u nMtN aiAe B̂ ic • B»Y w^e CO s o KHOA HOC CUA VIEC VAN DUNG AIGORIT SANG CHE VAO DAY HOC ThS TRLTONG M O N G DIEN* PGS TS N G U Y E N PHUC C H I N H " Phat huy tinh tich cue, sang tao (ST) eua hpc s[.]
Trang 1u nMtN aiAe B^ic • B»Y w^e
CO s o KHOA HOC CUA VIEC
VAN DUNG AIGORIT SANG CHE VAO DAY HOC
ThS TRLTONG M O N G DIEN* - PGS TS N G U Y E N P H U C C H I N H "
Phat huy tinh tich cue, sang tao (ST) eua hpc
sinh (HS)lamptnhiem vuquan trpng cda nganh
giao duc.Trongdayhoc(DH)cdnhieu phuong
phap va each thdcde phathuy tinh ST cua HS,trong
dd, dang chu y la viec van dyng Algorit
L M p t s o k h a i n l e m c o b a n
/.7,^/gorrf.ThuatngflAlgoritcd nhieu each hieu
khae nhau.Theo nghTa h ^ ban dau {nghTa loan hpc),
Algorit la tap hpp va tfiu tt/ eac phep tinh can thiet,
dupe quy dinh mptcach nghiem ngat dung degiai
cacbaitoan euttie nao dd Nhuvay,cdthehieu Algorit
toan hpc lamptfrinhtutuyet dd'i chat checac thao tac
can thiet de'giai mpt bai toan Mdi thao tac dupe xae
djnh met each ehinh xac, khong phu thupc vao dac
thu cua tflng bai toan euttie hay kha nang ST cua mdi
con ngudi
Qua thdi gian, each hieu thuat ngfl Algorit trd nen
md rpng hon nhu: Algorit la hang loat cac chi d i n
hoae eacbudcluantudegiaiquyetmptvandecy the;
hay Algorit la bp eae chl dan, eung cap hang loat eac
bude can thiet de'tim ra Idi giai cho mdt van de Ngay
nay.tfiuatngflAlgoritcdn dupe hieu rpng hon: Algorit
la liat ki ehuong trlnh nao du rd rang gom cae hanh
dpng (thao tae) thue hien mdt edng viee nao dd
/ , 2 , S r r a s a / i 5 c / i e ' s f (Creativity) laqua trinh
hoat ddng cua con ngudl tao ra nhflng gla trj vat chat,
ttnh than mdi ST la tim ra caimdi,caeh gial quyet md^,
khdng bigdbd phy thudc vao eai dacd,
Theo Phan Dung, ST la hoat ddng tao ra bat ki
cai gi cd dong thdl tinh mdi va tinh ieh Ipi Tinh mcri
dugc hieu la bat kl su khac biet nao eua dd'i tuong
eho trude so vdi dd'i ti/ong cung loai ra ddi trudc do
v l mat thdi gian Tinh ich Ipl do tinh mdi taora cdthe
ra't da dang nhu: tang nang suat, hieu qua, tiet kidm,
them cam xue, tham mTtd't, Tinh ich loi chl the hien
ra khi ddlu/png cho friide hoatdpng tfieo dung chdc
nang va trong pham vi ap dung cua nd Tlnh mdi va
tinh ieh ldi cdthe dupc hieu 0 nhdng mdc dp khae
nhau: cd the ddl vdl ca nhan hoac ddl vdi xa hpi,
nhan loai
16 Tqp chi Gido due so 361
Cun^ theo Phan Dung, ST khong phai vi ST ma
ST vl ddi mdi hoan toan Ong eho rang, phattrien cd logic cua nd; logic nay mang tinh khach quan, dupc thehidn trong eac quy luatphattrien dcac mflc dp cu ttie Logic cua suphattrien cung chinh lalogieeua ST vadd'imdi Cae ST cua con ngudi khoi dau mang tinh canhan rat idn, xuat phattt>nhu eau canhan denham thda man cac nhu cau ca nhan
Nhin tflgde dp nay, cdttie'phan ST thanh hai loai: 1) ST nham nhan ttidc (biet, hieu, giai thieh ); 2) ST nh^m bien ddl (cai tao) hien thuc khaeh quan eung nhuchinhbanthan ngudi ST Loai thdnhat thudc ve phatminh (Discovery), loaittidhaithupcvesang che (Invention)
Theo nghTa rpng, sang-c/je'la hoat ddng cua con nguditaoradatupng khdng ton tai san cdfrong tunhien Nhuvay, trong giao due, sang checdttiedupc hieu laqua frinh tim ra each tti lie, con dudng mdi de ITnh hatri ttiuc vavan dyng tri ttidc mptcach hieu qua nhat
1.3 Algorit sang c A a Algorit sang che (ARIZ)
