho nu gidi; xe dap danh cho ngudi phuong Tay khae vdi xe dap danh eho ngudi A ddng
3.5 Chua dting nhieu ccr hgi cho su sang tao cai tien hoac dieu chinh tie'p theo Ban than
cac TBKT khdng phai bat bien, nd ludn dupc dieu chinh de ngay cang phu hpp vdi cupe song eua con ngudi Nhuvay,TBKT luon la dd'i tupng nghien cdu
va tao ra cac co hpi cho su sang tao, ren luyen nang luc sang tao Vi dy, cdthetao ra hethong phanh dia eho xe dap thay vi phanh bang ma cao su; bdtri them may phat dien va he thd'ng den chieu cho xe dap khidi ban dem; bdtri them he thd'ng guong de quan satphia sau
4 Quy trinh xay dung chuyen de DHTH ve TBKT
4:1 Lua chgn chuyen de, Giao vien nen lua
ehpn cac TBKT trong ddi song ed lien quan den mpt
so kie'n thuc khoa hpc co ban thupe chuong trinh day hpe Ngoaira,viec lya chpn cac chuyen deTBKT eung can ehii y de'n tinh vun^ mien noi HS sd'ng va hpc tap hoae cac TBKT phd bie'n Vi du, cdthe xay dung nhi?ng chuyen de chung (xe dap, xe may } hoac cae ehuyen de theo vung mien (may gat dap lien hpp, may xay sat gao, may det ehieu cdi, may bdc lac )
4.2 Xac lap van de nghien cuu cho chuyen
tfa Dya vaomyc dich sudyng,cdthedatvEtfide dudi
dang cae cau hdi hay yeu ciu thuc hien detirn hie'u JBKT,chknghan; Tim hi^ cau tao, nguyen ^c hoat dong cua TBKT? TBKT deiam gi; hoat dgng dugc tren casd dng dijng cac kien thdc vit licabw nao? TBKT CO nhung bg phan ca ban nao, chOng hoat dgrig tren casdung vdi nhQng klen Mc vatii nao? Can chOygi khi cho may hoatdgng dedam bao an toin ning cao bieu quasddungcho TBKT? Dexuat^ nhung cai tien denang cao kha nang, hieu qua sd dung cho TBKT?.,
Trang 3Cac nhiem vu dupc xae lap dua tren dac die'm eua
TBKT va muc tieu phattrien nang luc Giao vien cd
the xay dung nhirng nhiem vy co ban: Tim hieu cau
tao; tim hieu nguyen t&e hoat dpng; che tao eac md
hinh; xay dung cac phuong an thi nghiem va thue
hien cae thi nghiem de xac lap hosic kiem nghiem cac
mdi quan hd o T B K T ; bao cao ket qua; de ra nhihig
khuyen cao de'sddung TBKT dat hieu qua; de xuat
cac y t u ^ g eai tie'n TBKT
4.4 Xiy dung muc tieu cho chuyen de Can
xac djnh rd myc tieu de cd cac can eddanh gia hieu
qua cua hoat ddng day hpe Mye tieu dupc d i l n dat
b^ngcacdpngtdhanh dpng, dac biet la nhung hanh
dpng nham phattrien cae nang luc hoatddng chuyen
biet cua mdn hpc (nang luc phat hiSn van de, de xuat
giai phap, trao dd'i, tim kiem thdng tin )
4.5 Xay dung, suu tam tai lieu lien quan va
cac mo hinh Can xac djnh cac tai lieu lien quan
hd trp viec day hpc: Sach, bao, website, hinh anh,
video, cae md hinh thyc giup thuc hien cac nhiem
vy day hpc
4.6 Xay dtfng kehoach thuc hien De ra ke
hoach thuc hien cy the ve mat thdl gian, chia nhdm
HS, yeu cau thi/c hien nhiem vu, bao cao ketqua va
len ke'hoach giam sat hoatdpng day hpc
4.7 kiem tra, danh gia viec thuc hien chuyen
deihong qua cac hoat dpnq: Bao cao ket qua, thao
luan, gidi thieu san pham, tong hpp cac phie'u danh
gia, tudanh gia
5 V i d u ve quy trinh xay d u n g chuyen de
DHTH "Tim hieu v e x e d a p "
5.1 Lua chgn chuyen de:Xe dap lathietbj quen
thupctrong ddlsd'ng va conhieu tae dung (dichuyen,
ehuyen chd, ren luyen thethao ); cdn trong vatii, day
la mpt "may co" dan gian, mot TBKT tieh hc^ rait
nhieu iing dyng eua cac kie'n thde v|it li Vi vay, giao
vien can cho HS nghien cdu suhoatdpng cua xe dap
ve khia canh vatii hpc de tim hieu quatrinh van dyng
cac kien thdc khoa lipc vao viec t^o ra mpt thiet bj ho
trpcupe sdng cua con ngudi
5.2 Xac l$p van de nghien euu: Xe dap di
chuyen ddac dt^ tren nguyen tic nao (tai sao khi
dung thiseiaj dd cdndi lai khdng d d ) / ' X e £ f ^ c d c a ' c
bgphan cabin nao tim hteu nguyeri tac cau tfo va
hoatdgng cua tdng bgphan do? Dera khuyen cao
cho viecsddijng va baotjuan xe dap ? Can cai0n qi
cho xe dap hten nay dedap Ong yeu cau dichuyen
tmng thanh pho dong ngudi(d\ chuyen d vung cd
nhieu dudng dd'c)?