dUdc hie'u tfieo nghTa rdng cua Algorit, Khae vcfi Algorit toanhpcAlgoritsangchemem deo va linh hoat hon nen pham vidngdyng eaohon,phat huy dUde valtro
ST eua chu the trong quatrinh giai cac bai toan sang chehon
Algorit sang che la mdt ehuong trinh qiai eac bai toan sang ehe theo tflng bude, T u s u hieu bi^tcua ban than, ngudihpc phan tieh quy luatphattrien khach quan cua cae suvat, hipn tupng, qua trinh detim ra moi quan hegifla eac klen ttidc vadua ra ldi glal dupc the hien thanh thao tac, quy trlnh B^ng each nay, ngudi hpc cd the dua nhflng bai toan khd ve cac bai toan d l , bai toan ST mdc cao ve mfle tha'p Algorit sang che cdn giup ngucd hpe vupt qua dupc "sflc i tam li", giai phdng ft/ duy ra khdi loi mdn quen thupc, cung nh^e va cu kT; giup ngudi hpc nhan thdc dUdc ban chat quy luatvan dpng khaeh quan cua ddl tt/png
•Tnrdng THPT Phu Cir-Himg Yen
" Tnrong fiai iioc sir ph^m • Dai hgc Thai Nguyen
Trang 2mang ft'nh djnh hudng, dupc ke'hoach hoa, gom nhieu
bude n h i m td'chuc hpp II va hieu quaqua binh tt/ duy
giaicaebaitoan.Dovay,Algoritsangche'e6ttiedupe
ap dung vao bat ki ITnh vuc nao trong ddisong
Devan dung Algorit sang checdhieu qua vao qua
trinh DH, can xac djnh co sd khoa hpe eua viec van
dyng Algorit
2 C o s o khoa hpc cua viec van d u n g Algorit
sang c h e t r o n g q u a t r i n h DH
Trong giao dye, cd mdt each ttep can duoe xay
dung tren co sd nghTa rdng cua ttiuat ngfl Algorit
Cach tiep can nay cho ring, cd rat nhieu bai edng viee
tt^ng ddisong eua mdi eon ngudi; do dd, can edsuliet
ke, phan toa cac cdng viec vaxay dung cho mdi cdng
viec mpt Algorit phu hpp nhat, Nhu vay, luc nay qua
frinh day - hpe thue chat la qua trinh day va hpc cac
Algorit N g u d hpe, trudc cac tinh hud'ng cy ttie, xac
djnh muctieu roi su'dung eac Algorit h/ong h/dettiuc
hien se cdduoc sutd'i uu cavequatrinh thue hien lan
ketqua
2.1 Casatim lihgc nhan thtic Theo Tu dien
Triet hoc.'"Nhan thuc laquatrinhtaitao lai hien tiiuc
trong tuduy cua con nguoi, dupc quyetdinh bdi quy
luat phattrien xa hdi va gan lien cung nhu khdng ihe
tach rdi khdi tiiuc tien, nd phai la muc dich eua thuc
tidn, phal hudng tdi ehan li khach quan" (1; fr 1)
Nhuvay, cdthe thay, nhan thfle ehinh la su hieu
bietcua con ngudi ve thegidi khach quan, nhan tiidc
phan anh suphat frien cua con ngudi Nh^n thuc cua
con ngudi di tfl don gian den phuc tap, tfltung ttiupc
tinh don le b l ngoai-den nhflng eai phde tap, nhflng
ttiupc tinh ban chat ben frong cua suvathien U/png
Nhdcdnhan ttiuc ma eon ngudi eai tao duoe ttiegnf
xung quanh; va cao hon nfla la, eon ngudi cdttiecai
t^o dupe ehinh ban ttian minh, phuc vudupc nhu cau
cuaehinhminh
Nhan ttifle la suphan anh hien ttiuc khach quan
vao nao bd cua eon ngudi, la hien tupng tinh ttian
dupc naysinh tflmdt cosdvatchaii la nao bp noi rieng
vahoatdpng cua hettian kinh ndi chung Nhuvay, he
than l(inh la bp may nhan thdc cua con ngudl, la bp
may tie'p nhan, xfl li va tra led thdng tin de dam bao su
ttiong nha't trong cothe va thd'ng nhat gifla cottie vdi
moi trudng
Trong qua trlnh DH, van dung nhflng dae diem
nhan ttiuc, giao vien (G V) cd ttie sudyng eac phuong
phap day hpc (PPDIH)tieh cue de td'chuc hoat ddng
nhgn ttifle cua HS nham khoi day va phat huy td'i da
kha nang tuduy ST cua cac em {battem nang ft/duy
khong ta/nay sinh mado nhu cau eua xahpi) Vdl viec ludn phai ft/ duy, tim tdi ra each ttiuc, con ducffig de giai quyet eae van d l mpt each logic, khoa hpc, Algorit sang che cd kha nang phat huy duoc nhflng pham chatnayongudihpe
Ban ghi Algorit thupc loai md hinh "ma hoa" ve cae dd'i ft/ong nghien euu Loai md hinh nay cd y nghTa frong viec hinh thanh cac bieu tupng (giai doan thfl nha't cua tu duy} va thao tae tu duy trdu tuong hoa - khai quat hoa cung nhu viec tai hien va cy the hoa khainiem
Ve mat tam li nhan tfiflc, ban ghi Algorit nhflng y nghTa sau; -Tusuphan tich mach logk: cua npidung baihpe.phan hoe, GV thiet kecac ban ghlAlgorit cua qua trlnh DH,HS tfl let kecac ban ghi Algorit eua qua trlnh ITnh hdi fri ttiflc phu hop nhat vdi nang luc nhan tfiuc eua ban ttian Dieu nay giup cho GV va HS cd ttie dedang hieu sau dupc cai ban chat nhat, chu yeu nhat, quan ttpng nhat cua ndi dung hpc ^ , tao ttiuan loi cho viec khai quat hda npi dung va toi uu hoa eon dudng nhan ttiflc; - Ban ghi Algorit n g i n gpn, sue tich ehda dung nhieu ttidng t n , ttie hien thao tac tu duy
ST se giup HS xu li ttidng tin nhanh ehdng va ehinh xac hon; -Sddyng Algorit sang chetrong DH cdn cd tac dung ren luyen cho HS nang luc tU duy khai quat (tuduy hettid'ng), ft/ duy ST, tutin vao kha nang eua minh Day la mot hoat ddng cd hieu qua lau dai, anh huong den kha nang tu duy va hoatdpng trong suot cupc dd^ cua mdlHS
22 Casatim lihgc lua tuoi Trong Tam li hpc
lua hJoi, can cfl vao nhung ttiay doi co ban ve su budng ttianh ve cottie, eau bdc tam li, cac nha nghien cuu ttiudng chia hoat dpng tam li ttianh nhilu giai doan khac nhau HS tfung hpc phd'ttidng ttiupc lua tuattianh nien,dupe tinh b/khoangttJrl4,15-25 hja Trong giai doan nay, suphattrien tam li.friftje HS cd mptsddae diem coban:
- Hoatdgng hgc tip cua HS ddl hoi tinh nang dgng
rarfoci^ (Jmifccfpcao; d a i g ttidi cung ddl hoi, muon nam duoc chuong trinh mpt each sau s§c tfii can phatftienftrduy liluan
- Thai do cua HS doi vdicac mon hgc cd tinh ii/a ehgn, 0 HS tmng hoc pho' thong, s u hinh ttianh
hdng ttiu hpc tap g&n lien vdi khuynh hudng nghe nghiep Hung thu nay thucmg lien quan den viee lua chpn mpt nganh nghe nhat dinh, ed tinh d'n djnh, ben vflng sau sac
- Tri giac cd muc dieh da dat tdi mdc do rat eao Quan sat trd nen cd mue dieh, cd he thd'ng
Tqp chi Giao due so 361 17
Trang 3quan sat ci/a cac em vao mpt nhiem vu nhatdlnh,
khdng vdi vang ke't luan khi chua tich luy day du
cac sukien
- Ghi nhd co chu dinh giu val tid chu dao trong
/loafrfpngfr/ft/e Hoatddng ghi nhdlogietnjfu tupng,
ghi nhdy nghia ngay mot tang len mdt each rd ret Do
vay, G V cd thedjnh hudng de HS phat huy kha nang
cuaminh
- Do anh hudng cua eae hoatddng^ hpc tap ma
hoat dgng bf duy cua HS cdsu tiiay doi quan trgng
Cac em cd kha nang tu duy li luan, tu duy \r\hi
tugng mdt each ddc lap, ST Trong qua trinh DH,
GV can td'chflc, khai thac cac hoatddngtu lap, ST
c u a H S
Tuy nhien, nhieu HS ehua phathuy het nang lue
dpe lap, tuchu, ST eua minh, nhan thflc chu yeu la
"cam tinh" ben ngoai Do vgy, viec G V su dung cac
phuong phap, hinh thuc td'chuc DH hudng dan, djnh
hudng eho HS phat trie'n nang luc nhan thdc, ren
luyen vaphat frien eae kTnang hpc tap lampt nhiem vu
quan trpng nh^m giup cac em hlnh ttianh nhan each
vattie gidi quan dung din,