- Tim hieu nguyen tac hoat dpng co ban cua xe dap
de nd ed tiie di chuyen vdi hai banh xe va xay dung phuang an thi nghiem minh hpa cho kien thdc dd; -Tim hieu nhung bpphan ca ban cua xe dap, nguyen taccautaovahoatdpngdtilmg bpphan;-Xaydung cac phucmg an thi nghiem de kie'm tra nhung md'i quan he dupe xae lap khi nghien ciru hoatddng cua
xe dap, nhu: tim hie'u vesu'lmyen lue" tdban dap tdi diem tiep xue cua ldp xe vdi dudng di ; - Xay dung cac khuyen cao de sudyng va bao quan xe dap dupc tdthc^;-Dexuat hoac thue hien cae cai tlCTideviecsu dyng xe dap dupc hieu qua hon
5.4 Xay dung m uc tieu cho chuyen de: - Klen
thucHS chi ra dupe cac bp phan co ban cua xe dap; trinh bay 6ddc nguyen t^c hoat dpng chung cung
nhu ting bp phan cua xe dap; viet dupc cac cdng thuc vesutnjyen lyc, toe dp cua xe dap lien quan gij}a
tl sdtmyen va ban kinh ldp xe vdi tdc dp dap xe; -KN:
Xay dung dupe phuang an thi nghiem dexac djnh eac Ihdng sd" eua xe dap; tie'n hanh dupc cac thi nghiem don gian nghten cuu vesy "fiuyen luc" cua xe
dap; - Nang lt/c:+ T u hpc, su dung ngon ngQ vat li
(thu thap dupc nhflng thdng tin tdsach, bao, Intemet
ve kie'n thiirc lien quan den xe dap} Cdnang lue trinh bay, thao luan dupc cac van de ve xe dap tmdc Idp; + Phat hien va giat quye't van de: Xay dyng dupc phuong an tiii nghiem kha dT, phat hien dupe thupe tinh caban,quantrpng quyetdinh suhoatdpng cua xedap; + Glaotlep, hpp tac va thue hanh thinghldm: Thao luan nhdm de'tim ra dupc glai phap thuc hien, phan cdng nhiem vy eho tdng ca nhan trong nhdm, trinh bay va tiiao luan ket qua lam viec; thuc hien tdt cac cdng doan thuc nghiem (do,tiiu thap vaxdii duoc
so lieu ); + Sddyng cdng nghethong tin va t m y l n thdng detinh toan, tim tiiong tin giup xac djnh dupc cac td khda hpp ll
5.5 Xay dung, suu tam cac tai lieu lien quan
va mo hinh : - Gidi thieu cac website cd npi dung
lien quan den xedap;-Chuanbjdungcythinghiem: dong ho do thdi gian loai bam giay, mdt sdluc ke ;
- Chuan bj xe dap tiiyc detiiuc hien mptsdtiii nghiem
5.6 Xay dtmg kehoach thuc hign: - Thao iuan
trudc ldp ve mpi van de lien quan den xe dap (kich tiiU(K banh xe, ban kinh lop xe, td'c dp dap xe, su tmyen luc tdban dap ), cac nhiem vu nghien cuu va
(Xem tiep Uang 37)
Tqp chi Giao due so 367 I 43