Duatren nhflng dac diem chung ve suphat trien
tam li, tri ftje cua HS tmng hpc pho'thdng, GV cdthe
dinh hudng tot hon viec van dyng Algorit sang c h l
vao qua trinh DH mpt each hop li, phu hpp vdl kha
nang nhan tfiflc c u a H S
2J Ca sd Giao due hgc Trong DH.degiup
HS hpc tap tot, cac nha nghien cflu li luan DH da cd y
tudng xay dung PPDH Algorit Ban chat cua PPDH
nay la xay dung cac budc di ttieo mpt trinh tu hpp li
cho tflng bai hpc de giup HS thuc hien tuan tu eae
budcdIaynhSm n^m vflng vande hpe tap
Van dequan trpng nhat trong PPDH nay la, thiet
kechodupcmdtpiiuongantd'iuu cho tung bai cy the
bdi le, moi bai hpc cd the cd nhilu phuong an day va
hpc nhung phai chpn dupc phuong an nao ma eae
bude di chat che, it thao tais loai tmr duge cac bat hgp
li niiung lai d l tfiuc hien vdi HS, dat hieu qua nhanh
nhatvaeaonhat
Dac die'm eua PPDH van dyng Algorit la, npi
dung bai hpe dupe chia nho thanh eac budc, eae
cdng doan de HS giai quye't cdng viec tdng phan
Viee chia nhd ndi dung kie'n thfle ban dau da tao ra
tinh vfla sflc, kha nanp huy ddng hoatddng tap the
va kTnang td'ng hgp kien ttiuc cho H S Day la phuong
an cdtinh hieu qua cao
Theo littiuyet ttiong tfn, qua frinh DH ft/ong ung
vol mpt he ttiong bao gom 3 giai doan: Tniyen va
tiiong tin,
Trong DH, qua trinh ttuyen ttidng tin khdng chi don thuan la ttiay fruyen ttiu, trd thu dpng tie'p ttiu ma can phai tao ra s u lien he giua trd vdi ttiay (lien he ngupc) hoac gifla trd vdi eac phuong tien DH (sach,
do dung DH ) hoae gifla trd vdi trd Detao dupc md'i lien he dd, G V ed the sudyng eac kenh nhu: thi giac (kenh hinh); thinh giac (kenh tiengjikhflu giac frong
do, kenhttijgi^ cdnang lucchuyen tai ttidng ttn nhanh nhat, hieu quanhat(tt/ttiicquan sinh dong de'n ft/duy fruu tugng)
Algorit ed tae dung md hinh hda cac dd'i ft/png nghien cuu va "ma hda" cac dd'i tugng do b i n g mpt loai "ngdn ngu" vfla frire quan, vfla eu ttie'vacodpn^
Do vay, DH b^ng Algorit lam cho qua trlnh tmyen thdng tin nhanh va chinh xac hon
3 Xuli thdng tin la sudyng eae thao tae tuduy va kinh nghiem da ed dephan tich, phan loai tfldng ttn va s^p xep eacthdng ttn vao hethong nhatdjnh;quado, tim ra md'i quan he mat thiet gifla cac ttidng tin Nhu vay, hieu qua xuli ttiong tin phu thupe vao kha nang nhan ttiuc,tuduyeuatung ngudi; nhung nhdeoAlgorit, thdng tin duge "ma hda" (theo hethong logic hpp liva ST) ma qua trinh xu li thdng tin nhanh va hieu qua hdn nhieu Trong DH, viec van dyng Algorit se giup cho hoat dpng ghi nhd kien thdc (luu tnJ thdng tin) trd nen khoa hpc, ed hetfiong, tao dleu kien ttiuan Ipi cho viec tai hien vavan dung kien ttiflc m pt each linh hoat, hieu qua Q
(1) NguySn Xuan Thirc T a m If hpc n h | n thuc NXB
D<?i hgc suphgm, H 2008
Tdi li^u t h a m khdo
1 Nguygn Chan Dirong Xuan Bao Phan DOng
-Nguygn v a n Vien Algorit s^ng cM NXB Khoa hgc
va kl thudt Hd Npi, 1983
2 Phan DQng C a c t h u thuSt (nguySn tdc) sang (ao
Minh, 2005
3 U v a n Hong - U Ngpc Lan - NguySn Van Thinh
r a m li hoc Ilia tuoi va tam If hpc sirpham, NXB Thi
gidi, 2008
4 Ho&ng Phe T u dien Tifng Vi$t Trung tdm TCt diin
vd Ngdn nga Hd Ngi, 1992
SUMMARY
Promoting active, creative students an important task ofthe education sector In teaching, there are the students, including, notably applying Algorithm
18 Tap chi Gido due so 361